Verteilungsgerechtigkeit, Verantwortung und Zufall: Die Bedeutung von Risikoakzeptanz für den Glücksegalitarismus

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-536
Author(s):  
Julius Schälike
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Lottery Ticket ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Relevant Difference ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Luck Egalitarians ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Option Luck

Luck egalitarians like Ronald Dworkin and G. A. Cohen claim that the influence of luck on the distribution of goods or welfare has to be equalized, whereas inequality must be accepted if the subjects bear responsibility for it. The paper investigates how this claim should be interpreted and if it is plausible. Analyzing several examples, I try to show that the spectrum of pertinent cases is much more limited than Dworkin and Cohen think. Sometimes it seems as if someone is responsible for being in a worse position than someone else, while in fact they didn't have equal opportunities. Fitting cases of responsibility for inequality can be found when we focus on the outcomes of calculated gambles (Dworkin: option luck). But why, and what exactly are cases in point? What distinguishes the risk-taking of someone who buys a lottery ticket from that of a peasant who cultivates a piece of land, knowing that a storm might ruin the crop? I try to demonstrate that an ethically relevant difference occurs when the attitude towards risk differs. Would the agent prefer to receive the expected utility safely, or would she rather gamble?

Taxation and Risk-Taking: An Expected Utility Approach

Economica ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (137) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Mossin
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Utility Approach

Abstract TP238: Encephalopathy Only Stroke Codes (EoSC) Do Not Result in rt-PA Treatments

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Chen ◽  
Dawn Meyer ◽  
Brett Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Thrombolytic Treatment ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
History Of ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Demographic Risk Factor

Background: Isolated mental status changes as presenting sign (EoSC+), are not uncommon stroke code triggers. As stroke alerts, they still require the same intensive resources be applied. We previously showed that EoSC+ strokes (EoSC+CVA+) account for 8-9% of EoSC+ codes but only 0.1-0.2% of all codes. Whether these result in thrombolytic treatment (rt-PA), and the characteristics/ risk factor profiles of EoSC+CVA+ patients, have not been reported. Methods: Retrospective analysis of stroke codes from an IRB approved registry, from 2004 to 2018, was performed. EoSC+ definition used was consistent with prior publications (NIHSS>0 for Q1a, 1b, or 1c with remaining elements scored 0). Other definitions were also assessed. Characteristics and risk factors were compared for EoSC+, EoSC+CVA+, and rt-PA (EoSC+ CVA+TPA+) patients. Results: EoSC+ occurred in 59/2982 (1.98%) of all stroke codes. EoSC+CVA+ occurred in 8/59 (13.56%) of EoSC+ codes and 8/2982 (0.27%) of all stroke codes. 6/8 (75%) of EoSC+CVA+ scored NIHSS=1. Hispanic ethnicity (p=0.009), HTN (p=0.02), and history of stroke/TIA (p=0.002) were less common in EoSC+. No demographic/ risk factor differences were noted for [EoSC+CVA+ vs. EoSC+CVA-]. No cases of rt-PA eligibility/ treatment were noted. In EoSC+CVA+ analysis, imaging positive stroke/intracranial hemorrhage was noted on only 3 cases (3/2982=0.10% of all stroke codes) and none were posterior stroke. Conclusions: EoSC+ is not an uncommon reason to activate stroke codes, but rarely results in stroke/TIA (0.27%) or stroke (0.10%), and in our analysis never (0%) resulted in rt-PA. Sub-analysis did not show missed rt-PA or posterior strokes. This adds information for application of limited acute stroke code resources. Though stroke codes must still to be activated, understanding characteristics, and knowing that EoSC+CVA+ patients are unlikely to receive rt-PA, may help triage stroke resources. Further investigation is warranted.

scholarly journals Behavioural factors in the financial decisions of young Mozambicans

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Mota ◽  
A. C. Moreira ◽  
A. J. Cossa
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Rational Thinking ◽  
Behavioural Finance ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Finance Theory

This paper seeks to analyse how behavioural factors influence the financial decisions of young Mozambican investors. The standard theory of finance assumes investors make rational financial decisions, seeking to minimise risk and maximise their expected utility. However, several studies have been conducted criticizing the assumption that investors are rational, opening the way to behavioural finance theory. According to the behavioural finance approach, financial decisions made by individuals are not based on rational thinking and their risk taking behaviour depends on their beliefs or feelings. Our analysis reveals that young Mozambicans are risk averse towards certain gains and risk lovers when faced with certain losses; they are excessively optimistic about the future; they use the information available as an anchor for their estimates; and they are so overconfident that they believe estimates in uncertain situations to be more accurate than they really are.

scholarly journals Statutory regulation of subsidized pharmaceutical provision in Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-529
Author(s):  
Oleg A. Nagibin ◽  
Elena V. Manukhina ◽  
Ilya A. Komarov
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Aim Analysis ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Statutory Regulation ◽  
Medicinal Therapy

At present in the Russian Federation (the RF), an organized system of pharmaceutical provision of benefit-entitled citizens is used. With this, statutory regulation is under continuous improvement through adoption of new regulatory acts and amendments to already existing ones [1]. The basis of this process is equal opportunities and rights of all individuals for free provision with medical drugs. Nevertheless, there exist benefit-entitled categories of citizens for whom additional approaches to organization of pharmaceutical provision were adopted. Aim. Analysis of statutory regulation applicable to the existing benefit-entitled citizens. Conclusion. The established normative framework regulating pharmaceutical provision of benefit-entitled citizens both on the federal and regional levels, permits patients to receive the necessary life-saving medicinal therapy. With this, an obligatory condition for receiving such assistance is presence of a certain diagnosis or a certain social status. Far not all patients are included into the list of benefit-entitled citizens. Hence, the existing statutory regulation of healthcare requires further improvement.

scholarly journals Gender representation in the boards of directors of Italian public utilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1304-1308
Author(s):  
Simona Franzoni
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Boards Of Directors ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
Gender Representation ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Public Control ◽  
The Subject

The claim that gender equality in the composition of corporate governance bodies is a driving factor for the economic growth and competiveness of enterprises has been the subject of discussion in the international scientific literature. The emphasis on the inclination towards social responsibility has effectively encouraged the main international institutions to promote equal opportunities for men and women. The Italian legislator intervened in 2011 by encouraging a pathway for including women within the top management bodies of companies. In this perspective, the legislation becomes not only a tool to ensure gender representation in corporate governance bodies in listed companies and companies under public control, but one to initiate a change which, if left to its own natural rhythms, would risk taking an unacceptable amount of time to implement. After a brief overview of the Italian legislative context applicable to listed companies and companies under public control, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the seventeen listed Italian companies and the seventy unlisted Public Utilities have conformed to the legislation on gender equality in the composition of their Boards of Directors or whether they have undertaken voluntary initiatives entailing the adoption of effectively shared “gender” values.

scholarly journals A rationalist explanation of Russian risk-taking

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Lehrbass ◽  
Valentin Weinhold
Keyword(s):  
Utility Function ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Utility Maximization ◽  
Strictly Convex ◽  
Forward Market ◽  
Expected Utility Maximization ◽  
Russian Politics ◽  
Open Position

Three seemingly unrelated topics of Russian politics are investigated. It is shown that under expected utility maximization the assumptions of an unbiased oil forward market and a risk-acceptant attitude (strictly convex utility function) are sufficient to explain Russia’s open position in oil and the bailout of Rosneft. The risk-acceptant attitude of the Russian leader also causes a shrunken bargaining range for the conflict in Ukraine, which can be enlarged by sanctions but not necessarily by the proliferation of weapons. This gives sanctions a clear edge over the proliferation of weapons.

Poverty Alleviation: The Mission of Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. I-II
Author(s):  
Editorial Office Science Insights Education Frontiers
Keyword(s):  
Action Plan ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive

AT the United Nations (UN) General Assembly held in September 2000, all 191 member states unanimously adopted an action plan aimed at reducing the global poverty level by half by 2015 (using the 1990 level as a reference). The action plan promised to reduce the proportions of the world’s population with a daily income of less than one US dollar and those who suffer from hunger by half by the end of 2015, and to reduce the proportion of people who cannot obtain or afford safe drinking water by the same date. It aimed to ensure that by the same date, children from all over the world, regardless of gender, can complete all elementary school courses, and that boys and girls have equal opportunities to receive all levels of education. The action plan also promised to spare no effort to help more than one billion men, women and children around the world get rid of the miserable and indignant state of extreme poverty, and eventually realize the right of individual development, so that all mankind can avoid the situation of lacking.

Therapeutic semi-safe space in group analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avi Berman
Keyword(s):  
Group Psychotherapy ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mutual Interaction ◽  
Safe Space ◽  
Potential Space ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Interpersonal Environment

People come to group analysis knowing that the group is not completely safe. They choose to join an unknown, and in many respects unpredictable and challenging, interpersonal environment. ‘Semi-Safe space’ in group analysis is a co-created, basically safe and mutually accepted infrastructure, with the mutually recognized challenge of being and communicating in an unexpected and not fully protected environment. The group’s semi-safe space represents one of the main advantages of group psychotherapy if handled professionally. Group analysis is a potential space in which minds may be created and develop through mutual interaction, which is sometimes inevitably turbulent and experienced as unsafe. On the other hand, excessive ‘unsafety’ might destroy the boundaries of the psychotherapeutic domain and become harmful or even traumatic. It is the conductor’s crucial responsibility to create initial safety in the group. He can contribute to the participants’ sense of safety by exercising some authority in stating those boundaries and opposing any deviation from them. This contract is based on reciprocity and exchange: protecting the safety of one participant in the group is equivalent to protecting the safety of the others. Mutual risk-taking produces safety while its lack intensifies doubt and fear.

scholarly journals Copy Trading

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5608-5622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Apesteguia ◽  
Jörg Oechssler ◽  
Simon Weidenholzer
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Asset Market ◽  
Financial Asset ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Excessive Risk Taking ◽  
Excessive Risk ◽  
Increase In Risk

Copy trading allows traders in social networks to receive information on the success of other agents in financial markets and to directly copy their trades. Internet platforms like eToro, ZuluTrade, and Tradeo have attracted millions of users in recent years. The present paper studies the implications of copy trading for the risk taking of investors. Implementing a novel experimental financial asset market, we show that providing information on the success of others leads to a significant increase in risk taking of subjects. This increase in risk taking is even larger when subjects are provided with the option to directly copy others. We conclude that copy trading leads to excessive risk taking. This paper was accepted by Axel Ockenfels, decision analysis.

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