THE STRUCTURE OF THE VARIABILITY OF THE HYDROCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WATER IN LAKE-TYPE RESERVOIR

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrochemical parameters of water is given in order to identify the factors that determine their spatial and temporal changes in a lake-type reservoir. Water samples were taken in 2019 and 2020 from the average level in spring (April), summer (July) and autumn (September) in the first week of the month in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 51592-2000 in three sections. The first target (1) is the shallow upper part (depth from 2 to 4 m); the second target (2) is the central part (depth from 5 to 7 m) and the third target (3) is the near – dam part (depth up to 12.2 m). Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using the unlimited Principal component analysis (PCA) technique and the limited redundancy analysis (RDA) technique. The effects were considered statistically significant at P<0.05, and useful for discussion-at P<0.10. It was found that, despite the flood increase in the level of chemical components in the water of the reservoir, most of them meet the requirements for fishing waters, with the exception of iron, copper, manganese, zinc, nickel and lead, which exceed the MPCVR from 1.1 to 45.0 times. The total variability of the hydrochemical composition of water in the reservoir, estimated by the PCA method, depends on the season of the year by 71.4 %. A similar result was obtained by the RDA method in a model with a single regressor. When all factors are taken into account in the RDA model, the variability of the water chemical composition is affected by the season of the year by 74.3 %, the year of research by 11.1 %, and the location of the target by 1.9 %. The primary indicators of water for the proportion of unexplained variability in both the PCA and RDA methods are manganese, bicarbonates, lead and aluminum, and pH.

PHYTOMELIORATIVE ROLE OF SHRUB BELT IN ROADSIDE PLANTATIONS

Along the federal roads of the Rostov region, Krasnodar Territory and the Stavropol Territory, it is increasingly possible to find clean plantations consisting of one or two tree species, with a completely destroyed bush belt. In 62 % of the plots studied, the shrub belt is represented by species of scumpia (Cotinus coggygria, 17 %), terna (Prunus spinosa, 9 %), elm (Ulmus parvifolia, 5 %), maple (Acer tataricum, 3 %), that is, resistant to anthropogenic and climatic factors steppe The bush belt in protective roadside strips plays a significant role in the accumulation of soil moisture (by 6.3 %), humus (by 2.4 %), in reducing the noise load (by 25 dB). Ancestral and overband shrubs make it possible to create a dense structure of forest strips, which fully performs protective functions both from drifts of the highway bed with snow, and to reduce the negative impact of vehicles on adjacent landscapes. The study of the phytomeliorative role of the shrub belt in existing roadside plantations is a relevant area of research for the further development of recommendations for the creation and maintenance of protective roadside plantings in the steppe zone of southern Russia.

ECOSYSTEMS STATE OF EASTERN AND WESTERN BASINS OF SAKSKOE LAKE (CRIMEAN REPUBLIC)

Sakskoe Lake is the most thoroughly studied water body in Crimea. Its therapeutic mud and brine are exploited by balneological treatment methods. During the two centuries, when the lake was used by humans, it was subdivided into seven water bodies by dams, with two of these bodies (Eastern and Western) being now utilized for medical purposes, and the other five being protective. The Eastern (currently exploited) basin is now used to produce therapeutic mud and brine. The bottoms of the saline basins are covered by sediments: an upper layer of black silt, which is underlain by gray, steel-gray, occasionally bluish silt, which is used as therapeutic mud. The lake is fed by surface and groundwaters. Retaining dams and flood embankments erected in nearby ravines preclude desalination of the lake with flood and rain waters. Seawater is pumped to the lake through channels to preclude its drying. A quay is now actively constructed around the lake and will likely notably affect its hydrological and ecological conditions. The aim of the present study was the comparative analysis of the chemical and physical characteristics of the Eastern and Western basins of the Sakskoe Lake at the period of intensive building activity on their coasts at the summer period of 2019. Brine samples were collected at two tested sites in each of the lakes. Water salinity was measured by a PAL-06S LTA GO (Japan) refractometer and was expressed in ‰. The pH and Eh of the waters and oxygen dissolved in them were determined in the laboratory by an Expert-001 (Econix-Expert Moexa CoLtd, Russia) analyzer, with the use of appropriate Volta (Russia) selective electrodes. Ions concentration was determined spectrophotometrically and by atomic absorption method. Various living stages of Artemia populations in two water bodies were studied according the standard microscopic methods. The obtained results demonstrated, that the total content of the cations in the brine of the Western basin was in 1,5-fold higher as compared with the data of the brine in the Eastern basin (108,4 and 71,2 g/l respectively). The values were directly correlated with the high salinity of the Western basin brine. The identical trend was shown for the anions concentration, which was significantly greatly in the Western basin related to Eastern one (193,14 and 125,41 g/l correspondingly), which was connected with the different hydrogeological conditions of the formation of the ecosystems of the tested water bodies. At the other hand, pH, salinity and Eh of the brine in the Eastern basin were lower than in the brine of the Western basin, while the concentration of dissolved oxygen was higher. In the brine of the Eastern basin of the lake all living stages of Artemia, including cysts, nauplia and adults were found, while in the Western basin only cysts were shown. Therefore, according the obtained results we could suggest, that anthropogenic processes which were taken place on the coasts of the Sakskoe Lake accompanied with the intensive building activity did not influence on the lake ecosystem. The further monitoring studies including the testing of the ions concentrations in the brine of two basins, Artemia populations state are required for the understanding the changes of the both ecosystems and the possible reasons of their changes. It is important for development of the optimization of the management of Sakskoe lake and its resources exploitation.

FOREST GROWING CONDITIONS OF PINUS PALLASIANA D. DON IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE SOUTHERN SLOPE OF THE MAIN RIDGE OF THE CRIMEAN MOUNTAINS

The objective of the research was to study the forest conditions and forest inventory characteristics of P. pallasiana in the eastern part of the southern slope of the Main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, the evaluation of its growth in connection with high-rise zoning and dynamics of soil properties. The studies were carried out using the methods of laying hypsometric profiles. Soil characteristics were studied in soil sections in five layers with an interval of 10 cm. The ecotopic grid of the Mountainous Crimea was used for the typological classification of phytocenoses. The features of the territorial distribution of artificial coniferous stands in the study area were analyzed using the data of space sensing of Landsat 8 satellite system. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the forest crops of P. pallasiana in the eastern part of the southern macroslope of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains in the lower belt are characterized by low taxation indicators. With an increase in the height of the growing area, their state and growth intensity improve. Dynamics of forests conditions in the study area is associated with increasing dryness of the climate, a decrease in precipitation, the number of which decreases in the direction from the central to the eastern part of the southern slopes of the Main ridge of the Crimean Mountains. The high-altitude zoning of soil fertility is revealed. In the ecotopes of the middle belt, there is a decrease in the content of humus in the upper layer of the soil, which is associated with increased erosion processes in the territory of anthropogenic degradation of forest vegetation. High seasonal variability and instability of precipitation over the years, especially in the summer growing season, the weather conditions of which largely determine the implementation of growth and development processes, reduce the stability of the structure and composition of plant communities, form a negative ecological background, which determines the deterioration of the life state of P. pallasiana forest cultures. In the research area edaphic characteristics of forest crop ecotopes of P. pallasiana in the lower and middle belt correspond to forest-growing conditions such as dry sudubrava, and in the upper belt – fresh sudubrava.

IMPACT OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF HISSORUS OFFICINALIS ON THE PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL STATE AND MENTAL CAPACITY OF THE ELDERLY

The objective of the research was to study the effect of common hyssop essential oil on the psychoemotional state and mental performance of elderly and senile people. Materials and methods. The study included 280 women aged 60–85 years. During the study, the subjects were in darkened rooms at rest in groups of 10–20 people. For participants in the control groups we played a psychorelaxation audio recording lasting 10, 20 or 30 minutes. For the experimental groups we sprayed common hyssop essential oil in a concentration of 1 mg/m3 for 10, 20 or 30 minutes in the room and simultaneously played a psychorelaxation audio recording. The state of the subjects before and after the procedures in the control and experimental groups was assessed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Dembo-Rubinstein self-assessment test in our modification, correction task, and the word recognition test with missing letters. The obtained data were statistically processed using the Student’s t-test for dependent and unconjugated samples. The component composition of essential oil was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a hardware and software complex based on a chromatograph «Chromatek-Crystal 5000.2» equipped with a mass spectrometric detector. Results. It is shown that respiratory effects of essential oil of common hyssop (exposure 10, 20 or 30 minutes) when its concentration in air 1 mg/m3 causes a significant improvement in the emotional state of the elderly (based on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Dembo-Rubinstein self-assessment test in our modification). In the pair «anxiety-depression» it has a more pronounced positive effect on anxiety – a statistically significant decrease in the level at all durations of the aroma effect. According to the indicator of depression, a statistically significant decrease was observed only with a 20-minute aroma effect. At the same time, in the state self-assessment test, the subjects positively assessed the change in their state in all indicators of psychoemotional state and tone for all duration of the aroma session, which allows us to talk about hyssop essential oil as a euphoric factor, possibly with a certain decrease in the criticality of perception. Considering the more objective nature of the assessment on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the presence in the self-assessment test of parameters that respond to depression, we can say that common hyssop essential oil is a euphoric factor that reduces the criticality, objectivity of the subjects’ self-assessment of their condition. There was no significant effect of common hyssop essential oil on mental performance in both complex (recognition of words with missing letters) and simple work (correction task).

METHODOLOGY OF MULTI-FACTOR ANALYSIS IN SOLVING RESERVOMETRY PROBLEMS IN THE SPORT OF THE HIGHEST ACHIEVEMENTS

Sports of the highest achievements requires the fullest possible use of the psychophysical capabilities of an athlete, which requires a fundamentally different approach, compared to mass sports, in the preparation of athletes using modern scientific methods for diagnosing the functional state of the body (FSB). Conducting scientific research with the required quality needs the use of multivariate analysis of the obtained primary data characterizing the FSB. Analysis by individual factors or analysis of only the final result does not allow to identify weaknesses and assess the reserves of the athlete’s body. The indicated requirements for multivariate analysis are satisfied by the Algebraic Model of Constructive Logic Algorithm (AMCLA), which is used in healthcare. AMCLA as an analytical tool allows performing complex analytical calculations and building expert systems on its basis. The AMCLA is based on the logic of predicates, which fundamentally distinguishes this mathematical apparatus from neural networks. The use of AMCLA cannot be considered as an alternative to the use of others methods of multivariate analysis. The best is the result of the analysis, confirmed by fundamentally different methods. Comparative analytical calculations with neural network algorithms have shown coincidence in the fundamental components of the result. Nevertheless, AMCLA can also identify the most characteristic differences, evaluate restrictions in the choice of treatment and the correct choice of factors, which is important in analytical studies in biomedical research. To participate in the study, 182 qualified male athletes aged 19–22 years (20.5±1.5) were selected, with different levels of functional reserves. They were engaged in sports with a high dynamic and static component (football, basketball, volleyball, boxing, swimming, athletics), according to the classification by Mitchell JH and co-authors, who are at the stage of improving their sportsmanship. The dysfunctional orientation of regulatory mechanisms in qualified athletes in groups with rhythm disturbances and impaired repolarization processes against the background of a decrease in physical performance and stress of adaptation mechanisms was reliably classified by phasographic speed indicators of the heart electrical activity, which was determined using AMCLA. Innovation indicators averaged phase of the cardiac cycle suggests a lack of verified earlier values that characterize the different states. In this case, AMCLA made it possible to identify the most significant indicators of the phase averaged cardiac cycle to characterize various states and differentiate the ranges of their values. Multivariate analysis of the functional state indicators of the athlete’s body with the use of AMCLA can be a methodology for solving the problems of reserve measurement in the highest achievements sports.

CHANGES IN HEART RATE AND PERIPHERAL SATURATION IN YOUNG ORIENTEERING ATHLETES WHEN PASSING SPORT DISTANCES OF DIFFERENT DIFFICULTY

Nowadays, youth sport, on a par with professional sport, imposes stringent requirements for physical and emotional preparation of athletes [1]. Orienteering is no exception, where in the system of preparation of young athletes an important task is to control the formation of adequate adaptive reactions to intensive muscular activity [2]. Running orienteering is characterized by performing maximum and even excessive physical loads during different time intervals, which is associated with significant mobilization of energy systems of young athletes’ organism – cardiovascular, respiratory, humoral and metabolic, etc. [2, 3]. Due to the fact that for ethical reasons invasive methods (blood lactate control) of functional diagnostics, as well as some stress tests (load testing «to failure») are often not applicable to school-age children, including orienteering athletes, the search for simple noninvasive, applicable in the field methods of functional state control during and after passing sports distances of different complexity in order to monitor adequacy of training process and prognosis is actual. We think that assessment of blood oxygen saturation degree (SpO2 %), which, according to literature data, reflects real efficiency of cardiorespiratory system operation, is one of such methods along with heart rate (HR) recording [4–9]. SpO2 % determination by direct oximetry has been introduced into clinical practice for quite a long time. However, recently it has become possible to monitor blood oxygen saturation out of clinical control due to the development of portable pulse oximeters for indirect transdermal determination of SpO2 %. However, to date in the scientific literature there are virtually no studies of functional changes in the degree of blood saturation, as well as HR, in young orienteering athletes. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the changes in heart rate and peripheral saturation in young orienteering athletes when passing sport distances of different difficulty. After athletic distance the HR values in young athletes increased on average by 130–170 % (boys) and 140–150 % (girls) relative to the values recorded at rest in these subjects. The maximum increase in heart rate was recorded in both groups of test athletes after cross sprint distances – by 177.4 % (p<0.05) and 147.05 % (p<0.05)) cross-long – by 251.6 % (p<0.05) and 141.2 % (p<0.05) for boys and girls respectively, indicating the greatest changes in functional state, particularly tension of energy supply mechanisms during these distances. After cross-sprint and cross-long distances the reliable decrease of peripheral blood saturation ≈ on 1,8 % (p<0,05) at boys and ≈ on 2,6 % (p<0,05) at girls has been registered in young orienteering athletes. The data obtained by us testify to the fact that the passage of distances cross-sprint and cross-long caused the greatest change in blood saturation and tension of mechanisms of their energy supply in young orienteering athletes associated with the development of hypoxic states, caused by lactate acidosis. Significant differences in the dynamics of changes in the studied parameters between the groups of boys and girls 13–14 were recorded only for the saturation index: on the distances cross-sprint and cross-long SpO2 values for both distances for girls were ≈1.03 % (p<0,05) lower than for boys. This indicates that young men have an advantage in adapting to physical loads associated with cross-country sport distances compared to girls of the same age.

DERMATOGLYPHS OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM RHEUMATIC DISEASES OF VARIOUS ETIOLOGIES

Mutations and genetic diseases, caused by genome disorders, frequently manifest at the phenotypic level and, especially, at the dermatoglyphic level, that makes it possible to use dermatoglyphs as markers of any genetic diseases. Rheumatic diseases is a group of disorders, characterized by systemic conjunctive tissue damage, essentially, connected with immune system pathology. Systemic progressive disorganization of conjunctive tissue is morphological base for the whole group of rheumatic diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are multifactorial and difficult-to-diagnose in the early stages diseases, that indicates the need to identify markers, that allows to detect these diseases as early as possible. A special role in the pathogenesis of these diseases is assigned to the genetic component, while recent studies have highlighted the shares of genetic determination in the disease’s advance are somewhat differ. The goal of this research was to identify the features of dermatoglyphic patterns of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Finger dermatoglyphic drawings of patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and representatives of the general population sample were studied. Statistical data processing was performed using non-parametric Van der Waerden test. To establish predictors of these diseases, ROC analysis was used. In persones suffering from ankylosing spondylitis there were found more differences in finger patterns from the control group, than in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. So, the total ridge count and the intensity index of the patterns on the left arm of patients with ankylosing spondylitis were lower than in the control group. Peoples with ankylosing spondylitis had more predictors of pathology than patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The analysis of the results shows that the absence of radial loops on the right arm and double loops in the examined persons may indicate the probability of developing these diseases. All predictors of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis were characterized by high sensitivity and low specificity, which makes them convenient markers for preliminary screening studies and the formation of risk groups for the development of these pathologies. However, it is not recommended to use these predictors for establishing a final diagnosis, since their low specificity will cause to a large number of false-positive results among the examined persons. Individuals with ankylosing spondylitis have more differences in fingerprints from the control group and more predictors of pathology than patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It can be assumed that the genetic component plays a more significant role in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis, and the formation of rheumatoid arthritis is more caused by environmental factors. Our study confirms the feasibility of considering dermatoglyphs as an additional genetic marker in clinical medicine. Dermatoglyphic indicators can be used in the formation of risk groups for inflammatory joint diseases for primary prevention, for solving a number of issues of medical and genetic consulting, which indicates the prospects of this research area.

SAPROBITY IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROBIONT SPECIES OF VERHNIY KABAN LAKE OF KAZAN BY 18S rRNA MARKER GENE

The paper presents the results of a study of the hypothetical evolution of unicellular hydrobionts from Verhniy Kaban Lake of Kazan by 18S rRNA marker gene with aim of identifying species saprobity based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Verhniy Kaban Lake is an isolated freshwater reservoir. Its coastline is relatively smooth except for the northern end, which forms swampy and overgrown bay. To the West of lake an urban settlement is situated and to the East are highway and garden plots. Lake length is about 1 km, average and maximum widths are 245 m and 370 m respectively. Deepest point is 15 m; average depth is 8 m; lake area – 25 hectares. Quality of lake water is classified as polluted. One of methods used for ecological assessment of water reservoirs is the bioindication method based on ability of indicator species to survive in water of certain pollution degree. At present, freshwater hydrobiont species from V.Sladechek’s list (1973) are used as indicators. Indicator species lists expand very slowly due to the long process of experimental observations. At the same time, price drop of the next-generation sequencing technologies allows to identify more organisms and run molecular phylogenetic analysis with aim of identifying species saprobity based on study of hypothetic evolution of hydrobionts by marker genes including 18S rRNA. The advantage of using 18S rRNA/16S rRNA ribosomal genes is that they are present in all organisms. Ribosomal genes are ones of the most conservative genes. Therefore, the systematic position of the organism and the time of divergence with closely related species can be determined via analysis of similarities and differences in rRNA sequences. Molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbour joining (NJ) and maximal parsimony (MP) methods for Verhniy Kaban Lake hydrobionts identified with next-generation sequencing method (Illumina) by 18S rRNA marker gene (SRR7510986, SRR7465374, SRR7516513). Phylogenetic analysis of hydrobionts of Verhniy Kaban Lake by 18S rRNA marker gene revealed 12 clusters with a high bootstrap value (68–100 %), containing 12 existing indicator species of hydrobionts and 13 unicellular algae and ciliates – indicator species of different saprobity that did not previously have the status of bioindicators – algae: Diplosphaera mucosa (o-b-saprobity), Mucidosphaerium pulchellum (p-a-saprobity), Dinobryon pediforme (b-mesosaprobity), Gomphoneis minuta (b-mesosaprobity), Nitzschia amphibia (o-b-saprobity), Rhabdonema adriaticum (o-b-saprobity), Synura mammillosa (b-o-saprobity), Cryptomonas ozolini (b-mesosaprobity); ciliates: Astylozoon enriquesi (b-mesosaprobity), Blepharocorys curvigula (p-saprobity), Enchelys gasterosteus (p-saprobity), Monocoronella carnea (a-b-mesosaprobity), Plagiopogon loricatus (b-a-mesosaprobity). Most identified indicator species group near b-mesosaprobity. This indicates ecological state of Verhniy Kaban Lake as polluted by ecological assessments.

BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF EUROPEAN SPECIES OF PINE IN THE INTRODUCTION IN PRIMORSKY REGION

In the Primorsky Territory, the economic use of introduced species of conifers is poorly developed. Local species are traditionally preferred in forestry and gardening. The objects for the cultivation of introduced coniferous species can be recreational forests, forest park zones and areas of landscaping of settlements. This will increase the biodiversity of existing natural and artificial plantations and enhance their aesthetic appeal. The aim of the research is to summarize the material on the results of the introduction of European pine species in the arboretum of the Mountain Taiga Station. The rhythm of seasonal development of Pinus mugo Turra, p. hamata D. Sosn., p. pallasiana Lamb. The local species -p was taken as a control. koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. The main climatic indicators of natural areas of pine trees are analyzed. The similarities and differences of these indicators with the climate of Primorsky Krai were revealed. Natural ranges of Pinus mugo, p. hamata., p. pallasiana. characterized by a warmer climate compared to the Primorsky Territory. Theoretically, there may be a danger of freezing of buds and shoots in these species in years with a high value of negative temperatures. However, during the observation period, we did not notice signs of freezing of buds or shoots. All three pine species, when introduced to the Primorsky Territory, may experience tension in seasonal development due to insufficient heat. This is reflected in the lengthening of the growing season in comparison with local coniferous species. All species in the arboretum have reached reproductive age and are in good health. Biometric parameters of pine species under conditions of introduction generally correspond to similar sizes in their natural range. The exception is narrower needles at the place of introduction near the river. mugo. The length and width of the cones of the three pine species in the arboretum are within the indicated sizes in their natural habitat. Moreover, the average length of the cones p. pallasiana under conditions of introduction is at the lower limit of fluctuations in this parameter at home. The width of the cones r. mugo – at the upper border. The rhythm of seasonal development of introduced pines corresponds to the annual dynamics of the climate in the conditions of Primorsky Krai. Calendar dates of phenological phenomena are close to the local species p. koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. All plants complete the growing season at favorable times relative to the period with stable frosts. The relationship between the duration of shoot growth and the size of their annual growth is not traced. The lowest growth rate is characterized by p. mugo, greatest p. koraiensis. Pinus mugo, p. hamata., p. pallasiana can be recommended for increasing the biodiversity of recreational forests, forest parks and green areas in settlements.