scholarly journals Max Weber's Heuristics About University and Education and The Challenges of the XXI Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Alexander Golikov ◽  
Sergey Golikov
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ethics Of Responsibility ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Social Orders ◽  
The University ◽  
University Science ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the study of Max Weber's view of the problems of education and the university in the light of its latest actualizations. The chosen subject is studied using both philosophical and sociological tools. Max Weber's concept is studied in the context of its historical conditions of formation and development, in comparison with classical and modern concepts, as well as in terms of its heuristic capabilities in describing, analyzing and explaining modern problems and challenges in the field of education in general and in the university world in particular. On the basis of the historical and cultural retrospective of Weber's Germany at the end of the 19th century, the prerequisites for the formation of the Weberian concept are studied and compared with the socio-cultural situation at the beginning of the 21st century. The authors of the article, critically approaching Weberian epistemologiсs, separately focus on the theoretical and methodological limitations and vulnerabilities of the application of the Weberian concept in the modern world, while pointing out the epistemological advantages and opportunities that it offers. Such subjects as the importance of the political in educational activities; perspectives of the university in the society of commodification; the importance of the worldview component in comparison with generally significant knowledge; place of scientific asceticism and its limitations are revealed. Weber's ethical concepts (“absolute ethics”, “ethics of persuasion”, “ethics of responsibility”) and their heuristic possibilities in the analysis of transformations of the university and education are analyzed in detail. The logical and epistemological gaps in Weber's concept are critically examined, its internal complexity is shown, built on the basis of the ontology of the plurality of social orders. A conclusion is made about the potential of Weber's concepts and ideas for analyzing the current state of the university, science and education.

scholarly journals Von Staatsgrenze zu Dialektgrenze.

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-328
Author(s):  
Pascale Erhart
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Current State ◽  
Political Border ◽  
National Border ◽  
Project Data ◽  
The University ◽  
Upper Rhine ◽  
Cultural Features ◽  
The Way

The ANR/DFG cooperation project called “FLARS – Effects of the national border on the linguistic situation in the Upper Rhine area”, between the University of Freiburg and the University of Strasbourg, examined the emergence and the nature of a linguistic border between France and Germany in the Alemannic-speaking regions Alsace and Baden, and its interdependence with the political border. The project data were collected through interviews conducted in 40 localities alongside the political border. The questions focused on what informants think and say about languages and about their use of them; about the current state of the dialects, the way they are spoken, their usefulness, their importance; and also on what they think and say about the way the inhabitants of the other side of the Rhine speak, what may make it different, and their position regarding that. A first analysis shows that most of the French and German informants think that both sides of the Rhine do not differ much linguistically, but that this proximity is not a sufficient condition for evoking a “transnational language”, as other aspects of their lives, lifestyles and identities are considered as different. This article will focus on the discourse produced by dialect speakers about the Rhine as a border and about common or different linguistic and cultural features with their neighbours.

scholarly journals The Constant of Change: Remaining Relevant in 21st Century Higher Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Mandla S. Makhanya
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
21St Century ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Value Of Knowledge ◽  
Current State ◽  
Scientific Innovation ◽  
Role Players ◽  
The University

AbstractWhile the old Heraclitan adage: “The only constant in life is change” remains true, it is the scale and impact of that change that distinguishes the routine from the radical, and the evolution from the revolution. This difference is captured succinctly by Palinkas who asserts:“Change uses external influences to modify actions, but transformation modifies beliefs so actions become natural and thereby achieve the desired result ” (Palinkas 2013). Higher education, in its current state of disruption, is forcing us to revisit everything that we know and believe about education, in pursuit of its continued relevance and sustainability as a “new normal”. Key contributors to the state of disruption are fundamental and influential shifts in geo-socio-economic and political practices, rampant technological and scientific innovation, a multiplicity of role players, many of whom reside outside of the traditional higher education sphere, changing views on the nature and value of knowledge and the role of the university, and compelling contextual realities such as the need (and demands) for equity, social justice and redress.

scholarly journals The history, current state and perspectives of aerosol therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-243
Author(s):  
BARTŁOMIEJ ROSPOND ◽  
AGATA KRAKOWSKA ◽  
BOŻENA MUSZYŃSKA ◽  
WŁODZIMIERZ OPOKA
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Tropane Alkaloids ◽  
Aerosol Therapy ◽  
Medicinal Substance ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Nebulization is a very effective method of drug administration. This technique has been popular since ancient times when inhalation of plants rich in tropane alkaloids with spasmolytic and analgesic effects was widely used. Undoubtedly, the invention of anasthesia in the 19th century had an influence on the development of this technique. It resulted in the search for devices that facilitated anasthesia such as pulveriser or hydronium. From the second half of the 21st century, when the first DPI and MDI inhalers were launched, the constant development of aerosol therapy has been noticed. This is due to the fact that nebulization, compared with other means of medicinal substance application (such as oral and intravenous routes of administration), is safer and it exhibits a positive dose/efficacy ratio connected to the reduction of the dose. It enables drugs administration through the lung and possesses very fast onset action. Therefore, various drugs prescribed in respiratory diseases (such as corticosteroids, β-agonists, anticholinergics) are present on the market in a form of an aerosol.

The Place of Islam in the Foundation of Modern Social Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutfi Sunar
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Political ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Considerable Resistance ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Western Hegemony ◽  
The 19Th Century

The relation between Islam and the West has a long history full of confrontation. Islam always represents the closest “other” for the West, and being otherized by it is not only a cultural but also a strategic matter. Controlling and shaping the perceptions of Islam is essential for continuing the political hegemony of the West. On this basis, the 19th century witnessed the spread of Western hegemony throughout the world, including the Middle East. In this period, although Western expansion faced considerable resistance in Muslim societies, the political, economic, military, scientific, intellectual, and cultural influence of modernity spread all over the world. The encounter between Muslim societies and the West went beyond the sheer geographical dimension. The Western vision, founded and reinforced by orientalism, considers Islam as a suppressed enemy who may make a comeback. This chapter will question the place of Islam in modern social theory. The central thesis is on Islam being not only the other of the modern Western identity but also a founder of the modern world. By discussing the central place of Islam in the debates of social theory’s founders such as Tocqueville, Marx, and Weber, Islam as part and parcel of the modern world will become apparent.

Power, Authority, and Leginitmacy in Times of Lockdown

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Dunja Larise
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
The Political ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Social Orders ◽  
Political Decision Making

The 2020/21 COVID-19 crisis demonstrates the intricate relation between power, authority, and legitimacy. The strategy chosen to confront the COVID-19 pandemic was a historically unprecedented global lockdown on social and economic reproduction. The global lockdown produced another social and economic crisis of yet unforeseeable magnitude. This article sets off with the question about the nature of power that informed the political decision-making in the deliberation of the appropriate strategies in confronting the global pandemic and the structure of authority that deliberated, implemented, and legitimated the chosen strategies. The answers have to do with the specific allocation of power in the 21st century: economic capital, imaginary social orders, and institutional settings. It concludes by identifying three main patterns: the expertization of knowledge and technocratic global governance, the triumph of Rawlsian liberal ethics, and the rise of a new global accumulation regime.

ARKADIY YAKOVLEVICH TUGARINOV AND THE FORMATION OF KRASNOYARSK MUSEUM

2021 ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
Nadezhda M. Dmitrienko ◽  
◽  
Eduard I. Chernyak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
World War ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
District Council ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The authors of this article continue to explore the history of museum science in Siberia through biographies of museum experts. Based on the biographic materials of the native of Saratov Arkadiy Tugarinov (1880–1948) they trace the formation of his interests to study of local nature and history. They point out that this interest was not accidental. Since the middle of the 19th century, when the disgraced historian Kostomarov was in Saratov, that city has developed as a center of local studies. The article shows that Tugarinov graduated from a real school, but could not study at the university. He lost his father early and had to help his family. He worked in the soil laboratory of the Saratov provincial district council. He joined the Society of naturalists, studied the flora and fauna of the Volga territories. Soon he began to work in Saratov Museum, and participated in the 11th Congress of Russian naturalists and doctors in St. Petersburg. So he became known among researchers and museum workers. In 1905, Tugarinov was invited to take up the post of curator of Krasnoyarsk Museum. Created in 1889 with private funds of the merchant couple Matveyevs the museum eventually acquired the status of urban one. Since 1903, the museum was managed by the Krasnoyarsk sub-department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. Then the department guidance invited A. Tugarinov to head the museum. So A.Ya. Tugarinov ran the Krasnoyarsk Museum for more than 20 years, from 1905 to 1926. He was concerned about attracting people devoted to museum work to the Krasnoyarsk museum. He organized many expeditions through Siberia, the participants of which delivered to the museum collections on zoology, botany, history, ethnography, archaeology and others. All objects delivered to Museum were described, systemized and used to create expositions and exhibitions, as well as to write scientific works. The most famous scientific articles based on museum collections were prepared by Arkadiy Tugarinov, Nikola Auerbakch, Maria Krasnozhenova and former Austrian prisoner of the World War I Gero von Mergart. In total, during the years of Tugarinov's work, the funds of the Krasnoyarsk Museum reached 144000 items. In terms of the overall performance of its work, the Krasnoyarsk Museum came out on top in Siberia. Authors of this articles believed that A.Ya. Tugarinov was one of the most successful museum leaders; he proved that museum activity is the most important factor in the development of science and education in Siberia.

UNIVERSITY: GENESIS AND TRANSFORMATION OF IDEA

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-152
Author(s):  
Sergey Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
A Value ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Educational Paradigm ◽  
The University ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Idea Of The University

The article is devoted to the birth and transformation of the Idea of the University as an institutional form within the German spiritual culture of the 19th – 20th centuries. The author traces the history of the Idea of the University from the works of I. Kant (through the prism of his idea of the Enlightenment), then in the works of W. von Humboldt, the attempt to revive the Idea in the works of K. Jaspers, and the death of the idea during Nazism on the example of the “Heidegger case” The article specifically examines the basic principles of the University of W. von Humboldt – academic freedom and unity of science and education. The latter is considered not in a narrow academic sense, but in the classical – the formation of a person's image, chasing his appearance. W. von Humboldt assumed the unity of three universes: the universe of man, the universe of knowledge and the university as an institution that creates conditions for “solitude and freedom”. Further, the author shows the transformation of the university in the modern world in connection with the change in the time vector, the reorientation of the educational paradigm from the past to the future and the search, in this connection, of a new identity for universities. Despite the actual death of the classical idea of the University of W. von Humboldt, the author shows that this idea can be revived in a new model of an entrepreneurial university, which also contains the basic principle of W. von Humboldt, which presupposes a constant scientific search and the formation of a person for whom personal development remains a value.

scholarly journals Politikai küzdelmek a századfordulón a budapesti egyetemi körben (1888–1899)

Gerundium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
Júlia Varga
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
First Year ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
Assimilation Process ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

Political Struggles at the Turn of the Century in the University Circle of Budapest 1888–1898. The study presents details about the activities of the, so far quite unknown, University Circle of Budapest in the last decade of the 19th century. Its source is the Egyetemi Lapok university periodical, voicing the political views of the youth. In the writings thereof, the author tries to find sings of how the university students became divided, which manifested itself in the anti-Semitic cross movement in the first year of the new century, in 1901. What led to the principally liberal Hungarian bourgeoisie and gentry youth interested in politics separating itself, or even turning against, their Jewish counterparts, formulating their own interests against them? The Budapest University was one of the prominent locations of the assimilation process of the Jews concentrated in the capital, and the roots of the dividedness of the Hungarian intellectuals may be found in the events, and intellectual reactions, that took place at that time.

scholarly journals Research Contribution of the Oldest Seat of Higher Learning in Pakistan: A Bibliometric Analysis of University of the Punjab

Publications ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Shakil Ahmad ◽  
Yasir Javed ◽  
Shabir Hussain Khahro ◽  
Arslan Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Bibliometric Method ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Research Publications ◽  
Open Access Journals ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

Bibliometric methods are used to access various elements in any data set. Similarly, this study uses a bibliometric method to evaluate the research performance of the University of the Punjab (PU), the oldest university of Pakistan. A peer university from a neighboring country, India, has been selected in this study along with three state-owned universities of Pakistan. The research yield of selected universities was analyzed since their establishment until 2019. The data were retrieved from the Scopus database in February 2020. The guidelines of the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education were used to select the peer universities. It has been analyzed that steady progress in research productivity was observed during the 20th century and in the last few years of the 19th century. A focus shift was observed with the onset of the 21st century and a rapid increase in research publications was observed in Pakistani universities. Around 92% of research studies of the University of the Punjab were carried out during the first 20 years of the 21st century and it leads the compared peer universities in terms of the number of research publications and the citations. It is also analyzed that there is a tendency among the authors of studied universities to publish their research articles in subscription-based journals. The authors affiliated with the University of the Punjab are more inclined to publish their research in open access journals as compared to the researchers of other studied universities. It is also observed that publications with single authors received a low average of citations per document while the publications with six or more authors had the highest average citations. The study recommends collaborative efforts for carrying out research and publication in open access journals is encouraged because of greater visibility, access, and impact.

scholarly journals Democracia e ditadura na teoria política de Marx e Engels | emocracy and dictatorship in the political theory of Marx and Engels

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theófilo Codeço Machado Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
The Political ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Contemporary Debate ◽  
Friedrich Engels ◽  
The 19Th Century

O presente artigo analisa a forma como Marx e Engels, teóricos da política, inseriram-se no debate contemporâneo sobre a democracia no século XIX. Passada a Revolução Francesa de 1789, a democracia tornou-se o grande tema da agenda teórica do século XIX. Mas as interpretações foram, decerto, distintas. De modo bem diferente de seus contemporâneos liberais, Marx e Engels compuseram a justificativa teórica para a ação dos trabalhadores para além da democracia burguesa. Transitando entre temas como a “verdadeira democracia”, a “emancipação humana”, o “comunismo” e a “ditadura do proletariado”, os dois autores formularam teorias que não apenas informaram a grande polarização do século XX, mas que ainda referenciam debates sobre as possibilidades de uma alternativa ao capitalismo no século XXI. A hipótese aqui apresentada é a de que a tensão entre democracia e ditadura na obra dos dois permite interpretações díspares, o que garante sua permanência no debate atual.Palavras-Chave: teoria política; democracia; ditadura do proletariado; Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels.  Abstract − This article analyses how Marx and Engels, political theorists, entered the contemporary debate on democracy in the 19th century. After the French Revolution of 1789, democracy became the great theme of the theoretical agenda of the 19th century. But interpretations were certainly disparate. In a very different way from their liberal contemporaries, Marx and Engels composed the theoretical justification for the action of workers beyond the bourgeois democracy. Transitioning between topics such as “true democracy,” “Human Emancipation,” “communism,” and “dictatorship of the proletariat,” the two authors formulated theories that not only informed the great polarization of the 20th century, but which still are reference to debates about the possibilities of an alternative to capitalism in the 21st century. The hypothesis presented here is that the tension between democracy and dictatorship in the work of the two authors allows different interpretations that guarantee its permanence in the current debate.Keywords: political theory; democracy; dictatorship of the proletariat; Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels.

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