scholarly journals Epiphytic lichens of some anthropogenic habitats of the countryside (Zubtsov area, Tver region)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-480
Author(s):  
Tatyana Tolpysheva

Species composition and ecology of the epiphytic lichens collected on 31 species of the trees and shrubs at the rural settlements and their surrounding area were studied. In total 71 lichens species including 25 species on the fruit and berry crops were found. On many trees, even in forests the variety of species of lichens is strongly depleted. This is especially true for rural settlements, razing places, keeping and running cattle. Bryoria and Usnea species at the rural settlements and their surrounding area were not found. It was shown that G. scripta is a pioneer species on the speckled alder under the conditions of relatively strong shading and humidity.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Yamile Guidetti ◽  
Sebastian Dardanelli ◽  
Fátima María Lourdes Miño ◽  
Guillermo César Amico

Abstract The lack of seeds represents one of the highest difficulties to overcome for the ecological restoration of areas that have been deforested. This study evaluates the effectiveness of artificial perches in increasing the abundance and species richness of bird-dispersed seeds and the similitude of seed rain composition (origin and habit of plant seeds), of deforested areas with and without artificial perches in relation to woodland remnants that serve as seeds source. The experiment took place in two sites of the Espinal ecoregion, Argentina. We found that in deforested areas, perches increased seed abundance and species richness in the seed rain in comparison with deforested areas without artificial perches. The species composition under artificial perches was similar to the seed rain dispersed in the woodland. However, a decrease in the richness of native species was significant in the deforested area, probably due to behavioral differences between opportunistic and obligate frugivorous. Seed of trees and shrubs species were well represented in the seed rain under artificial perches. Results from this study contribute to the understanding of nucleation and recovery mechanisms used by nature that reflect ecosystem resilience. We recommend using artificial perches in deforested areas with potential for recovery because it is an efficient technique to promote the entry of birds and increase seed rain, preserving features of the original environment. However, using artificial perches should be avoided in sites with potentially invasive non-native species.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 194008291987037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Nyamukuru ◽  
John-Arvid Grytnes ◽  
John R. S. Tabuti ◽  
Ørjan Totland

Protected areas generally occur within a matrix of intensively human-modified landscapes. As a way to maintain the biodiversity in these areas, enclosure by fencing is often preferred. This strategy, however, is costly and little is known about the effectiveness of the alternative of unfenced borders on the vegetation and fauna. The objectives of this study are to assess whether there is a distinct difference in biodiversity and composition of plants and mammals between the protected Lake Mburo National Park and the adjacent ranchlands across an unfenced border and to determine the associations between vegetation and faunal species over the same border. We recorded herbaceous vegetation, woody vegetation, and mammal species composition in plots 300 to 500 m away from the border both inside the protected area and in the adjacent ranchlands. The species composition of herbs and mammals in the protected area differ from the adjacent ranchlands, but there is no difference for trees and shrubs. After accounting for land-use type, distance from the border did not significantly account for any additional variation. We also find a correlation between the species composition of vegetation and fauna. Our results suggest that unfenced borders around protected areas create a clear effect.


Author(s):  
Г.А. Япрынцева ◽  
Е.С. Чайка ◽  
О.А. Иванова

Широкий ассортимент видов в зеленых насаждениях является важной составляющей городской среды. Использование древесно-кустарниковой растительности обогащает визуальную среду и повышает эстетические свойства посадок. Значительная часть видового состава, частью и полностью в насаждениях представлена древесными породами – аборигенами региона, что связано с их биологической устойчивостью к местным факторам среды и экономической целесообразностью. Цель исследования – провести оценку декоративности аборигенных видов по совокупным критериям, что позволяет в полном объеме определить их эффективность для использования в зеленом строительстве. Большей частью насаждения из аборигенных видов характерны для сельских поселений и малых городов, в то время как зеленые насаждения крупных городов региона в основном формируются из видов – интродуцентов, характеризующихся большей привлекательностью и оригинальностью формового многообразия, большими финансовыми возможностями. Чтобы оценить качество городских зеленых насаждений, используют шкалы оценки декоративности, которые построены на показателях динамики возрастных изменений архитектоники кроны. Декоративность растений определяется совокупностью внешних признаков: архитектоникой кроны, окраской листьев, величиной цветков и плодов и зависит как от наследственных особенностей вида, так и от внешних условий. Зеленые насаждения являются дополнением к городскому архитектурному пространству, они должны обладать высокими декоративными качествами. Немаловажное значение имеет оценка декоративности в зимний период, что позволяет придать высокий облик древесно – кустарниковой растительности. В условиях урбанизированной среды виды – аборигены оказываются более устойчивыми и долговечными, нежели многие виды интродуценты. Видовой состав аборигенных видов значителен, они принадлежат к большему количеству семейств. A wide range of species in the green areas is an important component of the urban environment. The use of trees and shrubs enriches the visual environment and improves the aesthetic properties of landings. A significant portion of the species composition, part and fully stands represented tree species – the natives of the region, due to their biological resistance to local environmental factors and economic expediency. The purpose of research – to assess the decoration of native species for the combined criteria that allows fully to determine their effectiveness for use in green building. Most of the planting of native species typical for rural settlements and small towns, while the green areas of major cities in the region are mainly formed of species – introduced species, characterized by a large attractive and original tin diversity, large financial resources. To evaluate the quality of urban green space, decorative use rating scales, which are built on the indicators of the dynamics of age changes architectonics crown. Ornamental plants determined by a combination of external signs: architectonic crown, coloring leaves, size of flowers and fruits – and depends on the genetic characteristics of the species, and on the external conditions. Green areas are in addition to the urban architectural space, they must have high decorative qualities. Equally important is the evaluation of the decorative in winter, allowing you to give the appearance of high trees – shrubs. In the context of the urban environment types natives are more stable and durable than many types of exotic species. The species composition of native species is significant, they belong to more families.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Tsydypzhap Zayatuevich Dorzhiev ◽  
Ariyana Tomur-oolovna Saaya

The goal of the paper is to identify the features of the breeding ecology of the Motacilla alba baicalensis in the Baikal region and Transbaikalia. The nesting ecology study deliverable of the Motacilla alba baicalensis in the Baikal region and Transbaikalia showed that this subspecies, unlike other forms, is more synanthropic, more than 95% of populations live in localities and other anthropogenic habitats, and only 23% of populations inhabit natural biotopes. At the same time, the Motacilla alba baicalensis in the region prefers small rural settlements and livestock camps in open landscapes near reservoirs. When the Motacilla alba baicalensis builds nests, like other subspecies, it is quite plastic and easily finds shelter in various anthropogenic and natural biotopes. The higher nesting efficiency of this subspecies indicates its wide opportunities to develop anthropogenic landscapes. Due to the short favorable nesting period, most pairs manage to hatch chicks once, but only a small number of pairs manage to raise chicks twice a season. A comparison of the nesting ecology of the Motacilla alba baicalensis with other forms of the Northern Eurasian species did not reveal any fundamental differences. The differences relate to the phenology of different stages of the breeding season, as well as the timing of arrival and departure of birds.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Selvia Oktaviyani ◽  
Wanwan Kurniawan ◽  
Fahmi Fahmi

Muncar is one of the shark production centers in Java, where the fishing ground in Bali Strait and its surrounding area. Routine data collection was carried out from May 2018 to April 2019 at the Brak Fish Market and the Muncar Coastal Fishing Port (PPP), Banyuwangi to determine the species composition and size distribution of sharks and rays caught in Bali Strait and its surrounding area. Data collection was done by census and almost of all individuals were identified to species level and and measured. During the study, 3.551 individuals of sharks and rays were landed in this port, consisting of 75 species from 25 families (48 species of sharks, one species of ghost shark and 26 rays species). The most common types of sharks belong to Carcharhinidae and for the rays was Dasyatidae. Among these, thirteen species were listed in Appendix II CITES, i.e. Carcharhinus falciformis, Alopias pelagicus, A. superciliosus, Isurus oxyrhinchus, I. paucus, Sphyrna lewini, S. zygaena, Mobula mobular, M. tarapacana, M. thrustoni, Glaucostegus typus, Rhynchobatus australiae and Rhyna ancylostoma. Most of sharks and rays caught were juvenile to adolescent and at immature or maturing stages.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Woźnica ◽  
Alina Urbisz ◽  
Andrzej Urbisz ◽  
Izabella Franiel

Although tramway tracks are found in most cities, their flora is not thoroughly researched. Many more studies relate to railway areas as specific anthropogenic habitats for the development of plants. Both railway and tram tracks represent specific ecological migration corridors for plants. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the floristic composition and selected soil parameters of tram tracks. In 2014-2015, floristic studies were carried out along tram tracks in the Upper Silesian conurbation (southern Poland). Depending on the dominant species, five groups of sites with varying floristic composition were distinguished. Five plots with an area of 1 m2 were randomly selected in each of the sites. The species composition was determined at each plot together with the cover-abundance of all species occurring at a given plot according to Westhoff’s and van Maarel’s scale. Soil samples were collected from each plot and analysed for pH, the content of biogenic elements and heavy metals. A total of 329 species of vascular plants were identified on the tram tracks of the surveyed area, and 40 species on the plots. The dominant species included: Amaranthus retroflexus, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Hieracium pilosella, Silene vulgaris, Taraxacum sp. and Trifolium repens. Grouping of plots in respect of soil factors largely reflects their species composition. It has been found that the content of nitrate nitrogen, lead and phosphorus has the strongest impact on the floristic diversity of the railway tracks. Based on these parameters, three groups of species were distinguished: nitrophytes, metallophytes and common, i.e. not closely associated with the studied soil properties. Three habitat types of varying plant species composition were distinguished based on the content of nitrate nitrogen and lead: 1) nitrophilous dominated by Amaranthus retroflexus, 2) with increased content of heavy metals, dominated by Silene vulgaris and 3) mesotrophic dominated by meadow species (Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Hieracium pilosella, Taraxacum sp., Trifolium repens).


2014 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 39-72
Author(s):  
Ludwik Lipnicki

The thesis presents the results of research that was conducted in the Jelonka Reserve located on the edge of the Białowieska Forest (NE Poland). On the basis of successional changes taking place on the formerly arabie waste land (leading to the forest association), formation of epiphytic flora on the aspen bark is analysed. The relationship between changes of the outside conditions (mainly caused by the growth of the aspen bark) and transformation of the species composition of epiphytic lichens is revealed. The replacement of species living in the open areas by forest species is presented in details.


2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra Teruya Eichemberg ◽  
Maria Christina de Mello Amorozo ◽  
Leila Cunha de Moura

This study, based on the ethnobotanical approach, looked for to characterize the ancient urban home gardens in Rio Claro, municipality located in the Southeast of Brazil, carrying out a survey of the wealth of vegetal species and their uses, in 17 households selected randomly. The data had been collected by means of semistructured and structured interviews and by the gathering of plants. It was verified a total of 410 species, distributed in 97 botanical families, evidencing a high diversity of ligneous species, such as trees and shrubs (H' = 1,66 and J = 0.86). There were surveyed 257 species for ornamental use, as well as 98 for alimentary and 93 for medicinal uses. Considering the great number of species found for the main categories of use, it can be inferred that the home gardens play important functions for the interviewed families, contributing for the food and medicine production destined for the consumption by the families themselves, and also playing an important esthetic function thanks to the variety of their ornamental plants. The wealth of these home gardens may be related to the rural origin and to the culture of the owners, who still keep a cultivation tradition. It was found that the products obtained from the home gardens contributed for the diet's variety of the informants, representing a promising potential for the improvement of the population alimentation.


2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Stamenkovic ◽  
Svetlana Ristic ◽  
Tatjana Djekic ◽  
Tatjana Mitrovic ◽  
Rada Baosic

Air quality investigations have not been undertaken in Blace until now. Identifying the presence of different types of epiphytic lichens was performed in the summer 2012 in Blace (southeastern Serbia), and selected rural settlements around Blace, in order to establish the air quality of the area. The analysis of samples from described localities indicated the presence of 25 lichen taxa from 19 genera. Using the Index of Atmospheric Purity (IAP), it was found that there are 2 different air pollution zones in Blace: ?lichen desert? and ?transitional? or ?struggle zone?, which includes the periphery of the city. In these zones the air is moderately polluted. In the urban area of Blace there is no ?normal? zone, but one was detected in the surrounding rural areas.


Author(s):  
Маргарина Сергеевна Сергеева

Показаны особенности прибрежного расселения в зоне крупного водохранилища (на примере Конаковского района Тверской области), представлена генетическая структура прибрежных сельских населённых пунктов, выявлены формы трансформации расселения в связи с созданием водохранилища и активным рекреационным освоением для организации отдыха столичных жителей. Представлены результаты онлайн-опроса местных жителей о проблемах, вызванных соседством с зонами и объектами элитного отдыха. The features of coastal resettlement in the zone of a large reservoir (on the example of Konakovsky district of Tver region) are shown, the genetic structure of coastal rural settlements is presented, forms of settlement transformation are identified in connection with the creation of a reservoir and active recreational development for organizing recreation for residents of the capital. The results of an online survey of local residents about the problems caused of proximity to areas and objects of elite recreation are presented.


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