Jahrringe, Lawinen und eine zerstörte Alphütte | Tree rings, avalanches and a destroyed cottage

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Susanne Dängeli ◽  
Michelle Bollschweiler ◽  
Markus Stoffel
Keyword(s):  
Tree Rings ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Flow Path ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Sample Depth ◽  
Local Reference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Village ◽  
Construction Wood

In winter 1999, several buildings and cottages have been destroyed by a large snow avalanche in and around the village of Evolene (Valais, Switzerland). The age of the cottages destroyed by the event was supposed to be considerable, but the individual buildings were not dated. It was therefore the goal of this study to assess the age of one of the cottages with dendrochronological methods. The investigation was based on a local reference chronology composed of 19 reference larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.) from the Evolene region. The reference chronology was built through optical and statistical analyses of the samples as well as crossdating methods. The chronology extends back to 1642, with a minimum sample depth of three trees from 1654 and five trees from 1725. Through the comparison of the reference chronology with a piece of wood from the destroyed cottage, it was possible to date the outermost ring of the construction wood to AD 1693. The age of the dated construction wood suggests that the flow path of the 1999 avalanche was unusual and that it affected a sector that has, most probably, not suffered from similar events since at least 300 years.

Travel and Travelers

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Muldoon
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Canterbury Tales ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
China And India ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
English Society ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Village

There is a common belief that medieval men and women lived their lives within a narrow geographical and psychological space, the village and the neighboring fields for the most part. According to this opinion, it was not until the Renaissance and the voyages of Columbus and those who followed him that Europeans became aware of the wider world around them and shed the blinders that had constrained them for centuries. What makes this opinion so at odds with medieval reality is that one of the most famous and widely read pieces of medieval literature, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, deals with the travels of a group of medieval Christians who range from a crusading knight to farm laborers, individuals representing a cross section of the middling levels of 14th-century English society. Merchants, crusaders, missionaries, pilgrims, exiles, and others motivated by simple restless curiosity traveled around Europe, to the edges of the Christian world, and then all the way to China and India and, sailing westward, to North America. Travel and travel imagery also played an important role in Christian life. The Bible begins with the creation of the world, traces the course of God’s involvement with his people over time, and concludes with the end of the world, the ultimate goal of mankind as defined by the Creator. The life of the individual Christian is a pilgrimage within this context, the movement of the soul to union with God, a microcosm of this larger narrative. It is no coincidence that the most famous work of medieval literature, Dante’s Divine Comedy, was cast as a travel tale.

Politics, Power, and the Role of the Village Priest in Paraguay

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Rural People ◽  
The People ◽  
Church Hierarchy ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Village ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The Church

The parochial priests in small Paraguayan towns are generally reputed, in Paraguay, to exercise an extraordinary amount of power and influence over the people of their parishes—to a greater extent, it would seem, than in most other Latin American countries. This is, moreover, despite the fact that the church, as an institution, is considerably weaker, economically and politically, than in all but a handful of such countries. Therefore, what power the individual priest may have can not be viewed as simply an extension of the power of the church. Most urban Paraguayans, including at least some members of the church hierarchy, are inclined to attribute this situation to the alleged superstitious or credulous nature of the Paraguayan peasants. The rural people themselves, on the other hand, are apt to explain the influence of their own local priest, at least, as due to his personal qualities or strength of character, as did the Services when referring to the prestige of the local priest of Tobati.

Reconstructing snow-avalanche activity with tree rings in Maramureş Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armelle Decaulne ◽  
Ionela-Georgiana Răchită ◽  
Mihai Hotea ◽  
Vasile Timur Chiş ◽  
Olimpiu Traian Pop
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Snow Avalanches ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Eastern Carpathians ◽  
Joint Research Project ◽  
Callus Tissues

<p> <span>Snow avalanches </span>represent a common phenomenon <span>in Maramureş Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)</span> where they <span>occur frequently on higher steep slopes and reach in the runout zones the valley bottoms below 1000 m a.s.l. The presence of particular topo-climatic conditions influences the patterns of avalanche activity in terms of past frequency and spatial extent along the slope valleys. As the past snow-avalanche activity is not documented by written reports in the area, reliable information about avalanche history is missing. </span>However, the slopes are forested, trees repeatedly disturbed by snow avalanches record evidence of past events. <span>For this study we reconstructed the avalanche activity using tree rings as a source of proxy data. To date the snow-avalanche history, dendrochronological investigations have been carried out in two avalanche paths, along which living trees showed clear external signs of past disturbances related to mechanical impacts produced by snow avalanches. In each investigated path, a total number of 52 and respectively 118 trees have been sampled and their spatial position recorded with a GPS device. Tree-growth </span>anomalies (e.g. scars, callus tissues, the onset sequences of tangential rows of traumatic resin ducts, compression wood, growth suppression and release sequences) <span>related to snow avalanche disturbance identified within tree rings served to reconstruct past events with an annual resolution. The results indicate that, apart the 2005 major event witnessed and also confirmed by tree-ring dating, multiple other events have been reconstructed since the beginning of 20</span><sup><span>th</span></sup><span> century. Despite some inherent limitations of tree-ring methods in reconstructing past avalanche events, these dendrochronological investigations confirm their utility in deciphering the patterns of avalanche activity in Maramureş Mountains. Tree-ring studies contribute to a better understanding of the role of topographical and climatic factors which influence the spatio-temporal occurrence of snow avalanches.</span></p><p><span>This study represents a contribution to the joint research project 09-AUF, </span><span>‘‘</span><span><em>Activité des avalanches de neige dans les Carpates Orientales Roumaines et Ukrainiennes - </em></span><span> ACTIVNEIGE</span><span>’’</span><span>, co-funded by the </span><span><em>Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF)</em></span><span> and </span><span><em>Institutul de Fizică Atomică (IFA), Romania</em></span><span>.</span></p>

scholarly journals State vs. Culture or State ‘and’ Culture vs. the Individual Body: A review analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
G. Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
The State ◽  
Know How ◽  
Review Analysis ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Village ◽  
National Health Policies ◽  
Individual Body ◽  
Village Population

This paper reflects on the dichotomy of state and culture through ‘certain groups of people’, impacting their behaviour and wants towards their own health. Analysis commences with a brief commentary on pre-independence India, whereby the rhetoric of nationalism was imprinted on individual bodies through the call for maintaining the health of a nation. This argument is then extended to include the present day-scenario of the state, whereby, the state sees itself as something beyond the individual; where it is the hub of ‘know-how’ of maintaining its population, yet at the same time distant from it. Second section presents the control of culture through community on the bodies of individual members (women). The two arguments are based on the review of an in-depth study by Jeffery and Jeffery (2010) in a village in Uttar Pradesh on the perceptions of the village population on national health policies. The article is concluded, with the necessity to understand and discover discourses of not state vs. culture (or community), but also of state and culture vs. agency vis-à-vis health and health care provisions.K

scholarly journals GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG MEROKOK PADA ORANG TUA YANG MEMILIKI ANAK PEROKOK USIA 10-15 TAHUN DI DUSUN MODINAN BANYURADEN GAMPING SLEMAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-118
Author(s):  
Nurmala Wulandari ◽  
Ni Ketut Mendri ◽  
Eko Suryani
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Village ◽  
Special Region

Based on Research (RisKesDa) on years 2013 Yogyakarta Special Region is a province with a prevalence of age ≥ 10 years each day smoking as much as 21.2%. There are many reasons teenagers or children age ≤ 15 years of smoking. The factor that causes the child to smoke are from the environment of smoking parents or peers and from the individual himself. This study was conducted to find out the description of parent's knowledge about cigarettes in parents own children smokers age 10-15 years in the Village Modinan. This research is a descriptive study using survey method. The sample was 38 respondents by using Purposive Sampling technique. Measuring tools using questionnaire. Parent's knowledge level on cigarettes in parents own had 10-15 year old smokers in 38 respondents showed that knowledge level was in good category. Obtained 60.5% of parents at the age of 36-45 years, 63.2% of parents have senior high school, 52.6% of parents work as housewife, and 55.4% of unemployed parrent. Knowledge of cigarettes in parents own have 10-15 year old smokers in Modinan Village mayority in the category of good knowledge.

scholarly journals Cerai Lebe sebagai Inisiatif Lokal dalam Upaya Meminimalisir Praktek Perceraian Liar (Studi Kasus di Desa Cangkring Kabupaten Indramayu)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-129
Author(s):  
Wardah Nuroniyah
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
The People ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Village ◽  
Religious Courts

There are a lot of divorces conducted outside the court that occurs in Cangkring Village, Indramayu Regency. Uniquely in this village Lebe (a marriage registrar officer) became a facilitator in matters of divorce including in terms of handling administratively the data of divorced couples without submitting to the Religious Courts. Through a socio-juridical study, it is understandable as a choice for the community in resolving conflicts in marriages. There are many reasons for choosing divorce by Lebe, the individual reasons, such as the geographical location of the village that far from the court, economic factors, early marriage, low human resources, or local socio-cultural conditions that affect a person to do divorce through the Lebe. Based on the theory of social action by Talcott Parsons, the actors who chose divorce through Lebe are considered easier to achieve its goal of divorce. Divorce by Lebe in Cangkring village is intended to curb peace and legal protection for the people who have a very high divorce rate. The community was given convenience because the rules in divorce are not as complicated as the divorce process in the Religious Court, even though it is considered illegal.

scholarly journals Snow-cornice and snow-avalanche monitoring using automatic time-lapse cameras in Tasiapik Valley, Nunavik (Québec) during the winter of 2017-18

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Veilleux ◽  
Armelle Decaulne ◽  
Najat Bhiry
Keyword(s):  
Time Lapse ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Snow Avalanches ◽  
The Road ◽  
Deposition Area ◽  
Avalanche Dynamics ◽  
The Village

A series of automatic time-lapse cameras installed along the southwestern side of Tasiapik Valley, near the village of Umiujaq, Nunavik (Northern Québec) documented several departure modes and types of snow involved in snow avalanches during winter 2017-18. These included cornice-avalanche dynamics, slab and loose snow avalanches, and clean and dirty snow avalanches. At the top of the selected slope, a camera monitored the development of a snow cornice beginning in November 2017, detecting multiple cornice failures over the winter and spring. The track and deposition area of the runout paths were monitored from two cameras downslope, revealing the concomitance of snow-cornice fall and snow-avalanche triggering. Snow-avalanche activity remained relatively infrequent until the end of May 2018. Spring snow-avalanche activity is characterized by wet and dirty snow avalanches carrying debris to the foot of the slope and by runout zones located near the road along the slope.

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