25-Year Trends in Stage-Specific Incidence Rates for Bladder Cancer in a Large Statewide Registry

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BC) is a common genitourinary malignancy with over 80,000 new cases diagnosed annually and over 17,000 associated deaths. OBJECTIVE: We review 25-years of BC incidence (1993-2017) within the state of Pennsylvania to better define incidence, geographic distribution, and trends over time. METHODS: The Pennsylvania Cancer Registry was reviewed for statewide and component county age-adjusted BC incidence rates and stage distribution. Chloropleth maps plotting statewide and county-specific incidence rates across time were created using the GeoDa statistical package. RESULTS: 93,476 cases of BC were recorded in Pennsylvania from 1993 to 2017. Age-adjusted annual rates of BC over the study interval were stable at 24.5 patients per 100,000 (range, 22.7–25.6). However, annual rates of distant disease increased from 0.5 to 1.1 patients per 100,000 (p < 0.001) with an average percent change increase of 6.6% over the study interval. The annual percent distribution of distant disease doubled from 2.3% to 5.1% (p < 0.001) with a greater increase in women compared to men. Chloropleth maps highlighted growing “hot spots” of bladder cancer incidence in the northwestern, northeastern, and southeastern portions of the state. CONCLUSIONS: While BC incidence in the state of Pennsylvania has remained relatively stable over the past 25 years, a concerning increase in distant disease was observed. Geospatial investigation implicates higher risk regions. Further studies are necessary to delineate the underlying etiologies for these observations.

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At-a-glance - Cancer trends in Canada, 1984 to 2015

Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada ◽

10.24095/hpcdp.39.11.04 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (11) ◽

pp. 310-314

Author(s):

Alain A. Demers ◽

Darren R. Brenner ◽

Leah Smith ◽

Amanda Shaw

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Cancer Statistics ◽

Incidence Trends ◽

Percent Change ◽

Cancer Types ◽

Trends Over Time ◽

Cancer Trends ◽

Over Time

Examining incidence trends of all cancers combined in order to understand cancer trends can be misleading, as patterns can vary across individual cancer types. This paper highlights findings on trends over time from Canadian Cancer Statistics 2019, as measured by the annual percent change (APC) of age-standardized incidence rates. Among the results were a recent increase in thyroid cancer in males (APC: 6.4%, 1997–2015), as well as decreases in prostate cancer (APC: −9.1%, 2011–2015) and cervical cancer (APC: −3.3%, 2010–2015).

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Historical patterns of wildfire ignition sources in California ecosystems

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf18026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (12) ◽

pp. 781 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jon E. Keeley ◽

Alexandra D. Syphard

Keyword(s):

Fire Hazard ◽

Fire Frequency ◽

Federal Agencies ◽

The State ◽

United States Forest Service ◽

The Past ◽

Design Fire ◽

Fire Ignition ◽

Over Time ◽

Marked Drop

State and federal agencies have reported fire causes since the early 1900s, explicitly for the purpose of helping land managers design fire-prevention programs. We document fire-ignition patterns in five homogenous climate divisions in California over the past 98 years on state Cal Fire protected lands and 107 years on federal United States Forest Service lands. Throughout the state, fire frequency increased steadily until a peak c. 1980, followed by a marked drop to 2016. There was not a tight link between frequency of ignition sources and area burned by those sources and the relationships have changed over time. Natural lightning-ignited fires were consistently fewer from north to south and from high to low elevation. Throughout most of the state, human-caused fires dominated the record and were positively correlated with population density for the first two-thirds of the record, but this relationship reversed in recent decades. We propose a mechanistic multi-variate model of factors driving fire frequency, where the importance of different factors has changed over time. Although ignition sources have declined markedly in recent decades, one notable exception is powerline ignitions. One important avenue for future fire-hazard reduction will be consideration of solutions to reduce this source of dangerous fires.

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The Changing Nature of Professional Regulation in Canada, 1867–1961

Social Science History ◽

10.1017/s0145553200010968 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 217-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tracey L. Adams

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

State Agencies ◽

Professional Regulation ◽

The Past ◽

State Research ◽

Growing Body ◽

Significant Change ◽

Canadian Provinces ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

There is a growing body of literature exploring the relationship between regulated professions and the state. Research has shown that the state is the key source of power for professions, and it has suggested that professions may support and assist state agencies and actors in many ways. Although studies have documented changing state-profession relations across region and era and recent research points to significant change in the regulation of some professions in the past decade or two, there remains much that we do not know about the changing nature of professional regulation over time. In this article I examine professional regulation in four Canadian provinces between 1867 and 1961. The findings reveal distinct eras of professional regulation and definite differences in who is regulated and how over time. There are many more regulated professions toward the end of the period, they are more closely regulated by the state, and their relationships to each other are more closely delineated. The implications for our understanding of state-profession relations over time are discussed.

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The Past, Present and Future of Nordic Courts

10.1007/978-3-030-74851-7_16 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 291-308

Author(s):

Anna Nylund

Keyword(s):

Dispute Resolution ◽

The State ◽

Legal Language ◽

The Past ◽

Current Trends ◽

The Future ◽

Resolution Processes ◽

Over Time

AbstractBased on the insights from the previous chapters in this volume, this concluding chapter discusses key traits of Nordic courts: colloquial legal language, generalist judges, ‘unrefined’ and fragmentary laws, high trust in the state and judges, and corporatism. The development of these traits over time is explored as well as the emergence of new traits that could be labelled ‘Nordic’. It also discusses how two current trends—Europeanisation and privatisation of dispute resolution processes—influence Nordic courts. The question whether a unified Nordic procedural culture still exists is raised. Finally, the future of Nordic courts is discussed.

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Increasing Prevalence and Stable Incidence Rates of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among First Nations: Population-Based Evidence From a Western Canadian Province

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

10.1093/ibd/izab096 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Nicolás Peña-Sánchez ◽

Jessica Amankwah Osei ◽

Jose Diego Marques Santos ◽

Derek Jennings ◽

Mustafa Andkhoie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

First Nations ◽

Indigenous Peoples ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Canadian Province ◽

Trends Over Time ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background There is limited to no evidence of the prevalence and incidence rates of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among Indigenous peoples. In partnership with Indigenous patients and family advocates, we aimed to estimate the prevalence, incidence, and trends over time of IBD among First Nations (FNs) since 1999 in the Western Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Methods We conducted a retrospective population-based study linking provincial administrative health data from the 1999-2000 to 2016-2017 fiscal years. An IBD case definition requiring multiple health care contacts was used. The prevalence and incidence data were modeled using generalized linear models and a negative binomial distribution. Models considered the effect of age groups, sex, diagnosis type (ulcerative colitis [UC], Crohn disease [CD]), and fiscal years to estimate prevalence and incidence rates and trends over time. Results The prevalence of IBD among FNs increased from 64/100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 62-66) in 1999-2000 to 142/100,000 (95% CI, 140-144) people in 2016-2017, with an annual average increase of 4.2% (95% CI, 3.2%-5.2%). Similarly, the prevalence of UC and CD, respectively, increased by 3.4% (95% CI, 2.3%-4.6%) and 4.1% (95% CI, 3.3%-4.9%) per year. In contrast, the incidence rates of IBD, UC, and CD among FNs depicted stable trends over time; no statistically significant changes were observed in the annual change trend tests. The ratio of UC to CD was 1.71. Conclusions We provided population-based evidence of the increasing prevalence and stable incidence rates of IBD among FNs. Further studies are needed in other regions to continue understanding the patterns of IBD among Indigenous peoples.

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The Revolutionary Democracy of Ethiopia: A Wartime Ideology Both Shaping and Shaped by Peacetime Policy Needs

Government and Opposition ◽

10.1017/gov.2018.54 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 653-668 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lovise Aalen

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

The State ◽

Policy Changes ◽

Expiry Date ◽

The Past ◽

Ruling Party ◽

Over Time

AbstractThe Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), victor in the civil war in 1991, has since transformed into an authoritarian party. While this transition is well covered in the literature, few studies have explored how the party’s ideology has adapted after its position was consolidated. This article addresses this gap, by analysing the EPRDF’s ideology of revolutionary democracy, and how the interpretation of it has changed over time. The Ethiopian case shows that wartime ideologies should not be considered as static remnants of the past. Instead, the ideology has served as a flexible political tool for controlling the state and for justifying or concealing major policy changes. More recent protests and ruptures in the ruling party, however, indicate that revolutionary democracy may have an expiry date. There seems thus to be a limit to how long a wartime ideology can provide power to uphold a rebel government’s hegemony and coherence.

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Diagnosing Asthma: The Fit between Survey and Administrative Database

Canadian Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1155/2002/921497 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 407-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Lisa Huzel ◽

Leslie L Roos ◽

Nick R Anthonisen ◽

Jure Manfreda

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Care Utilization ◽

Population Studies ◽

Administrative Database ◽

Care Utilization ◽

Physician Visits ◽

The Past ◽

Asthma Symptoms ◽

Trends Over Time ◽

Over Time

BACKGROUND:Standard methods for population studies of asthma include surveying population samples using questionnaires and examining people in laboratories. These procedures are extremely expensive. It would be helpful if, at least for some purposes, they could be replaced by cheaper techniques with adequate validity. OBJECTIVES: To determine agreement between survey and database in regard to the prevalence of asthma.METHODS: Responses to survey questions about asthma symptoms in the past 12 months were linked to physician claims in the Manitoba Population Health Repository.RESULTS: The overall agreement was moderate (κ=0.45 to 0.50) and increased if two years of physician claims were studied (κ=0.55 to 0.59); studying additional years had no further effect on agreement. Sex and smoking did not significantly affect the kappa scores.CONCLUSIONS: There were several plausible reasons for discrepancies. Symptoms recorded on the survey were intrinsically different from those recorded for physician visits. Physicians also used other respiratory codes instead of asthma, and survey participants did not see a physician every year for asthma. The estimates of prevalence derived from the survey and the administrative database included two overlapping groups of people. In each, the diagnosis of asthma seems justifiable, although the agreement between the two groups was only moderate to substantial. Both methods are useful, although they are useful for different purposes. Health care utilization estimates may be particularly useful for studying trends over time.

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Shifts in Higher-Order Unions and Stepfamilies Among Currently Cohabiting and Married Women of Childbearing Age

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x16664180 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (12) ◽

pp. 1775-1799 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Karen Benjamin Guzzo

Keyword(s):

Higher Order ◽

Married Women ◽

Union Formation ◽

Women Of Childbearing Age ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Never Married ◽

The Past ◽

Family Growth ◽

Trends Over Time ◽

Over Time

Shifts in union formation and childbearing have undoubtedly altered the prevalence and structure of higher-order unions and stepfamilies, but no study has examined trends over time. Comparing the 1988 and 2011-2013 cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth, I produce estimates of repartnering and stepfamily formation among currently partnered women aged 15 to 44 years. The percentage of intact unions that are remarriages stayed stable (around 27% to 28%), but a growing proportion of currently married and cohabiting women had another cohabiting partner in the past. The percentage of intact unions that are stepfamilies increased from 24% to 31%, with an increase in cohabiting stepfamilies from 19% to 39% of all stepfamilies. Furthermore, while the majority of remarriages are stepfamilies, the majority of women’s stepfamilies are no longer remarriages due to union formation among never-married parents. Cohabiting (but not marital) stepfamilies also exhibited changes in which partner had children and in shared childbearing.

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Incidence rates and contemporary trends in primary urethral cancer

Cancer Causes & Control ◽

10.1007/s10552-021-01416-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mike Wenzel ◽

Luigi Nocera ◽

Claudia Collà Ruvolo ◽

Christoph Würnschimmel ◽

Zhe Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Histological Subtype ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Male And Female ◽

Percent Change ◽

Log Linear ◽

Over Time

Abstract Purpose We assessed contemporary incidence rates and trends of primary urethral cancer. Methods We identified urethral cancer patients within Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry (SEER, 2004–2016). Age-standardized incidence rates per 1,000,000 (ASR) were calculated. Log linear regression analyses were used to compute average annual percent change (AAPC). Results From 2004 to 2016, 1907 patients with urethral cancer were diagnosed (ASR 1.69; AAPC: -0.98%, p = 0.3). ASR rates were higher in males than in females (2.70 vs. 0.55), respectively and did not change over the time (both p = 0.3). Highest incidence rates were recorded in respectively ≥75 (0.77), 55–74 (0.71) and ≤54 (0.19) years of age categories, in that order. African Americans exhibited highest incidence rate (3.33) followed by Caucasians (1.72), other race groups (1.57) and Hispanics (1.57), in that order. A significant decrease occurred over time in Hispanics, but not in other race groups. In African Americans, male and female sex-stratified incidence rates were higher than in any other race group. Urothelial histological subtype exhibited highest incidence rate (0.92), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (0.41), adenocarcinoma (0.29) and other histologies (0.20). In stage stratified analyses, T1N0M0 stage exhibited highest incidence rate. However, it decreased over time (−3.00%, p = 0.02) in favor of T1-4N1-2M0 stage (+ 2.11%, p = 0.02). Conclusion Urethral cancer is rare. Its incidence rates are highest in males, elderly patients, African Americans and in urothelial histological subtype. Most urethral cancer cases are T1N0M0, but over time, the incidence of T1N0M0 decreased in favor of T1-4N1-2M0.

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Incidence rates and contemporary trends in primary urethral cancer

10.21203/rs.3.rs-223692/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mike Wenzel ◽

Luigi Nocera ◽

Claudia Collà Ruvolo ◽

Christoph Würnschimmel ◽

Zhe Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Histological Subtype ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Percent Change ◽

Log Linear ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Over Time

Abstract Purpose: We assessed contemporary incidence rates and trends of primary urethral cancer. Methods: We identified urethral cancer patients within Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry (SEER, 2004–2016). Age-standardized incidence rates per 1,000,000 (ASR) were calculated. Log linear regression analyses were used to compute average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: From 2004–2016, 1,907 patients with urethral cancer were diagnosed (ASR 1.69; AAPC: -0.98%, p = 0.3). ASR rates were higher in males than in females (2.70 vs. 0.55), respectively and did not change over the time (both p = 0.3). Highest incidence rates were recorded in respectively ≥ 75 (0.77), 55–74 (0.71) and ≤ 54 (0.19) years of age categories, in that order. African Americans exhibited highest incidence rate (3.33) followed by Caucasians (1.72), other race groups (1.57) and Hispanics (1.57), in that order. A significant decrease occurred over time in Hispanics, but not in other race groups. In African Americans, male and female sex-stratified incidence rates were higher than in any other race group. Urothelial histological subtype exhibited highest incidence rate (0.92), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (0.41), adenocarcinoma (0.29) and other histologies (0.20). In stage stratified analyses, T1N0M0 stage exhibited highest incidence rate. However, it decreased over time (-3.00%, p = 0.02) in favor of T1 − 4N1 − 2M0 stage (+ 2.11%, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Urethral cancer is rare. Its incidence rates are highest in males, elderly patients, African Americans and in urothelial histological subtype. Most incident cases are T1N0M0, but over time, the incidence of T1N0M0 decreased in favor of T1 − 4N1 − 2M0.

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