scholarly journals Creating Citizens, Building Societies? Adult Education in the Eastern Arctic as if Community Mattered

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheena Kennedy Dalseg
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
The North ◽  
Participation Communautaire ◽  
Liberal Approach ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
Développement Social ◽  
Transformation Sociale ◽  
Building Societies ◽  
Over Time

RésuméL’éducation aux adultes, au sens large, a été introduite comme faisant partie d’un vaste projet d’une intervention gouvernementale dans le nord du Canada qui a modifié dramatiquement les contextes sociaux, culturels et économiques des peuples aborigènes de cette région considérée comme leur patrie. Grâce à des initiatives variées en éducation des adultes – à la fois formelles et informelles – les Inuits ont commencé à interagir avec des idées nouvelles et de nouvelles institutions inhérentes à l’expansion territoriale du Nord. En se basant sur le lien entre éducation des adultes et transformation sociale et les concepts d’une éducation aux adultes « libérale » et « libératrice », cet article retrace l’évolution de la politique de l’éducation aux adultes et des programmes dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest et du Nunavut entre le milieu des années 1960 et le milieu des années 1990. Cette recherche répond à trois questions. 1) Jusqu’à quel point l’éducation aux adultes donna ou enleva du pouvoir aux communautés à l’égard du développement social, politique et économique durant cette période. 2) En dépit de ses origines coloniales, comment l’éducation aux adultes a-t-elle fait la promotion de l’engagement citoyen et de la participation communautaire? 3) Au fil du temps, les changements apportés à l’éducation aux adultes reflètent-ils des tendances plus largement orientées vers une approche néolibérale du développement nordique, et qu’est-ce que cela implique pour le développement démocratique de ces communautés à l’avenir? AbstractAdult education, broadly defined, was introduced as part of a larger project of state-led intervention in northern Canada, which altered dramatically the social, cultural, and economic circumstances of the Indigenous peoples who called the region home. Through various adult education initiatives – both formal and informal – Inuit adults began to interact with new ideas and new institutions in the growing settlements across the North.  Predicated on the link between adult education and social transformation, and the concepts of “liberal” and “liberating” adult education, this paper traces the evolution of adult education policy and programming in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut between the mid-1960s and the mid-1990s. It is guided by the following questions: (1) To what extent has adult education empowered or disempowered communities with respect to social, political, and economic development over time; (2) despite its colonial origins, to what extent has adult education promoted citizen engagement and participation; and (3) do the changes in adult education over time reflect broader trends towards a neo-liberal approach to northern development, and what might this mean for democratic development in communities in the future?

The West Africa Institute’s (WAI) contribution to the ECOWAS Post 2020 Vision

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-107
Author(s):  
Djénéba Traoré
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
Major Step ◽  
The West ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Développement Social ◽  
Transformation Sociale

Abstract: This article addresses the commitments of ECOWAS to citizen perspectives, and it underlines the added value of scientifi c research in the successful achievement of regional integration for West Africans. Specifi - cally, it asks, how can the eff ectiveness and relevance of academic studies be used to enhance economic growth and social development? The creation of the West Africa Institute (WAI), a research center and think tank dedicated to regional integration and social transformations, was a major step in the search for adequate local and regional development solutions fi 􀄴 ing with the West African context. WAI works with a participatory approach, promoting free debates among policy makers, open spaces for dialogue, and exchange among all social actors concerned with issues of regional integration and social transformation.Resumen: Este artículo analiza los compromisos de la CEDEAO en términos de perspectivas ciudadanas y enfatiza el valor agregado de la investigación científi ca en el éxito de la integración regional para África Occidental. Específi camente, pregunta cómo la efi ciencia y relevancia de los estudios universitarios pueden usarse para mejorar el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo social. La creación del Instituto de África Occidental (IAO) fue un paso importante en la búsqueda de soluciones para un desarrollo apropiado, adaptado a los contextos local y regional de África Occidental. La IAO trabaja con un enfoque participativo promoviendo el fl ujo libre de debates entre los tomadores de decisiones y espacios abiertos para el diálogo e intercambio entre todos los actores sociales interesados en temas de integración regional y transformación social.Résumé: Cet article traite des engagements de la CEDEAO en matière de perspectives citoyennes et met l’accent sur la valeur ajoutée de la recherche scientifi que dans la réussite de l’intégration régionale pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Plus précisément, il étudie comment l’effi cacité et la pertinence de la recherche scientifi que peuvent être utilisées pour améliorer la croissance économique et le développement social. La création de l’Institut de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (IAO), un centre de recherche et un groupe de réfl exion dédié à l’intégration régionale et aux transformations sociales, a été une étape majeure dans la recherche de solutions de développement local et régional adéquates adaptées au contexte ouest-africain. L’IAO travaille avec une approche participative, favorisant la libre circulation des débats entre les décideurs et des espaces ouverts pour le dialogue et l’échange entre tous les acteurs sociaux concernés par les questions d’intégration régionale et de transformation sociale.

scholarly journals Spatial clustering of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Hunan province, China: an ecological study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e043685
Author(s):  
Kefyalew Addis Alene ◽  
Zuhui Xu ◽  
Liqiong Bai ◽  
Hengzhong Yi ◽  
Yunhong Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
The North ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in Hunan province, China.MethodsAn ecological study was conducted using DR-TB data collected from the Tuberculosis Control Institute of Hunan Province between 2012 and 2018. Spatial clustering of DR-TB was explored using the Getis-Ord statistic. A Poisson regression model was fitted with a conditional autoregressive prior structure, and with posterior parameters estimated using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, to quantify associations with possible risk factors and identify clusters of high DR-TB risk.ResultsA total of 2649 DR-TB patients were reported to Hunan TB Control Institute between 2012 and 2018. The majority of the patients were male (74.8%, n=1983) and had a history of TB treatment (88.53%, n=2345). The proportion of extensively DR-TB among all DR-TB was 3.3% (95% CI 2.7% to 4.1%), which increased from 2.8% in 2012 to 4.4% in 2018. Of 1287 DR-TB patients with registered treatment outcomes, 434 (33.8%) were cured, 198 (15.3%) completed treatment, 92 (7.1%) died, 108 (8.3%) had treatment failure and 455 (35.3%) were lost to follow-up. Half (50.9%, n=655) had poor treatment outcomes. The annual cumulative incidence rate of notified DR-TB increased over time from 0.25 per 100 000 people in 2012 to 0.83 per 100 000 people in 2018. Substantial spatial heterogeneity was observed, and hotspots were detected in counties located in the North and East parts of Hunan province. The cumulative incidence of notified DR-TB was significantly associated with urban communities.ConclusionThe annual incidence of notified DR-TB increased over time in Hunan province. Spatial clustering of DR-TB was detected and significantly associated with urbanisation. This finding suggests that targeting interventions to the highest risk areas and population groups would be effective in reducing the burden and ongoing transmission of DR-TB.

scholarly journals Visualising regional disparities in the risk of COVID-19 at different phases of lockdown in England

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2098416
Author(s):  
Yu-Wang Chen ◽  
Lei Ni ◽  
Dong-Ling Xu ◽  
Jian-Bo Yang
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The North ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Over Time

Since late January 2020 when the first coronavirus case reached England, United Kingdom, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly and widely across all local authorities (LAs) in England. In this featured graphic, we visualise how COVID-19 severity changes nationally and locally from 30 January to 23 November 2020. The geo-visualisation shows that there have been large regional disparities in the severity of the outbreak, and the epicentres have shifted from Greater London, Leicester, to the North of England and remained in the North during pre-lockdown, post-lockdown, easing lockdown and second national lockdown phases. We further find that the increase in the testing capacity may partially explain the sharp increase in the confirmed cases during the second wave of the pandemic. However, the disparities in the severity of COVID-19 (i.e., confirmed cases and deaths) among LAs in England become more significant over time. It further sheds light on the necessity of establishing decisive and timely responses to cope with local pandemic situations.

Getting the Core: A Neo‐institutionalist Approach to the EMU

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam L. Campanella
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Monetary Union ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Maastricht Treaty ◽  
Convergence Criteria ◽  
The North ◽  
Single European Act ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Set Up ◽  
New Institutions

THE NEW REGIONALISM, MANIFESTED IN EUROPE BY THE SINGLE European Act and the Maastricht Treaty (1992) and in North America by the signature of the North-American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA 1993), is centred on strategic policies and new institutions, the aims of which are to achieve a more effective role in global competition. In Europe, the shift is marked by the impending process of monetary union and the creation of its related institutions. The new approach agreed in the Maastricht Treaty sets out four requirements for eligibility to membership of monetary union. Convergence criteria embodying the judgment of financial markets about future inflation, exchange rate and fiscal policy appeared to be the second best choice for governments seeking to institutionalize their commitment to inflation-avoiding policies. The whole mechanism is meant first to provide the region with a credible monetary institution able to win over the financial markets and secondly to set up bulwarks to the inflation-prone pressures of domestic sheltered interests. Thirdly, the aim is to commit member countries, through a so-called targeting exercise (in Keohane's words) to accomplishing the agreed objectives with monetary discipline and macroeconomic adjustment.

scholarly journals THE STUDY OF METAL VESSELSFROM ANATOLIA (III MILLENNIUM BC): MORPHOLOGY AND THE FINDS CONTEXT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.И. Авилова
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Early State ◽  
The North ◽  
Metal Vessels ◽  
Functional Purpose ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Morphological Distribution

Статья посвящена металлическим сосудам раннего и среднего периодов бронзового века Анатолии. Цель исследования – попытка провести анализ хронологического и морфологического распределения металлических сосудов в регионе и уточнить их назначение, социальные и ритуальные функции с позиций анализа контекста обнаружения. В соответствии с поставленной целью материал рассматривается в нескольких аспектах: динамика распространения металлической посуды во времени; морфология и материал находок; функциональное назначение и социальные практики использования металлических сосудов. Автор подчеркивает значение таких находок для определения комплекса как элитарного, а также в связи с их функциональным использованием в ходе общественно значимых событий, таких, как церемониальная трапеза, в том числе погребальное пиршество. Несмотря на относительную малочисленность данной группы находок, металлические сосуды следует рассматривать как один из важных признаков иерархической структуры раннегосударственного общества, сложения цивилизаций ближневосточного типа. Это косвенно подтверждается отсутствием металлической посуды в памятниках III тыс. до н. э. в Северном Причерноморье. The paper explores metal vessels from the early and the middle periods of the Anatolian Bronze Age. The study attempts to analyze the chronological and morphological distribution of metal vessels in this region and clarify their purpose, social and ritual functions by analyzing the context of archaeological finds. In line with this aim, metal vessels are considered from several aspects: changes in their distribution over time; morphology and the material the finds are made from; functional purpose and social practices metal vessels were used in. The author emphasizes relevance of such finds for categorizing assemblages containing metal vessels as elite ones as well as highlights their significance in relation with their use in socially important events such as ceremonial feasts, including funerary feasts. Despite a relatively limited number of finds attributed to this group, metal vessels should be regarded as one of eloquent markers of a hierarchical structure of society in early state formations and development of civilizations of the Near Eastern type. The said is indirectly confirmed by absence of metal vessels in the III mill. materials from the North Ponticregion.

Encounters on the Frontier: Banteng in Australia’s Northern Territory

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa deKoninck
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
National Park ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Nonhuman Animal ◽  
The North ◽  
Bos Javanicus ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Tropical Australia ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This paper considers the case of an introduced species that resides in what is now a jointly managed national park in the north of tropical Australia. Banteng (Bos javanicus) are a peculiar feral nonhuman animal in that they constitute a potential environmental threat within the domestic conservation goals of the park, but they also hold the prospect of being a major genetic resource in the international conservation of the species. Thus, perspectives on the use and management of these animals are varied between different actors in the park landscape, and are subject to fluctuations over time, especially in response to wider social and political circumstances. This paper argues that seemingly objective views of these animals are actually a series of subjectivities, which have less to do with any concrete aspects of the animals themselves and more to do with the way that particular people orient themselves toward, and within, the landscape.

Blame the Barbarians

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-82
Author(s):  
Arika Okrent ◽  
Sean O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Old English ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Over Time

This chapter tells the story of how English got to be the weird way it is, which begins with the Germanic languages and the barbarians who spoke them. During the 5th century, an assortment of them poured across the North Sea, from what is today Denmark, the Netherlands, and Northern Germany, and conquered most of England. After about a century of the Germanic tribes taking over and settling in, the Romans returned. This time it was not soldiers but missionaries who arrived. The monks who came to convert the island to Christianity brought their Latin language with them, and they also brought the Latin alphabet. They set about translating religious texts into the language of the people they encountered, a language that by this time had coalesced into something that was Old English. However, there is another group of barbarians to blame: the Vikings. Their language was similar enough to Old English that they could communicate with the Anglo-Saxons without too much difficulty, and over time their own way of speaking mixed into the surrounding language, leaving vocabulary and expressions behind that do not quite fit the rest of the pattern at the old Germanic layer.

Postbellum America

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
Human Trait ◽  
The One ◽  
North And South ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

One of the earliest historians of the Civil War saw it as a fundamental clash between the peoples of different latitudes. Climate had made the antebellum North and South distinct societies and natural enemies, John W. Draper argued, the one democratic and individualist, the other aristocratic and oligarchical. If such were the case, the future of the reunited states was hardly a bright one. But Draper saw no natural barriers to national unity that wise policy could not surmount. The restlessness and transience of American life that many deplored instead merited, in his view, every assistance possible. In particular, he wrote, Americans needed to be encouraged to move as freely across climatic zones as they already did within them. The tendency of North and South to congeal into hostile types of civilization could be frustrated, but only by an incessant mingling of people. Sectional discord was inevitable only if the natural law that "emigrants move on parallels of latitude" were left free to take its course. These patterns of emigration were left free, for the most part, but without the renewed strife that Draper feared. After the war as before it, few settlers relocating to new homes moved far to the north or south of their points of origin. As late as 1895, Henry Gannett, chief geographer to the U.S. Census, could still describe internal migration as "mainly conducted westward along parallels of latitude." More often as time went on, it was supposed that race and not merely habit underlay the pattern, that climatic preferences were innate, different stocks of people staying in the latitudes of their forbears by the compulsion of biology. Thus, it was supposed, Anglo-Saxons preferred cooler lands than Americans of Mediterranean ancestry, while those of African descent preferred warmer climates than either. Over time, though, latitude loosened its grip and exceptions to the rule multiplied. As the share of the population in farming declined, so did the strongest reason for migrants to stay within familiar climates. Even by the time Gannett wrote, the tendency that he described, though still apparent, was weaker than it had been at mid-century. It weakened because a preference for familiar climates was not a fixed human trait but one shaped by experience and wants, and capable of changing as these variables changed.

Managing Kinship over Long Distances: The Significance of ‘The Visit’

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Mason
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
The North ◽  
Family Narratives ◽  
Being There ◽  
Regular Visit ◽  
Over Time

This article explores the meaning of ‘the visit’ to Pakistan by a sample of people living in the North of England, with relatives in Pakistan. It argues that the visit has a particular symbolic and practical significance in the maintenance of transnational kin relationships. Visiting involves travelling and ‘co-presence’ with people, as well as in a place – in this case, Pakistan. It is particularly important in the process of ‘knowing’ one's geographically distant relatives, and in ‘doing things together’ and ‘being there at key moments’. These elements are woven together with other ways of keeping in touch in between visits, and help to sustain family narratives of ‘the regular visit’ and the kinship network that is active over distances and over time. The visit was also important in helping to confirm a sense of belonging or affinity with Pakistan, even though for many in the study England was seen as home. However, visiting involves complex and sometimes difficult sets of negotiations and decisions about propriety, morality, exchange, and belonging in transnational kin relationships.

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