scholarly journals STYLISTIC MEANING OF LANGUAGE UNITS

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
O. PAVLIK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
German Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Three Components

The study considers the issues of stylistic meaning of language units. Much attention is given to the analysis of leading Ukrainian and foreign researchers’ works. Due to the presence of certain contradictions and insufficient study of some aspects, the problem of stylistic meaning of language units remains relevant and needs further research. The author takes the view that the meaning of a word consists of lexical, grammatical and stylistic components. The article analyzes the terminology associated with the stylistic meaning of language units. It is emphasized that most words have only a denotative meaning, not all words have connotative meanings, but both of them belong to the semantic structure of the word. The author distinguishes three components of the stylistic meaning of language units. There are functional, normative, and expressive components. These components are described by the author in the article. Stylistic meaning is an integral part of the semantic meaning of a word; it reflects the speaker’s attitude to the object or phenomenon he is talking about. The article deals with the different degree of expressive coloring of language units, the peculiarities of the use of stylistically marked vocabulary in different styles of speech, provides examples of its application in modern German language. Particular attention is paid to demonstrating the need and importance of reproducing the stylistic coloring in translation. The author concludes that the components of the stylistic meaning of language units are not only interconnected but also interdependent. They are in close contact with each other. Changing one of the components entails changing the others.

scholarly journals A Semantic Study of Dummy Subjects in Dickens’ Novel Hard Times

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Zainab Hussein Alwan
Keyword(s):  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
General Semantic

To be required for some grammatical properties, dummy elements have lost their lexical meaning. They have no sense of their own. However, such items have meaning in context. They play essential roles in the general semantic structure of sentences. This study attempts to confirm that dummy constructions can have some semantic meaning and there is no matter how abstract they are. It also highlights the functions of inserting these elements to satisfy the structural and semantic needs in Charles Dickens’ novel Hard Times.

scholarly journals TOOLS FOR THE EXPRESSION OF THE MEANING OF “NEGATION” IN WORD-BUILDING OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE

2017 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Irina Kruashvili
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Negative Word ◽  
German Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
German Word ◽  
Building System ◽  
Semantic Parameters

The aim of the article is to describe, what word building tools express negation in modern German language; to determine the place and importance of word-forming elements expressing negation in the German word building system; to characterize the internal structure and semantics of formations expressing negation; to describe the inventory of prefix derivatives expressing negation, to classify them according to formal and semantic parameters. The article uses several methods of research. Namely, analysis of direct constituents, methods of descriptive, comparative, substantial and disjunctive opposition. The use of mentioned methods make the formal and semantic structure of word building constructions transparent. Results of the research can be described as follows: the article analyzes more than one hundred word building constructions expressing negation, fetched from lexicographical sources, journals and newspapers, fiction literature and other samples of the functional style. The article reviews the inventory of prefix derivatives having negative word building meanings, there are described their structural and semantic characteristics. The corpus of formations expressing negation is compared to the headwords of dictionaries of the German language and there are revealed the items that are not registered in dictionaries. We can make a conclusion from the materials analyzed in the article that prefixes represent very productive word building tools to express negation in the German language. The nominative function of prefix derivatives that express negation is to modify already existing words. They almost do not participate in compression of syntax constructions. During prefixation there occurs determination of the substantive or adjective root form by a morpheme prefix. Foreign (borrowed) prefixes expressing negation are mainly used in scientific special field texts, which is quite opposite for the German prefixes that mainly occur in the vocabulary of everyday conversation.

scholarly journals Confrontative Study between Past Perfect Indicative in German and Past Perfect and Aorist II Indicative in Albanian

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4-1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Edesa Paheshti ◽  
Emine Teichmann
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
German Language ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
Detailed Picture ◽  
Theoretical Overview

Abstract The present study represents a significant step forward to understand past perfect indicative in Albanian and German by comparing them in morphological, semantic and stilistic aspects. The semantic meaning of past perfect indicative in Albanian is very similar to that in German. But the Albanian language also alters another additional past tense called Aorist II, that it is not present in the standard German language. This work aims at giving practical and theoretical overview on approaches and differs of the past perfect between the two languages - we intend to show that by giving great argumentative examples, which help concretising and understanding better, and also offer a clear and detailed picture of uses and meanings of this tense in both languages. In particular, in this paper it is paid attention to the text grammar, as we think that is a very important and interested point of view by studying and comparing two grammars. Furthermore we consider the issue of translation from German in Albanian and controversialy. At this point we intend to find the grammar tools the German language uses for the translation of the albanian Aorist II. This publication will be a comprehensive and authorative reference work on complex past tenses bringing together the study on different linguistic aspects.

Basic pain terms in Beserman Udmurt

2021 ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Maria Usacheva
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Grammatical Encoding ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Level I ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Cause Of Pain

This paper is devoted to semantic structure and syntactic properties of predicates of pain in Beserman Udmurt. Beserman is a variety of Udmurt spoken in northwestern Udmurtia, which has undergone contact infl uence of Russian dialects and of Turkic languages. We analyze meanings and compatibility of units which denote pain, describe grammatical encoding of diff erent participants of the situation of pain — the experiencer, the body part where pain is located, and the cause of pain. We consider the following parameters to be relevant for encoding the situation of pain in Beserman Udmurt: type of experiencer, location of pain and its cause (including a human making someone feel pain), pure pain vs. pain accompanied by functionality loss, physical pain vs. painful emotions, intensity of pain and its type. We compare Beserman Udmurt data with those from idioms which either are closely related to Udmurt genetically or are in the situation of close contact with it — namely, with the data from Komi-Zyrian, certain Russian dialects, and Turkic languages. We show that unlike Komi-Zyrian, its relative, Beserman Udmurt encodes diff erent types of pain on the lexical level (i. e. by verbal roots and ideophones), not on the grammatical one (i. e. through morphological derivation). In this respect, Beserman Udmurt resembles certain Turkic languages. The diversity of argument encoding in expressions of pain is a common trait of Beserman Udmurt and Komi-Zyrian; it seems to be supported by the infl uence of Russian dialects.

scholarly journals Ethnicity in motion? German language islands in Brazil and Russia

Gragoatá ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (42) ◽  
pp. 44-91
Author(s):  
Peter Klaus Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
National Language ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
German Language ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Case Morphology ◽  
German Standard ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Core Idea

Today, German language islands in Russia and Brazil are on the way to language shift. On this way, the varieties of these communities display certain features of decomposition and simplification in terms of morphology. Regular and irregular morphology, however, are developing differently: while case reduction is the main characteristic of regular noun inflection, in personal pronouns case distinctions are maintained. Results are presented from a research project about language change in case morphology of German language islands with 125 speakers living in close contact to the majority populations in Brazil and Ruguage obsolescence as from language emergence which has been the subject of linguistic research in the past. Through its comparative perspective, it seems possible to accoussia. The core idea of the project is the assumption that we can learn as well from lannt for internally or externally induced linguistic change. Language decay is apparently not just disorder, not amorphous, but somehow struc­tured. Certain lexical classes are more subject to reduction than others, and some residual features retain morphological “core” functions (in terms of case semantics). Language change is accelerated in times of blurring sociolinguistic differences and fading linguistic norms as an implication of losing ethnic boundaries. The recent co-officialization of minority languages in Brazil might slow down these processes. In a transcultural approach, teaching of Pomeranian as minority language (alongside the national language) could stabilize the local linguistic community, building a bridge to the High German standard language, and even to English as a lingua franca of international communication.

SEMANTIC-SYNTACTIC COMPONENTS OF THE SITUATION FOR CONVEYING INFORMATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (32) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Inna Stupak
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Expression ◽  
German Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Semantic Role ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Verb Semantics ◽  
Frequency Of Use

Verbs of speech activity constitute a significant layer of verbal lexicon, which is characterized bya complex semantic structure. Depending on the nature of the semantic features, verbs of speechactivity are divided into three groups, one of which is represented byverbs to deliver information. In recentyears, there has been an increase in the frequency of use of verbs for conveying information indifferent literary styles. The aim of the study is to establish the most frequent verbs of this semanticsand to identify the specifics of their functioning in the situation for informational transmission on thematerial of German journalistic texts. The analysis of the to deliver information was carried out usingthe electronic corpus of the German language, which made it possible to trace the dynamics of theuse of 28 to deliver information, identify the four most frequent verbs and establish their semanticmodels. The situation for conveying information provides three obligatory semantic roles: agent,addressee and message.The analysis of the situation for conveying information with the verbs іnformieren, melden, mitteilen, berichten revealed the asymmetry of the obligatory components at the semantic and syntactic levels. Explicit and elliptical implementation of required components depends on the semantics of the verbs. The situation for conveying information with the verb is characterized at the syntactic level by the implementation of two semantic roles: addressee and message. The semantic role of agent in the situation for conveying information with the verbs berichten, melden, mitteilen is filled with a noun in a metonymic transfer of the type WHOLEPART, where the WHOLE is an institution, and PART is an employee or the head of this institution. The second mandatory component of the situation is addressee, who at the syntactic level has an explicit expression mainly with the verb іnformieren. In the situation with the verbs berichten, melden, mitteilen the semantic role of addressee is identified by the previous context. The third obligatory component of the situation for conveying information – the information that istransmitted – has both explicit and deictic expression. Verb semantics, communicative necessity and the principle of saving language efforts regulate the implementation of the obligatory semantic components of the situation for conveying information. The most significant component of the informational situation has an explicit expression. In general, the analyzed verbs are characterized by the possibility of shiftingthe focus of attention to any of the obligatory components.

The pragmatics of grammaticalisation

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Nagy C.
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Item ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

This paper aims to identify the role of pragmatics in grammaticalisation and to highlight the particular steps in the process of the conventionalisation of conversational implicatures on the basis of a historical pragmatic study concerning the grammaticalisation of the Catalan anar ‘to go’ + infinitive construction. It also provides some comparative considerations with similar constructions in other Romance languages. The corpus contains occurrences taken from medieval Catalan chronicles. In order to reconstruct the history of anar + infinitive, the paper also considers morphological facts and other Catalan medieval periphrases. The paper concludes that implicatures play a double role in semantic change. On the one hand, they can become part of the semantic meaning attached to a certain construction as a new semantic component. On the other hand, they can promote the salience of a certain semantic component within the semantic structure of a lexical item.

“You Have Everything Confused and Mixed Up…!” Georg Schweinfurth, Knowledge and Cartography of Africa in the 19th Century

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 87-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Fritsch
Keyword(s):  
Technical Progress ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Exact Expression ◽  
German Language ◽  
Regional Geography ◽  
Fundamental Significance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Petermanns Geographische Mittheilungen, the leading German geographical journal of the nineteenth century, is of fundamental significance for the early scholarly study of Africa. It printed numerous accounts by practically all of the important explorers of the time, in particular under the aegis of the geographer August Petermann. Of particular significance are the cartographic supplements to the articles published in the journal. These maps showed for the first time hitherto unknown areas of Africa. Although the data for these maps were often collected in the field under difficult conditions by European travellers, and drawn up in Gotha with the assistance of numerous specialists (astronomers, geologists, cartographers, lithographers, graphic artists), their creation would have been impossible without the cooperation of Africans. That is to say, these maps, a medium seen as a most exact expression of scientific and technical progress, could not have been produced without the assistance of so-called “natives” or “savages.” This aspect of cartographic production, to which little attention has been paid so far, is the subject of a research project at the Institute for Regional Geography in Leipzig initiated in May 2009. In the course of this project, a range of German-language travelers' accounts will be studied, giving special attention to the role of indigenous informants and in combination with archival materials. This paper is based on the example of the German African explorer Georg Schweinfurth.In September 1863, the as yet unknown botanist Georg Schweinfurth announced the start of his African projects in a “call to botanists” in Petermanns Geographische Mittheilungen, describing his planned “expedition over several years to Egypt, Nubia and the countries of the Upper Nile, devoted solely to botanical purposes.” Although Schweinfurth did not publish solely in the Geographische Mittheilungen in the following years, he remained in close contact with Petermann, especially with regard to new geographical discoveries. Unlike other travelers, Schweinfurth often visited areas barely known to geographers, where he compared existing maps most carefully with his own observations. In this way he was able to correct many inaccuracies and improve European cartographic knowledge of these regions. A total of six maps by Schweinfurth appeared in the Geographische Mittheilungen between 1865 and 1877.

scholarly journals Image as a Model in the German Language: Practices of Definitional Analyses

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
O. V. Printsipalova
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
German Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Concept Image ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Positive Image ◽  
Componential Analysis ◽  
The Ideal

The paper considers the semantic structure of the concept IMAGE in the German language. The article presents the results of the definitional analysis of the lexeme “Image”. The procedure of the definitional analysis, which enabled us to identify cognitive integral elements in order to objectify the concept of IMAGE, is specified. The classification of all identified semes is given in accordance with the activity-based approach; and the dominants of the ideal cognitive model of IMAGE are singled out, which include SUBJECT, OBJECT, MOTIVES, RESULTATIVE, and PROCEDURAL-SUBSTANTIVE SIDES of the concept. The structure of the idealized cognitive model of IMAGE is constructed of the units identified at the three stages of componential analysis. It is argued that the idealized conceptual model is associated with positive characteristics of an individual or a group of people in the eyes of others. At the same time the terminals included in the slots of the cognitive model are attacked in order to discredit a political opponent or to indicate the negative consequences of the politics conducted by the members of the outgroup. The author comes to the conclusion that the speaker purposefully tries to present his political opponents as inconsistent with the idealized cognitive model of IMAGE, discrediting their positive image in the eyes of others.

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