scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory effect of foods and crude drugs in relation to bitter and spicy tastes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukinobu Ikeya ◽  
Denise A. Epp ◽  
Mikio Nishizawa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Stasis ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Kampo Medicine ◽  
Crude Drug ◽  
Wood Fire ◽  
Five Elements ◽  
Crude Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pharmacological Function

Backround: In Kampo medicine as well as traditional Chinese medicine, each crude drug is classified by four properties (cold, cool, warm, and heat), five tastes (sour, bitter, sweet, spice, and salt) based on the Yin-yang and five elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, water) theory. The four properties and five tastes are greatly related to the medicinal efficacy of the crude drug in Kampo medicine. The pharmacological function of crude drugs is called "Yakuno" in Japanese. Examples of Yakuno include various functions such as clearing heat and removing blood stasis. Crude drugs with properties classified as cold or cool have the function to clear heat as they cool the body. Crude drugs classified as bBitter also have the function to clear heat. We speculated that anti-inflammatory constituents are included in crude drugs and food that are classified as cold or cool in property and bitter in taste.Keywords: crude drug, Kampo medicine, food, property, taste, nitric oxide, inflammation, pharmacological function

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory constituents of topically applied crude drugs. III. Constituents and anti-inflammatory effect of paraguayan crude drug "tamanda cuna" (Catasetum barbatum Lindle).

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 4447-4452 ◽  
Author(s):  
MINEO SHIMIZU ◽  
HISASHI SHOGAWA ◽  
TOSHIMITSU HAYASHI ◽  
MUNEHISA ARISAWA ◽  
SHOICHI SUZUKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Drug ◽  
Crude Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory constituents of topically applied crude drugs. IV. Constituents and anti-inflammatory effect of Paraguayan crude drug "Alhucema"(Lavandula latifolia Vill.).

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 2283-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mineo SHIMIZU ◽  
Hisashi SHOGAWA ◽  
Takayasu MATSUZAWA ◽  
Sakiko YONEZAWA ◽  
Toshimitsu HAYASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Drug ◽  
Crude Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Lavandula Latifolia ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Chinese Crude Drug Prescriptions on Experimental Arthritis

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Ching Lin ◽  
Ming-Feng Chen ◽  
Chieh-Fu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Arthritis ◽  
Experimental Arthritis ◽  
Drug Prescriptions ◽  
Acute Arthritis ◽  
Crude Drug ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Crude Drugs ◽  
Freund’S Adjuvant ◽  
Freund's Adjuvant ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

San-Miao-Warn (SMW), Tuhwo-Jih-Shen-Tang (TJS) and Dang-Quei-Nian-Tong-Tang (DGT) are Chinese traditional prescriptions. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of these crude drug prescriptions in carrageenan-induced acute arthritis and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic arthritis in rats. It was found that pretreatment with SMW, TJS or DGT at a dosage of 100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg, significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced acute arthritis. Moreover, these crude drugs also significantly suppressed the development of chronic arthritis induced by CFA. These results suggest that SMW, TJS and DGT are potential anti-inflammatory agents and may be considered as alternatives for non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID).

Indian and Chinese Cosmic Elements

1979 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mahdihassan
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Metal Metal ◽  
Wood Fire ◽  
Five Elements ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Indian Medicine ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Metal Water

Crop production depends on three factors: heat, water and soil (earth). These became cosmic elements and are mentioned in the Chandgoya Upanishad of about 800 B.C. It reflects plant life. Later came a cosmology with five elements: Akasha (Ether, Creative Energy), Wind, Heat, Water and Earth (Food). It mirrors human life and can be dated 700 B.C. Lokayata philosophers, as materialists, discarded Aksha as non-tangible, reducing the cosmology to four elements. Its impact on Indian medicine reduced human physiology to three factors: (Breathing) Wind, (Body) Heat, and (Body Fluid) Water, whence arose the three humours: Vata (Wind), Pitta (Heat) and Kapha (Water). The humours were individually known before but Panini compiled them as the Tridosha doctrine about 500 B.C. The Chinese cosmological system has five elements which are comparable with those of Indian cosmology. Indian: Akasha, Wind, Fire, Water, Earth; Chinese: Metal, Wood, Fire, Water, Earth. Now metal = Akasha and Wood = Wind. Thus, both the Indian and Chinese cosmologies mirror human life. Like the Lokayata philosophy the Chinese approach is materialistic. Akasha (or Ether) and Wind are entities which cannot be handled, whereas Metal and Wood both are solid substances. Thus a materialistic version of Indian cosmology would give the Chinese elements. If we consider the Indian cosmic elements independently they begin with Akasha and end with Earth, so that we have Heaven/Earth with 3 elements in between. Such a series would fully justify a system of cosmology. But the Chinese elements are explained in a system of divination. For this the elements must constitute pairs of opposites, thereby representing Heaven/Earth. Here Metal/Wood = Compass/Carpenter's Square = Heaven/Earth. Metal/Water is another pair of opposites with Metal as the heaviest when related to Water, then Water/Wood, with Wood as the lightest, floating on Water. Assigning such properties we get a chain of opposites: Wood/Fire, Fire/Earth (ore), Earth/Metal, Metal/Water and Water/Wood. Something similar is not seen in the Indian arrangement as resulting from the impact of divination upon cosmology.

scholarly journals Modulation of circadian clock by crude drug extracts used in Japanese Kampo medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manhui Zhang ◽  
Kohei Kobayashi ◽  
Haruki Atsumi ◽  
Yuma Katada ◽  
Yusuke Nakane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Drug Repositioning ◽  
Explant Culture ◽  
Kampo Medicine ◽  
Crude Drug ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Crude Drugs ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractCircadian rhythm is an approximately 24 h endogenous biological rhythm. Chronic disruption of the circadian clock leads to an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Hence, it is important to develop circadian clock modulators. Natural organisms are a good source of several medicines currently in use. Crude drugs used in Japanese traditional Kampo medicine or folk medicines are an excellent source for drug discovery. Furthermore, identifying new functions for existing drugs, known as the drug repositioning approach, is a popular and powerful tool. In this study, we screened 137 crude drug extracts to act as circadian clock modulators in human U2OS cells stably expressing the clock reporter Bmal1-dLuc, and approximately 12% of these modulated the circadian rhythm. We further examined the effects of several crude drugs in Rat-1 fibroblasts stably expressing Per2-luc, explant culture of lung from Per2::Luciferase knockin mice, and zebrafish larvae in vivo. Notably, more than half of the major ingredients of these crude drugs were reported to target AKT and its relevant signaling pathways. As expected, analysis of the major ingredients targeting AKT signaling confirmed the circadian clock-modulating effects. Furthermore, activator and inhibitor of AKT, and triple knockdown of AKT isoforms by siRNA also modulated the circadian rhythm. This study, by employing the drug repositioning approach, shows that Kampo medicines are a useful source for the identification of underlying mechanisms of circadian clock modulators and could potentially be used in the treatment of circadian clock disruption.

scholarly journals Acupuncture and Modern Medicine

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Asis De ◽  
Abhijit De
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gynecological Disorders ◽  
Pathogenic Factors ◽  
Five Elements ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Body Energy

It is estimated that acupuncture has been practiced in China for more than 4000 years. It has now gained increasing acceptance in many countries as an option for treatment of certain painful conditions. Chinese medicine works to balance the Qi (chi) energy in the body, balancing the body’s female (yin) and male (yang) energies. Acupuncturists use needle to stimulate the 14 main meridians and up to 2000 points to prevent and treat diseases by regulating ! ow of chi through a person’s energy channels within the body. There are five elements in acupuncture: fire, earth, metal, water and wood. They along with other six exogenous factors such as wind, cold, summer heat, damp, dryness and fire heat and miscellaneous pathogenic factors influence the energy flow through the body’s five organ networks. According to WHO, acupuncture can be useful in pain management, organic lesions, substance abuse, gynecological disorders, neurological and psychiatric problems. Although it was originated in China, it has slowly spread through the years to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Europe, and America. Different styles and modifications have been developed over the centuries and many of the countries have been integrating ancient Chinese medicine into modern medicine for treating patients. More importantly, it harmonizes our body energy, calms our mind and spirit and thereby enhances our capacity to enjoy life and attain happiness.Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.3(1) 2015: 99-106

Invivo Activity of Polyherbal Gels Prepared Using Carbopol

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
Parasakthi N ◽  
Deepika R ◽  
Sivanathan C ◽  
Abubackkar Sithiq PD ◽  
Venkateshan N
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peptic Ulcers ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Carbopol 940 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Rich Countries

Pain and inflammation are the basic defense responses of the body that the result of the injury and any other damage to the body. During the years the concerns were raised towards the inflammation that is caused to the oxidative damage that is resulted in the physiological stress due to oxidation. There are a lot of drugs that are used to treat the condition effectively and the typical examples are NSAID’s and SAID’s which have a noted mechanism to show the anti-inflammatory activity. They have serious problems with the side effects like Gastrointestinal irritation, Gastric pain, Gastric perforations and peptic ulcers. Herbs have been used as better alternatives that are used to treat diseases. The significance of the medicinal plants had been emphasized significantly in tradition rich countries like India and all over the world. The research proof of those herbs for their activities and their traditional claims were proven. Poly Herbal Gels were prepared using the root extracts of the plant Corchorus olitorius. The gels were prepared using the Carbopol 940 and the prepared gels were investigated for their anti-inflammatory property and the gels showed a significantly better activity compared to the plant extract and the standard drug too. The addition of other drugs in to the gels added and advantage to the increase in the activity and faster onset of action as the gel was applied directly in the place of the inflammation.

ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID: PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6(72) (1) ◽  
pp. 197-219
Author(s):  
I. V. Cheretaev ◽  
D. R. Khusainov ◽  
E. N. Chuyan ◽  
M. Yu. Ravaeva ◽  
A. N. Gusev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Thermal Pain ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Electrical Stimuli

The purpose of the review is to summarize current literature data and the results of our own research on the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of acetylsalicylic acid, as well as the physiological mechanisms underlying them. This acid is the most studied reference representative of salicylates, which is convenient to consider the physiological effects characteristic in general for this group of chemical and medicinal products. Acetylsalicylic acid has analgesic properties against thermal pain and pain caused by electrical stimuli, as well as a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect. The realization of these properties depends on the peculiarities of aspirin metabolism in the body, ion and synaptic mechanisms for controlling the functional state of the cell, neurotransmitter systems of the сentral nervous system, and mechanisms of peripheral and сentral analgesia. Analgesic properties of acetylsalicylic acid founded not only in normal, but also in ultra-small doses. Various physical and especially chemical factors significantly change their effects. This increases the interest in studying the analgesic activity of salicylates and their physiological mechanisms, since such studies can serve as a basis for creating new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with low toxicity and high safety for patients, and improve the strategy of their practical use. Currently, the most detailed study of the physiological mechanism of analgesic and anti-inflammatory action of aspirin and its main metabolite – salicylic acid. However, it should be note that despite the abundance of existing data obtained in scientific studies of the effects of aspirin and its practical use, there are a number of unexplained aspects of the action of this drug, the mechanism of which has not yet been deciphered. The continuing interest in the effects and mechanisms of action of this drug and in connection with the expansion of its use evidenced by a consistently high number of scientific publications on aspirin in the most famous foreign and domestic publications. At the same time, the number of publications about aspirin is an order of magnitude higher than about any other drug known to humanity.

scholarly journals Empagliflozin Improves Metabolic and Hepatic Outcomes in a Non-Diabetic Obese Biopsy-Proven Mouse Model of Advanced NASH

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6332
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Perakakis ◽  
Pavlina Chrysafi ◽  
Michael Feigh ◽  
Sanne Skovgard Veidal ◽  
Christos S. Mantzoros
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Stellate Cell ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Empagliflozin, an established treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), has shown beneficial effects on liver steatosis and fibrosis in animals and in humans with T2DM, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH). However, little is known about the effects of empagliflozin on liver function in advanced NASH with liver fibrosis and without diabetes. This study aimed to assess the effects of empagliflozin on hepatic and metabolic outcomes in a diet-induced obese (DIO) and insulin-resistant but non-diabetic biopsy-confirmed mouse model of advanced NASH. Male C57BL/6JRj mice with a biopsy-confirmed steatosis and fibrosis on AMLN diet (high fat, fructose and cholesterol) for 36-weeks were randomized to receive for 12 weeks: (a) Empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/d p.o.), or (b) vehicle. Metabolic outcomes, liver pathology, markers of Kupffer and stellate cell activation and lipidomics were assessed at the treatment completion. Empagliflozin did not affect the body weight, body composition or insulin sensitivity (assessed by intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test), but significantly improved glucose homeostasis as assessed by oral glucose tolerance test in DIO-NASH mice. Empagliflozin improved modestly the NAFLD activity score compared with the vehicle, mainly by improving inflammation and without affecting steatosis, the fibrosis stage and markers of Kupffer and stellate cell activation. Empagliflozin reduced the hepatic concentrations of pro-inflammatory lactosylceramides and increased the concentrations of anti-inflammatory polyunsaturated triglycerides. Empagliflozin exerts beneficial metabolic and hepatic (mainly anti-inflammatory) effects in non-diabetic DIO-NASH mice and thus may be effective against NASH even in non-diabetic conditions.

scholarly journals Could Lipoxins Represent a New Standard in Ischemic Stroke Treatment?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4207
Author(s):  
Nikola Tułowiecka ◽  
Dariusz Kotlęga ◽  
Andrzej Bohatyrewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Szczuko
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Lipoxin A4 ◽  
Stroke Treatment ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases including stroke are one of the most common causes of death. Their main cause is atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation in the body. An ischemic stroke may occur as a result of the rupture of unstable atherosclerotic plaque. Cardiovascular diseases are associated with uncontrolled inflammation. The inflammatory reaction produces chemical mediators that stimulate the resolution of inflammation. One of these mediators is lipoxins—pro-resolving mediators that are derived from the omega-6 fatty acid family, promoting inflammation relief and supporting tissue regeneration. Aim: The aim of the study was to review the available literature on the therapeutic potential of lipoxins in the context of ischemic stroke. Material and Methods: Articles published up to 31 January 2021 were included in the review. The literature was searched on the basis of PubMed and Embase in terms of the entries: ‘stroke and lipoxin’ and ‘stroke and atherosclerosis’, resulting in over 110 articles in total. Studies that were not in full-text English, letters to the editor, and conference abstracts were excluded. Results: In animal studies, the injection/administration of lipoxin A4 improved the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), decreased the volume of damage caused by ischemic stroke, and decreased brain edema. In addition, lipoxin A4 inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils and the production of cytokines and pro-inflammatory chemokines, such as interleukin (Il-1β, Il-6, Il-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The beneficial effects were also observed after introducing the administration of lipoxin A4 analog—BML-111. BML-111 significantly reduces the size of a stroke and protects the cerebral cortex, possibly by reducing the permeability of the blood–brain barrier. Moreover, more potent than lipoxin A4, it has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the amount of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: Lipoxins and their analogues may find application in reducing damage caused by stroke and improving the prognosis of patients after ischemic stroke.

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