scholarly journals Muslim tradition and conceptions of national development of Arab States

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander M. Rodriges-Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Arab World ◽  
National Development ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
The Social ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Arab States ◽  
Common Sign

In the modern Arab world, the search of modernization ways, the forming of state political ideologies as well as creative economical conceptions are still based on the old Muslim tradition. There are 6 schools to be considered. All these schools have significantly influenced both the social structure of the Arab States and people behavior even since the Middle Ages. The common sign of all these schools as well as their strong difference from European philosophy pragmatism is undoubtedly priority of moral and ethic principles over material ones, condemnation of mercantilism and individualism. Thus, the concepts and strategies of Muslim states considering some utopian traditions are essentially national and original, but in any case, they are to be considered as anti-globalist tensions.

Community, dialect and urbanization in the Arabic-speaking Middle East

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Holes
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
Arabic Speaking ◽  
Everyday Communication

The purpose of this paper is to explain how changes in the social structure of the countries of the Arabic-speaking Middle East are being reflected in new patterns of dialect use. The last 30 years have seen an enormously increased interest in Arabic as a living mode of everyday communication, reflected in many dialectological, typological and sociolinguistic studies. As a result, we now have a much clearer overall picture of the dialect geography of the eastern Arab world, and the beginnings of an understanding of the dynamics of language change. Inevitably, the focus of many studies has been geographically specific, so that the area-wide nexus between social change and linguistic change has not always been seen in a sufficiently broad context. By examining three case studies documented in the literature, I aim to point up similarities in the dynamics of change which are often obscured by distracting local particularities.

scholarly journals The influence of fish farm activity on the social structure of the common bottlenose dolphin in Sardinia (Italy)

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10960
Author(s):  
Serena Frau ◽  
Fabio Ronchetti ◽  
Francesco Perretti ◽  
Alberto Addis ◽  
Giulia Ceccherelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
Foraging Strategy ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Fish Farm ◽  
Photo Identification ◽  
Common Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dolphin Population ◽  
The Common

In a wide variety of habitats, including some heavily urbanised areas, the adaptability of populations of common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) may depend on the social structure dynamics. Nonetheless, the way in which these adaptations take place is still poorly understood. In the present study we applied photo-identification techniques to investigate the social structure of the common bottlenose dolphin population inhabiting the Gulf of Alghero (Sardinia, Italy), analysing data recorded from 2008 to 2019. The social structure analysis showed a division of the entire population into five different communities and the presence of non-random associations, while there was no evidence of segregation between sexes. Furthermore, results highlighted an important change in social structure through time, likely due to a reduction in fish farm activity since 2015. The division of the population into different communities, the presence of segregation based on the foraging strategy (inside or outside the fish farm area) and the social network measures were evaluated by analysing independently the two datasets: the intense and low farm activity periods: 2008–2014 and 2015–2020, respectively. Segregation among individuals belonging to the same foraging strategy class was found only in the earlier period, and the composition of the four communities was consistent with this result. Our study improves the knowledge about bottlenose dolphin adaptation, as a lower complexity in social structure was linked to a reduction in anthropogenic food availability.

scholarly journals Fortified Villages of Mediaeval Byzantium: Town or Village?

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 194-223
Author(s):  
Yury Vin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Rural Settlement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
The Social ◽  
Common Position ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
The Village

The search for a model rural settlement – “village” is the common position in interpretation of the problem on the “fortified villages” of Mediaeval Byzantium. On the one hand, the multiformity of the settlement’s types in the Byzantine Middle Ages is conditioned by climatic and local natural specificities. On the other hand, the patterns of rural settlement are predetermined by the social and economic structure and development of all the other sides of life of habitants of the village, including a dwelling. The tasks of the defence of population foreordain a necessary of construction of fortresses (“kastra”) and their deployment into defensive system. It quite corresponds to the processes, developed in many south regions of Mediaeval Europe, where the building of fortifications, transmuting the village into the fortress – “castrum”, becomes as rule. The building of the fortresses and other fortifications in towns and rural settlements of Mediaeval Byzantium creates a trend, designating the degree of necessary defence of its habitants. This tendency makes itself felt in Late Byzantium. The guarded by walls rural settlements here were not unique. The “pyrgoi” and so named “dwelling towers” were built everywhere, these served as refuges for villagers in the ordeals of the war years. The appellation “pyrgos” turned into synonym of the designation of the rural settlement, as a landlord’s state, and a substitute of term “chorion”. The “pyrgoi” appeared practically as “keypoints” of every description of the territories of large landownings, the passed ways and the households arranged there. The system of fortifications as a defence of whole region was deployed in Byzantine country, where the rural settlement has significant position. The article consists of the Introduction (“Introduction. The Village and key Problems of its Studying”), three parts (“The fortified Settlement”, “The rural Fortifications”, “The Pyrgos”) and the part “The Results and Conclusion. The Common Trends”, where the main problems are examined, touching the study of the Mediaeval Byzantine village, pyrgoi and common regularities of fortification of Late Byzantine village.

scholarly journals Árbitros y mediadores en el mundo rural valenciano durante la Baja Edad Media: Els Ports y El Maestrat (s. XIII-XIV) = Arbiters and Mediators in Rural Valencia during the Late Middle Ages: Els Ports and El Maestrat (Thirteenth-Fourteenth Centuries)

2019 ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Vicent Royo Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social

Este artículo analiza la identidad de los árbitros que median en los conflictos suscitados en el campo valenciano en la Baja Edad Media. Tras la conquista del siglo XIII, la implantación de la nueva sociedad rural provoca el surgimiento de numerosos conflictos entre los actores sociales presentes en las comarcas de Els Ports y El Maestrat, situadas al norte del reino de Valencia. Muchos de estos litigios se solucionan a través de la institución arbitral, de modo que los mediadores tienen la responsabilidad de gestionar los cambios de la estructura social. En consecuencia, se pretende analizar la identidad de los árbitros y averiguar los criterios que siguen señores, burgueses y campesinos para elegir a los mediadores durante los siglos XIII y XIV, porque estos personajes tienen un papel esencial en la articulación de las relaciones sociales en el mundo rural.AbstractThis article analyses the identity of the arbiters in conflicts that took place in the rural country of the kingdom of Valencia during the late Middle Ages. After the conquest of the thirteenth century, the implementation of a new rural society led to the emergence of numerous conflicts between the social actors present in the regions of Els Ports and El Maestrat, both located in the northern part of the kingdom of Valencia. Many of these conflicts were resolved through arbitration, so the arbiters are responsible for managing any changes in social structure. Consequently, our aim is to analyse the identity of the arbiters and to determine the diverse criteria that lords, bourgeois and peasants followed to choose mediators during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, as these individuals played an essential role in the forging of relationships in rural society.

scholarly journals Social Structure and Aristocratic Representation—Red Wax Seal Usage in Hungary in the 15th c

Genealogy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Ádám Novák ◽  
Balázs Bacsa
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rapid Destruction

One might perceive the Middle Ages as an era of certain rights and privileges. Social stratification or the conformation of a group’s identity were all established around privileges in the Kingdom of Hungary. In the medieval period, as opposed to a modern state, the most important constructors of a group’s identity were privileges. When members of a social group bear identical prerogatives, that group can be recognized as an order or estate. The ecclesiastic order existed side-by-side with the noble estate. In possession of political power were strictly those who were at the top of the strongly hierarchical system. However, in the Kingdom of Hungary, the significance of the ecclesiastical order was dwarfed by the importance of landed nobility. Some five percent of the population was of nobles, who also held political power. Until the end of the 15th century, the members of this stratum were equal in law. Only distinctions in financial situation can be noticed during the 14th and 15th centuries. The first law differentiating the rights within nobility was enacted by the national assembly, the diet of Wladislaus II (1490–1516), in 1498. Only from then on can we speak of gentry and aristocracy. This almost two-century-long process can be observed by examining a representational tool, the usage of red wax in seals. Upon studying medieval Hungarian history, we must use all sources available due to their rapid destruction, hence examining seal usage to explain aristocratic representation. In this paper, we briefly summarize the social structure of medieval Hungary and its traditions in seal usage, and present several unique seals. Our goal is to highlight some connections that historiography would benefit from, to provide new data, and to arouse the interest of a broad spectrum of audiences in Hungarian social history.

scholarly journals The Social Structure of the Population of the Tomsk Ob Region in the High Middle Ages (Based on Materials from Burial Grounds)

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-127
Author(s):  
Pletneva L. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Group V ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract: This paper is aimed at reconstructing the social structure of the population of the Tomsk Ob Region in the High Middle Ages. The source base is made up of materials from archaeological excavations of three burial grounds: Astrakhantsevsky burial mound, Basandaysky burial mound, and the burial ground at the mouth of the Malaya Kirgiska River. The composition of grave goods (in terms of quantity and quantity) and a burial structure served as criteria for the analysis. 212 graves of adults and children have been selected. As a result of the analysis, we have identified five adult groups and three children’s groups. The adult groups are as follows. Representatives of group I had the most complete set of weapons: sabers, spears, bows and arrows. Only this group of warriors had a protective suite of armour. There were horses in some graves. We identified one grave of this group in the Astrakhantsevsky burial mound, two in Basandaysky burial mound, and seven in the burial ground at the mouth of the Malaya Kirgiska River. Group II includes graves with rich goods, such as jewelry made of precious metals, precious and semiprecious stones. There are also fragments of silk. There are graves with weapons, horses or their ammunition. Group III is divided into two subgroups: III/1 — cavalry warriors, professionals; III/2 — infantry warriors, hunters and other groups of the population. Group IV includes poorer segments of the population, with a small set of household goods. Group V includes graves without goods. The children’s groups include: I — with rich goods, II — with scarce goods, III — without goods. Attention should be paid to the following circumstances: in several cases we identified persons buried in a mound as relatives or members of the same family. There are interesting observations concerning the location of mirrors. They were found in adult groups I, II, III, IV and children’s group I, II. However, no special group of people authorized to perform religious rituals was identified. This situation is likely to reflect the social reality of that period in the Tomsk Ob Region. The identified adult groups represent the social structure: group I — representatives of local military and administrative authorities; group II — rich people, group III — cavalry warriors, power base (together with representatives of group I, they are likely to constitute the military elite); group III/2 — militia in wartime and hunters, fishermen or herders in peacetime; group IV — poorer segments of the local population, small in size; group V — people without goods, the poor, possibly dependent people. Among children, group I (children of wealthy parents) and group II (children of low-income parents) stand out. As for children without goods, it is quite difficult to explain reasons for such burials. Keywords: Tomsk Ob region, High Middle Ages, archaeology, burial ground, social structure, elite, power

scholarly journals The social structure of the south-east European societies in the moddle ages – a linguistic view

Linguistica ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Sorin Paliga
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Large Area ◽  
East Europe ◽  
East European ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
South West ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social

The purpose of this paper is to review several terms spread over a quite large area in South-East Europe. The starting point of our investigation is the Romanian language understood  as inheriting an important  Thracian vocabulary, specifically referring to the social and political structure of the Early Middle Ages. The terms discussed are not exlusively Romanian. In fact, they reflect - roughly speaking - the ancient extension of the Thracian speakers, i.e. the present-day territories of Romania, Bulgaria, Soviet Moldavia and parts of South- and South-West ·ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia.

scholarly journals Women in Management Means Women in Power

2016 ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
Laurie King-Irani
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Women In Management ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Power ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Women's Role ◽  
General Topic

At.first glance, the general topic of women in management does not appear especially controversial, revolutionary, or potentially threatening to the established social order. However, a closer examination of Arab women's role in management, as well as a consideration of the social, political and cultural ramifications of women's actual and potential power as decisionmakers, reveals the stirrings of a significant revolution in attitudes, values, and behaviors concerning gender, power and social structure in the Arab world.

scholarly journals El ventall de la societat del seu temps segons Ramon Llull

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Gabriel Ensenyat Pujol
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Representative Image ◽  
Ramon Llull

The tripartite scheme based on the three orders (oratores, bellatores and laboratores), which characterized the society in the early Middle Ages, was already obsolete in the 13th century, since by this time the social structure had become much more complex. Furthermore, the presence of new social groups, such as the merchants and the bourgeois, raised a debate about its “raison d’être”. Therefore a person such as Ramon Llull, who knew very well the world where he lived, described a more representative image of the society of his time. Moreover, the interest of his analysis goes even further, since the Blessed took sides for some groups, such us the merchants –whose activity had been condemned until that moment– or the farmers, usually reviled. He even incorporates in his analysis some groups of people, such as the pilgrims or the painters, missing in any other work of the time.

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