The Association Between Anemia of Chronic Inflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias

Background: Dementia is a spectrum of neurological diseases characterized by memory impairment and cognitive decline with the pathogenesis and effective management remaining elusive. Several studies have identified a correlation between anemia and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD); however, anemia subtypes and association with ADRD have yet to be studied conclusively. Objective: To study an association between ADRD and anemia of chronic inflammation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control study of the patients, diagnosed with ADRD at Brookdale Hospital. Pair-wise comparisons between means of controls and cases in terms of iron studies and laboratory results were performed using a Mann–Whitney U test. Pair-wise comparisons between anemia subgroups (moderate and severe) were performed using a Two Sample proportion Z-Test, where for each couple of normally distributed population. Results: There was a total of 4,517 (1,274 ADRD group; 3,243 Control group) patients. There was significant difference in hemoglobin 10.15 versus 11.04 [p-value <0.001]. Iron studies showed a significant difference in ferritin 395±488.18 versus 263±1023.4 [p < 0.001], total iron binding capacity 225±84.08 versus 266±82.30 [p < 0.001] and serum iron level 64±39.34 versus 53±41.83 [p < 0.001]. Folic acid and vitamin B12 levels were normal in both groups. Severe and moderate anemia in the ADRD group were respectively 6.2% [95% CI: 4.2–8.4] and 13% [95% CI: 9.8–16.2] higher. Overall, incidence of moderate-to-severe anemia was found to be 19% higher in ADRD group [95% CI: 15.8–22.1]. Conclusion: We demonstrated an association between ADRD and anemia of chronic inflammation independent of age, renal function, and HgbA1C levels.

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Adequacy of food consumption in elderly Alzheimer’s disease in a community of Southern Brazil: a Cross-sectional study

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.13835.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 671

Author(s):

Glaucia Renee Hilgemberg ◽

Aline Jacoski de Oliveira Krüger da Silva ◽

Bárbara Luisa Fermino ◽

Camila Diedrich ◽

Simone Carla Benincá ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Neuronal Loss ◽

Great Difficulty ◽

Amyloid Peptide ◽

Control Group ◽

Food Record ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, with a multifactorial etiology, in which the person has great difficulty identifying feelings of hunger, satiety, and feeding, which may affect their nutritional status. Pathologically, it is associated with neurodegeneration of synapses followed by neuronal loss, accompanied by glial proliferation surrounded by neurofibrillary tangles, beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) deposition, inflammation and cerebrovascular injury hindering the ability to perform activities of daily living. This study aimed to analyze quantitatively the differences between an elderly group with AD and a control group, in terms of macro and micronutrient consumption evaluation. Methods: the study involved 69 participants who were assessed via collection of anthropometric measurements (weight, height and body mass index) with nutritional status being assessed by 24-hour food recall and three-day food record. Cognitive assessments were performed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Ranting (CDR). Results: The intake of lipids in patients with severe dementia, was lower (p <0.05). The consumption of proteins showed a decrease with demential advance. For vitamins, there was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the amount of thiamine, niacin, vitamin D, E and K and calcium, chromium and iodine minerals, which were significantly reduced in AD patients (p <0.05). Conclusions: Decreases in macronutrient and micronutrient consumption may result in a consequent impairment of nutritional status, dementia progression, and decreased quality and life expectancy of elderly patients with AD.

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Exploring the Serum Level of RE1 Silencing Transcription Factor in Alzheimer’s Disease

Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1731970 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shashank Shekhar ◽

Manjari Tripathi ◽

A. B. Dey ◽

Sharmistha Dey

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Transcription Factor ◽

Serum Levels ◽

P Value ◽

Standard Curve ◽

Resonance Unit ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Duration Of Disease ◽

And Gender

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) level in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and elderly controls by using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology. Materials and Methods In this case–control study of 133 subjects, 49 patients with AD, 49 patients with MCI, and 35 elderly controls were recruited. The REST protein concentrations were evaluated by SPR. The resonance unit for each sample was recorded and the concentration of serum REST of study group was derived from the standard curve. All the experiments were done in triplicates. Statistical analysis was done and p-value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results A significant difference was observed in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, Hindi Mental State Examination scale (HMSE) score education, disease duration, and gender among the groups. A significant (p>0.0001) difference in the duration of disease between AD and MCI was observed. It was observed that the mean concentration of serum REST was not significantly (p = 0.266) different among the groups. Conclusion This study first time evaluated the serum levels of REST in AD, MCI and age-matched elderly controls. The rest levels were similar in all groups; however, it can provide a new direction to future blood-based biomarker studies of REST.

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Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Binding in Platelets From Patients With Alzheimer's Disease or Vascular Dementia

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610200006645 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 537-545 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Olav Spigset ◽

Christer Wilhelmsson ◽

Tom Mjörndal ◽

Sture Eriksson

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Vascular Dementia ◽

Receptor Binding ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Control Group ◽

Receptor Status ◽

Serotonin System ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Scale Scores

It is well known that abnormalities in the brain serotonin system exist in patients with dementia. The present study was performed in order to investigate whether a peripheral serotonin system marker, the platelet 5-HT2A receptor, is affected in dementia. Thirty-eight patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 13 patients with vascular dementia, and 40 healthy controls were included in the study. There were no significant differences in receptor density for 5-HT2A receptor binding between the groups. Affinity of the radioligand to the receptor was significantly lower in AD than in vascular dementia and in the controls (p = .006 and p = .003, respectively), whereas there was no significant difference between the vascular dementia group and the control group. In 12 patients, treatment with citalopram was started due to depression or agitation. This treatment significantly reduced the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale scores (p = .001), but did not affect the platelet 5-HT2A receptor status. There was no correlation between 5-HT2A receptor status before treatment and the therapeutic effect of citalopram. The study indicates that platelet 5-HT2A receptor status is of limited value as a peripheral marker in dementia.

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MRI findings suggestive of alzheimer’s disease in patients with primary open angle glaucoma – a single sequence analysis using rapid 3D T1 spoiled gradient echo

British Journal of Radiology ◽

10.1259/bjr.20210857 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Hanafiah ◽

Bushra Johari ◽

Nazimah Ab Mumin ◽

Azlan Azha Musa ◽

Hazlenah Hanafiah

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma ◽

Parietal Lobe ◽

Open Angle Glaucoma ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Open Angle ◽

Scoring Method ◽

Healthy Control

Objective: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a degenerative optic neuropathy disease which has somewhat similar pathophysiology to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aims to determine the presence of medial temporal atrophy and parietal lobe atrophy in patients with POAG compared to normal controls using MTA scoring and PCA scoring system on T1-MPRAGE. Methods: 50 POAG patients and 50 normal subjects were recruited and an MRI brain with T1-MPRAGE was performed. Medial temporal lobe and parietal lobe atrophy were by MTA and PCA/Koedam scoring. The score of the PCA and MTA were compared between the POAG group and the controls. Results: There was a significant statistical difference between PCA score in POAG and the healthy control group (p-value = 0.026). There is no statistical difference between MTA score in POAG compared to the healthy control group (p-value = 0.58). Conclusion: This study suggests a correlation between POAG and PCA score. Potential application of this scoring method in clinical diagnosis and monitoring of POAG patients. Advances in knowledge: The scoring method used in Alzheimer’s disease may also be applied in the diagnosis and monitoring of POAG MRI brain, specifically rapid volumetric T1spoiled gradient echo sequence, may be applied in primary open-angle glaucoma assessment

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Reduced expression of SIRT1 and SOD-1 and the correlation between these levels in various regions of the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease

Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205320 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 71 (12) ◽

pp. 1090-1099 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kun Cao ◽

Yang-Ting Dong ◽

Jie Xiang ◽

Yi Xu ◽

Wei Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Granule Cells ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Control Group ◽

Braak Stage ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pearson Correlation Test ◽

Weak Expression

AimsThis study was designed to explore the expression and distribution of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1) in various regions of the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as to assess potential correlations between the levels of these proteins and also between these proteins and the Braak stage of AD.MethodsIn the temporal and frontal cortices, hippocampus and cerebellum of 10 patients with AD and 10 age-matched control subjects, expression of SIRT1 and SOD-1, together with histopathology, were assessed by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent stainings. Relationships between variables were examined with the Pearson correlation test.ResultsThe numbers of both SIRT1-positive and SOD-1-positive neurons and integrated optical density of immunohistochemical staining for these proteins in the temporal and frontal cortices, and hippocampus of patients with AD were significantly decreased than those in corresponding controls. In the case of the cerebellum, very weak expression of SIRT1 and obvious expression of SOD-1 were observed in granule cells, with no significant difference between AD and the control group. Interestingly, the protein levels between SIRT1 and SOD-1, as well as the level of SIRT1 or SOD-1 and Braak stage, were significantly correlated in neurons in all regions of the AD brains investigated except for the cerebellum.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the reduced level of SIRT1 in the brains of patients with AD may be related to the decline in SOD-1 and neuropathological changes of this disorder.

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Testosterone profile in older men with Alzheimer's disease

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/s1980-57642009dn20400010 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 289-293

Author(s):

Cristiana Roscito Arenella Dusi ◽

Lílian Schafirovits Morillo ◽

Regina Miksian Magaldi ◽

Adriana Nunes Machado ◽

Sami Liberman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Free Testosterone ◽

Older Men ◽

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽

Control Group ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Chi Square ◽

Testosterone Levels ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Evidence suggests low testosterone levels in Alzheimer's disease. Objectives: To compare testosterone levels between older men with and without Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Fourteen men with Alzheimer's disease were compared with twenty eight men without dementia. Demographic variables and clinical profiles were analyzed. Within fifteen days before or after the described evaluation, measures of total testosterone and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) were performed. Free testosterone level was calculated based on total testosterone and SHBG. Quantitative variables were analyzed using Student's t test or Kruskal-Wallis test, while qualitative variables were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher test. Results: Mean age in the Control and Alzheimer's disease groups were 72.0 (SD±4.8) years and 79.3(SD±5.9) years, respectively (p=0.001). Mean schooling between these two groups were 8.78 and (±5.86) years, respectively (p=0.022). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups for testosterone levels, although a trend was observed for the Alzheimer's disease group to present lower levels than the control group (p=0.066). There was no direct correlation between free testosterone and age, although a trend was evident (p=0.068). Conclusions: There was no significant difference in testosterone between men with AD and those without dementia.

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Posturographic analysis of older adults without dementia and patients with Alzheimer’s disease: A cross-sectional study

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-020008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 196-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paula Sant’Anna ◽

Felipe de Oliveira Silva ◽

Ana Carolina de Mello Alves Rodrigues ◽

Jéssica Plácido ◽

José Vinicius Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Older Adults ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Postural Control ◽

Effect Size ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Global Cognition ◽

Elliptical Area ◽

Total Velocity

ABSTRACT. Additional clinical tools should be investigated to facilitate and aid the early diagnosis of cognitive decline. Postural control worsens with aging and this may be related to pathological cognitive impairment. Objective: to compare the balance of older adults without dementia in a control group (CG) and with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), to observe the possible association with the independent variables (diagnosis, age, gender, and global cognition) and to verify the best posturographic analyses to determine the difference between the groups. Methods: 86 older adults (AD = 48; CG = 38) were evaluated using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and postural control was assessed by stabilometry on the Wii Balance Board ® (WBB). Independent T, Mann-Whitney U-tests, Effect Size (ES) and a linear regression were performed. Results: there was a significant difference for Elliptical Area, Total Velocity, Medio-Lateral displacements with closed eyes and open eyes, antero-posterior, with closed eyes and BBS between groups. These variables showed a large effect size for BBS (-1.02), Elliptical Area (0.83) with closed eyes, Medio-Lateral (0.80, 0.96) and Total Velocity (0.92; 1.10) with eyes open and eyes closed, respectively. Regression indicated global cognition accompanied by age, gender, and diagnosis influenced postural control. Conclusion: patients with AD showed impaired postural control compared to Control Group subjects. Total Velocity with closed eyes was the most sensitive parameter for differentiating groups and should be better investigated as a possible motor biomarker of dementia in posturographic analysis with WBB.

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Abnormal Saccadic Intrusions with Alzheimer's Disease in Darkness

Current Alzheimer Research ◽

10.2174/1567205016666190311102130 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 293-301

Author(s):

Kiyotaka Nakamagoe ◽

Shiori Yamada ◽

Rio Kawakami ◽

Tadachika Koganezawa ◽

Akira Tamaoka

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Higher Order ◽

Control Group ◽

Order Function ◽

Cortical Damage ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Eyes Open ◽

Proportional Relationship ◽

Saccadic Intrusions

Background: Classified as saccadic intrusions, Square-Wave Jerks (SWJs) have been observed during Visual Fixation (VF) in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). However, the pathological significance of this phenomenon remains unclear. Objective: The present study analyzed the characteristics of SWJs in patients with AD with their eyes open in the dark without VF. Methods: Fifteen patients with AD and 15 healthy age- and sex-matched controls were investigated and compared. Saccadic intrusions with and without VF were detected as SWJs and measured using an electronystagmogram. Results: No significant difference in the frequency of SWJs was observed between control and AD groups with VF, but significantly more SWJs were observed in the AD group than in the control group in the absence of VF (p<0.01). In the control group, the frequency of SWJs was significantly higher with VF as compared to without VF. Conversely, the frequency in the AD group was significantly higher without VF. Furthermore, a directly proportional relationship was observed between the frequency of SWJs and higher-order function (R>0.55) in the AD group. Conclusion: SWJs without VF may have pathological significance in AD. In healthy individuals, SWJs are generated by VF and suppressed without VF. Conversely, in AD, SWJs are generated rather than suppressed in the absence of VF. These pathognomonic SWJs without VF also appear to be correlated with higher-order dysfunction, reflecting AD-related cortical damage. These findings suggest that pathological SWJs without VF observed in AD derive from cortical damage and may constitute an important marker of a higher-order function.

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Alexithymia in Alzheimer’s Disease

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10010044 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 44

Author(s):

Eva Mª Arroyo-Anlló ◽

Corinne Souchaud ◽

Pierre Ingrand ◽

Jorge Chamorro Sánchez ◽

Alejandra Melero Ventola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Mood State ◽

Neuropsychological Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control

Alexithymia is widely recognized as the inability to identify and express emotions. It is a construct which consists of four cognitive traits such as difficulty in identifying feelings, describing feelings to others, externally oriented thinking, and limited imaginative capacity. Several studies have linked alexithymia to cognitive functioning, observing greater alexithymia scores associated with poorer cognitive abilities. Despite Alzheimer’s disease (AD) being a neurodegenerative pathology characterized by cognitive troubles from the early stages, associated to behavioral and emotional disturbances, very few investigations have studied the alexithymia in AD. These studies have shown that alexithymia scores—assessed with Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS)—were greater in AD patients than healthy participants. The objective of the study was to investigate if the alexithymia was present in patients with mild AD. We hypothesized that the AD group would show more alexithymia features than the control group. We evaluated 54 subjects, including 27 patients diagnosed with mild AD and 27 normal healthy controls, using the Shalling Sifneos Psychosomatic Scale (SSPS-R) and a neuropsychological test battery. Using non-parametric statistical analyses—Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney U tests—we observed that the SSPS-R scores were similar in the AD and control groups. All participants showed SSPS-R scores below to 10 points, which means no-alexithymia. We did not find significant correlations between SSPS-R scores and cognitive variables in both groups (p > 0.22), but we observed a negative association between name abilities and alexithymia, but it does not reach to significance (p = 0.07). However, a significant correlation between SSPS-R score and mood state, assessed using Zerssen Rating Scale, was found in both groups (p = 0.01). Because we did not find a significant difference in the alexithymia assessment between both subject groups, pot hoc analyses were computed for each item of the SSPS-R. We made comparisons of alexithymic responses percentages in each SSPS-R item between AD and control groups, using Fisher’s test. We observed that AD patients produced more alexithymic responses in some items of SSPS-R test than the control group, particularly about difficulties to find the words to describe feelings, as well as difficulties of imagination capacity and externally oriented thinking. The present results do not confirm our hypothesis and they do not support the results of previous studies revealing great alexithymia in AD.

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Relation between Alpha-Synuclein and Core CSF Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57090954 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (9) ◽

pp. 954

Author(s):

Victoria Monge-García ◽

María-Salud García-Ayllón ◽

Javier Sáez-Valero ◽

José Sánchez-Payá ◽

Francisco Navarrete-Rueda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Lewy Body Dementia ◽

Alpha Synuclein ◽

Tau Proteins ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Csf Biomarkers ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Spearman Test

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, while Lewy body dementia (LBD) is characterized by α-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions. Some authors examine α-syn protein in the neurodegeneration process of AD and propose to consider cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α-syn as a possible additional biomarker to the so-called “core” of AD. Objective: To determine whether there is a correlation between α-syn levels and “core” AD biomarkers in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Materials and methods: In total, 81 patients in the early stages of MCI were selected from the outpatient dementia consultation in Alicante General Hospital. Using a cross-sectional case–control design, patients were analyzed in four groups: stable MCI (MCIs; n = 25), MCI due to AD (MCI-AD; n = 32), MCI due to LBD (MCI-LBD; n = 24) and a control group of patients with acute or chronic headache (Ctrl; n = 18). Correlation between CSF protein levels in the different groups was assessed by the Rho Spearman test. Results: We found positive correlations between T-tau protein and α-syn (ρ = 0.418; p value < 0.05) and p-tau181p and α-syn (ρ = 0.571; p value < 0.05) exclusively in the MCI-AD group. Conclusion: The correlation found between α-syn and tau proteins in the first stages of AD support the involvement of α-syn in the pathogenesis of AD. This result may have clinical and diagnostic implications, as well as help to apply the new concept of “precision medicine” in patients with MCI.

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