On some issues of digitalizing production in the course of transition to INDUSTRY 4.0.

2021 ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
V. Dadalko
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Tech ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Technological Modernization ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Advanced Development

The authors point to the current trends in the development of society, revealed by globalization: stratification of the population by income, the formation of economically developed centers and economic periphery, the dominance of developed countries over developing ones. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the concepts of technological superiority; it is emphasized that the concept of catch-up development allows saving resources in the process of modernizing production, but leads to a technological lag. Therefore, during the transition to the advanced development, the need for the consistent infrastructure becomes urgent, offering opportunities for the commercialization of new developments, and financing projects of competitive high-tech industries. The stages of technological modernization and transition to the "Industry 4.0" production standard are considered and several examples of the implementation of products accompanying the production of transformers are proposed. The conclusion is drawn: in the mode of catching-up development, it is necessary to concentrate resources for modernization and improvement of production; in the mode of advanced development, in addition to financing scientific developments, it is necessary to create conditions for attracting innovations and ensuring their implementation.

scholarly journals Competitiveness as the Ability to Adjust: the EU–10 Exports Structure and Its Convergence to the German Pattern

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Czarny ◽  
Małgorzata Żmuda
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Standard International Trade Classification ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Eu

Competitiveness of a nation is associated with a set of characteristics that enable structural adjustment to global technological trends, and as a consequence, a rise in the living standard of its citizens. For catching-up economies, GDP convergence towards the most developed economies, constituting their developmental goal, relies upon its ability to shift production and exports structure towards specialization based on knowledge and innovation. Thus, in this paper, competitiveness is evaluated through structural adjustments of exports, and for catching-up economies (the EU–10 states) it may be understood as the ability to close the structural gap to the most developed countries (here: the strongest EU member economy: Germany). We analyse the evolution of the EU–10 nations’ exports specialization in the years 2000 and 2014, checking whether the convergence towards the German exports pattern can be observed, and which of the analysed economies shows the best ability to shift its exports structure towards high-tech specialization. We look additionally at exports structures in 2004 (the year of EU-accession of eight out of 10 countries in the sample) and in 2009 (world trade collapse during the economic crisis). The analysis is based on the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) concept by Balassa (1965). We use the UN Trade Statistics data in the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Rev. 4. Commodity groups are classified following the methodology developed by Wysokińska (1997, p. 18).

Catching-up and Leapfrogging in Key Manufacturing Sectors

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-155
Author(s):  
Keun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Manufacturing Sectors ◽  
Market Regimes ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Degree

Chapter 6 assesses China’s catching-up and leapfrogging in key manufacturing sectors compared with the Korean experience. It explains the varying records of market catch-up by referring to diverse aspects of technological and market regimes, such as modularity, degrees of embodied technical change, tacitness of knowledge, knowledge accessibility, and frequency of innovations. Easy access to foreign technologies from developed countries (mobile phones vs. semiconductors), high degree of modularity (mobile phones vs. automobiles and semiconductors), and frequent changes in the generations of technologies or short cycle times of technologies (mobile phones and telecommunications systems vs. automobiles) generally help latecomers catch up. More importantly, sectors with a high degree of tacit knowledge (e.g., automobiles) tend to show a slower speed of catch-up than the manufacturers of telecommunications equipment with a high degree of explicit knowledge. Whether markets feature segmentation (or the existence of low-end niche segments for Chinese latecomers) seems to play an important role in the market regimes. Chinese firms manage to achieve initial success from a low-end market in segmented market conditions (e.g., telecommunications equipment and mobile phones) or markets protected by the government (e.g., telecommunications equipment). Conversely, they face high entry barriers in markets with no such segmentation (e.g., memory chips), which is one of the reasons for their slow progress in the memory chip sector (see also Chapter 4). These cases also suggest that technological regimes are not the only paramount determining factor; the outcomes are affected by the roles of actors, including firms and governments.

scholarly journals Human Resources Readiness for Industry 4.0

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Vrchota ◽  
Monika Mařiková ◽  
Petr Řehoř ◽  
Ladislav Rolínek ◽  
Radek Toušek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Computer Skills ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Internet Connection ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Eu

Industry 4.0 is related to major changes, particularly in production. As such changes might have major implications for the labour market; the paper focuses on the assumptions of the human capital and its preparedness for Industry 4.0 in the Czech Republic. The findings are based on EUROSTAT, MEYS, OECD, ISCED, CZSO, and WEF. Based on such data, twelve indicators were selected and described in the results. Subsequently, the correlation analysis was carried out, using the data of the Czech Republic in order to estimate which indicators are related and thus to obtain a more detailed view of areas that need to be improved. The level of computer skills in the Czech Republic are increasing. Internet connection is around 80%. The share of technical workers in the Czech Republic is in the range of 30–40%. In terms of expenditure on education, the Czech Republic belongs to the countries of the eastern region. The number of graduates of technical professions managed to catch up with the development of the European Union (EU). In terms of employment in High-tech and Medium-high-tech areas, the Czech Republic is one of the leaders in the EU. Czech students have great potential in basic computer skills.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship in the third age: data from Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (27) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
I. S. Pinkovetskaia ◽  
Y. V. Nuretdinova ◽  
A. A. Navasardyan
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Third Age ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Official Information

The purpose of the study was to analyze the features of early entrepreneurial activity in the third age, to assess the dynamics of its change in recent years in Russia and the projected values for the future. The study examined the advantages and disadvantages of early entrepreneurship in the age group, estimated its levels for the period from 2013 to 2018, compared business activity in Russia and a number of large economically developed countries, and proposed a forecast of the potential number of start-up entrepreneurs, taking into account current trends. The results of surveys conducted during the Global monitoring of entrepreneurship and the corresponding national report on Russia, as well as official information from the Federal state statistics service, reflecting the population size by age groups and demographic forecast, were used as initial data for the study.

scholarly journals The future of software engineering: Visions of 2025 and beyond

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 3443
Author(s):  
Firoz Khan ◽  
R. Lakshmana Kumar ◽  
Seifedine Kadry ◽  
Yunyoung Nam
Keyword(s):  
Software Engineering ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Future ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Technological Platforms

<p>In the current technological scenario of the industry and businesses, there has been increasing need of software within systems and also an increasing demand being put onto software-intensive systems. This in effect will lead to a significant evolution of software engineering processes over the next twenty years. This is due to the fact of emerging technological advancements like Industry 4.0 and Internet of Things in the IT field, among other new developments. This paper addresses and tries to analyses the key research challenges being faced by the software engineering field and articulates information that is derived from the key research specializations within software engineering. The paper analyses the past and current trends in software engineering. The future of software engineering is also looked with respect to Industry 4.0 which including emerging technological platforms like Internet of Things. The societal impact aspect of future trends in software engineering is also addressed in this paper.</p>

Instrumental Assessment in Cleft Palate Care

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Perry ◽  
Graham Schenck
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Instrumental Assessment ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
Hypernasal Speech ◽  
Perceptual Assessment ◽  
Velopharyngeal Function ◽  
And Function

Despite advances in surgical management, it is estimated that 20–30% of children with repaired cleft palate will continue to have hypernasal speech and require a second surgery to create normal velopharyngeal function (Bricknell, McFadden, & Curran, 2002; Härtel, Karsten, & Gundlach, 1994; McWilliams, 1990). A qualitative perceptual assessment by a speech-language pathologist is considered the most important step of the evaluation for children with resonance disorders (Peterson-Falzone, Hardin-Jones, & Karnell, 2010). Direct and indirect instrumental analyses should be used to confirm or validate the perceptual evaluation of an experienced speech-language pathologist (Paal, Reulbach, Strobel-Schwarthoff, Nkenke, & Schuster, 2005). The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of current instrumental assessment methods used in cleft palate care. Both direct and indirect instrumental procedures will be reviewed with descriptions of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Lastly, new developments for evaluating velopharyngeal structures and function will be provided.

Production capacity of Russian industry: Potential of import Substitution and economic Growth

2015 ◽  
pp. 5-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Zamaraev ◽  
T. Marshova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Current Level ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Russian Industry ◽  
Technological Modernization ◽  
Capacity Structure ◽  
Idle Capacity

The article examines the state of production capacity of Russian industry. It is shown that in spite of certain positive shifts, the rate of technological modernization in recent years has been insufficient for marked progressive changes in the capacity structure and quality. In contrast to the industrial growth after the crisis of 1998 that took place in the presence of significant reserves of capacity, the current level of idle capacity is much lower. The lack of mass input of modern and high-tech industries objectively limits the possibilities of import substitution and economic growth.

Conditions and possibilities for symbiosis of Russia with developed countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-834
Author(s):  
V.V. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Subject. The article considers the symbiosis of Russia with developed countries. Objectives. The purpose is to identify conditions and possibilities for the symbiosis of Russia with advanced economies to establish a process of concentrated internationalization of financial capital for the market economy development completion, formation of full-fledged capitalism with stable dynamics of productive forces. Methods. The study rests on the systems approach, using the methods of descriptive statistics, neural network, nonparametric and cluster analysis. Results. The study reveals favorable conditions for the symbiosis of Russia with developed countries. They appear due to low requirements to the volume and connectivity of attracted high-tech capital. This enables to use the potential of small countries, motivating them to satisfy their ‘resource hunger’. Russia's transition to the said symbiosis is hindered by the policy of smooth devaluation of the national currency, which is used to increase the growth rate of total government expenditure and current GDP, and adversely affects the growth rate of gross national saving. Conclusions. The grounds for emergence of conditions and opportunities for the symbiosis of Russia with developed countries include the high values of financial development and low economic growth in Russia against the declining growth rates of the world economy and weakening of globalization process. The basis of Russia's symbiosis with developed countries is the mutually agreed necessity to internationalize capital in the form of investment financial institutions, which increase its concentration in production for the development of productive forces in conditions of the increasing risk of global recession.

PENGARUH INFRASTRUKTUR SECARA SPASIAL TERHADAP KONVERGENSI PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Anisa Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Economics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Neoclassical Growth Theory

Motivated by inter-regional disparities condition that occurs persistently, this study examines the Indonesian economy in the long run in order to know whether it tends to converge or diverge. This convergence is based on the Solow Neoclassical growth theory assuming the existence of diminishing returns to capital so that when the developed countries reach steady state conditions, developing countries will continuously grow up to 'catch-up' with developed countries. Based on regional economics perspective, each region can not be treated as a stand-alone unit,therefore, this study also focuses on the influence of spatial dependency and infrastructure. Economical and political situations of a region will influence policy in that region which will also have an impact to the neighboring regions. The estimation results of spatial cross-regressive model using fixed effect method consistently confirmed that the Indonesian economy in the long term will likely converge with a speed of 8.08 percent per year. Other findings are road infrastructure has a positive effect on economic growth and investment and road infrastructure are spatially showed a positive effect on economic growth. In other words, the investment and infrastructure of a region does not only affect the economic growth of that region but also to the economy of the contiguous regions. 

scholarly journals Strategic Challenges of Human Resources Allocation in Industry 4.0

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Majid Ziaei Nafchi ◽  
Hana Mohelská
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness ◽  
Near Future

The emergence of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0, hereinafter I 4.0) has led to an entirely fresh approach to production, helping to enhance the key industrial processes and therefore increase the growth of labor productivity and competitiveness. Simultaneously, I 4.0 compels changes in the organization of work and influences the lives of employees. The paper intends to construct a model for predicting the allocation of human resources in the sectors of the national economy of the Czech Republic in connection with I 4.0. The model used in this research visualizes the shift of labor in the economic sectors of the Czech Republic from the year 2013 to the following years in the near future. The main contribution of this article is to show the growth of employment in the high-tech services sector, which will have an ascending trend.

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