Relation of Literacy and Music Literacy to Dementia in Older Black and White Brazilians

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ana W. Capuano ◽  
Robert S. Wilson ◽  
Sue E. Leurgans ◽  
Carolina Sampaio ◽  
Jose M. Farfel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Race ◽  
Music Literacy ◽  
Clinical Dementia Rating ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Reading Music ◽  
Verbal Literacy

Background: Literacy is more consistently reported than education as protective against dementia in developing regions. Objective: To study the association of verbal literacy, numeracy, and music literacy with dementia in older Black and White Brazilians with a broad spectrum of education. Methods: We studied 1,818 Black, Mixed-race, and White deceased Brazilians 65 years or older at death (mean = 79.64). Data were retrospectively obtained within 36 hours after death in a face-to-face interview with an informant, usually a family member. Dementia was classified using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. Three forms of literacy were ascertained: verbal literacy (10 questions: reading and writing), numeracy (3 questions: multiplication, percentages, and use of a calculator), and music literacy (1 question: reading music). Black (11%) and Mixed-race (23%) older adults were combined in analyses. Models adjusted for age and sex. Results: Dementia was identified in 531 people. Participants had 0 to 25 years of education (median = 4). More literacy was associated with lower odds of dementia (all p≤0.039). Participants that read music had about half the odds of having dementia. Participants in the highest quartile of numeracy and verbal literacy had respectively 27%and 15%lower odds of having dementia compared to the lowest quartile. Literacy was lower in Blacks (p <  0.001, except music p = 0.894) but the effect of literacy on dementia was similar (interaction p >  0.237). In secondary analyses, playing instruments without reading music was not associated with dementia (p = 0.887). Conclusion: In a large sample of Brazilians, verbal literacy, numeracy, and music literacy were associated with lower odds of dementia. The effect was similar across races.

Race and Cultural Flexibility among Students in Different Multiracial Schools

2010 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 1529-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prudence L. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Black Students ◽  
White Students ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Cultural Flexibility ◽  
White School ◽  
Southern City ◽  
The Impact

Background/Context One of the most critical functions of a well-integrated school is the development of “culturally flexible” students who, over the course of their social development, effectively navigate diverse social environs such as the workplace, communities, and neighborhoods. Most studies, albeit with some exceptions, have investigated the impact of desegregation on short- and long-term gains in achievement and attainment, as opposed to its impact on intergroup relations. Mixed-race schools are vital not only for bolstering achievement outcomes of previously disadvantaged students but also for promoting social cohesion in a diverse society. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Specifically, this article examines the difference in cultural flexibility between black and white students enrolled in schools with different racial and ethnic compositions. Cultural flexibility is defined as the propensity to value and move across different cultural and social peer groups and environments. Furthermore, this article provides some insight into how students in different mixed-race and desegregated educational contexts experience their school's social organization and cultural environments, which influence their interactions and academic behaviors. Setting The study was conducted over a 6-month period in four high schools: a majority-minority school and a majority-white school located in a northeastern city, and a majority-minority school and a majority-white school located in a southern city. Research Design Survey data were gathered from a randomly stratified sample of 471 Black and White students attending. In addition, ethnographic notes from weeks of school observations and transcribed interview data from 57 group interviews conducted in the four schools with students in Grades 9–12 complemented the survey research. Data Collection and Analysis Findings reveal significant associations among self-esteem, academic and extracurricular placement, and cultural flexibility for black students. Also, black students in majority-minority schools scored significantly higher on the cultural flexibility scale than those in majority-white schools. Among white students, regional location and academic placement showed statistically significant associations with cultural flexibility. The ethnographic and interview data further explicate why these patterns occurred and illuminate how certain school contextual factors are likely linked to students’ cultural flexibility. Overall, this study's findings highlight some connections between student and school behaviors as they pertain to both students’ and educators’ willingness and ability to realize the visions of racial and ethnic integration wholly.

scholarly journals Making clear what is fuzzy about community membership: A prototypic approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Reed ◽  
Ariel Jordan-Zamora ◽  
Crystal Nicole Steltenpohl ◽  
Christopher Keys
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Growth Mindset ◽  
Thematic Content Analysis ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Community Membership ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Equal Interest

Aims: The critical task of positively identifying membership of the communities with which we work prior to initiating programs of research purporting to represent said communities is often forgone and treated as self-evident. This study demonstrates undertaking this task at the outset of a program of research by gathering member self-definitions of a relational, online and face-to-face community- the Fighting Game Community.Methods: Borrowing from social identity theory in social psychology, this study uses a prototypic approach and thematic content analysis with 319 open-ended descriptions of “good players” and “bad player” deviants.Results: In general, having a growth mindset and winning games were the most crucial amongst divergent themes. Of equal interest, definitions were not consensual across the community; some directly conflicted with one another. These definitions represented a community with fuzzy boundaries, that exists more as a multi-layered tapestry than a black-and-white unit with sharply delineated boundaries.

scholarly journals Imagining a Mestiza-Self Through the Double-Consciousness Trope

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 2510-2518
Author(s):  
Regina Sanders
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
The United States ◽  
Double Consciousness ◽  
Internalized Racism ◽  
Mixed Race Identity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
American Novels ◽  
Race Identity

This paper is a comparative study between two African-American novels: Caucasia by Danzy Senna (1998) and Quicksand by Lenna Larsen(1928). It specifically discusses how their respective mixed-race protagonist re-appropriates the double-consciousness trope –a term originally coined by African-American scholar W. E. Du Bois to describe the existence of blacks in the United States. More specifically, I argue that Danzy Senna’s novel Caucasia transcends traditional notions of mixed-race identity found in Nella Larsen’s Quicksand. First, I establish that Helga, the mulatta protagonist of Quicksand is constructed to play the version of the double-consciousness which assumes that mixed people (black and white) in United States live with internalized racism. Next, I demonstrate that Caucasia challenges Quicksand by providing us with a mulatta protagonist who re-appropriates the notions of double-consciousness by making it instrumental to her own survival and birth-right to be mixed.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risk factors: differences between ethnic groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noeli das Neves Toledo ◽  
Gilsirene Scantelbury de Almeida ◽  
Miharu Maguinoria Matsuura Matos ◽  
Antonio Alcirley da Silva Balieiro ◽  
Luís Cuadrado Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Black People ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Systemic Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
The City

ABSTRACT Objectives: to compare the metabolic, anthropometric, tobacco and alcohol consumption indicators considered as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, as well as the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics between indigenous from Rio Negro, Sateré-Mawé, mixed-race/black and white people living in the city of Manaus. Methods: a cross-sectional observational study guided by the STROBE tool. There was a sample of 191 adults of both sexes. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and biochemical analyzes were performed. Statistical test was applied to cross color/race/ethnicity variable with the investigated variables. Results: indigenous had better metabolic and anthropometric indicators related to cardiovascular diseases than mixed-race/black and white, as well as Sateré-Mawé in relation to Rionegrinos (from Rio Negro). Conclusions: the main differences were obesity, dyslipidemia, pre-systemic arterial hypertension/systemic arterial hypertension, and increased circumferences, with a worse situation for mixed-race/black people. The findings indicate differences in risk factors between race/color and ethnicity groups evaluated.

The symbiosis of images and non-diegetic sound in Lynne Ramsay’s Brigitte

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Batori
Keyword(s):  
Documentary Film ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Close Textual Analysis ◽  
Set Up

The article investigates the poetic and intertextual narrative structure of Lynne Ramsay’s short documentary film Brigitte. Based in a factory in London, Ramsay’s work carefully captures the well-known photographer Brigitte Lacombe in a narrative set-up, which avoids face-to-face interviews. In this postclassical storytelling structure, black-and-white still photographs and voice-over narration melt into a poetic form that narrates personal and interpersonal histories. The article analyses this very avant-garde symbiosis of images and non-diegetic narration through a close textual analysis, while it also investigates the very form of postclassical short documentary set-ups.

Passing and Posing between Black and White

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Gotto
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Race ◽  
Early History ◽  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
American Film ◽  
Color Line ◽  
Racial Boundaries ◽  
Black And White ◽  
American Cinema ◽  
History Of

Since its inception, U.S. American cinema has grappled with the articulation of racial boundaries. This applies, in the first instance, to featuring mixed-race characters crossing the color line. In a broader sense, however, this also concerns viewing conditions and knowledge configurations. The fact that American film engages itself so extensively with the unbalanced relation between black and white is neither coincidental nor trivial to state — it has much more to do with disputing boundaries that pertain to the medium itself. Lisa Gotto examines this constellation along the early history of American film, the cinematic modernism of the late 1950s, and the post-classical cinema of the turn of the millennium.

Is Group B Streptococcus Colonization Associated with Maternal Peripartum Infection in an Era of Routine Prophylaxis?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartik K. Venkatesh ◽  
Catherine J. Vladutiu ◽  
Angelica V. Glover ◽  
Robert A. Strauss ◽  
Jeffrey S.A. Stringer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Trial Of Labor ◽  
Prepregnancy Body Mass Index ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Routine Prophylaxis ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
Group B

Objective This study aimed to assess whether colonization with group B streptococcus (GBS) is associated with maternal peripartum infection in an era of routine prophylaxis. Study Design This study presented a secondary analysis of women delivering ≥37 weeks who underwent a trial of labor from the U.S. Consortium on Safe Labor (CSL) study. The exposure was maternal GBS colonization and the outcome was a diagnosis of chorioamnionitis, and secondarily, analyses were restricted to deliveries not admitted in labor and measures of postpartum infection (postpartum fever, endometritis, and surgical site infection). Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used accounting for within-woman correlations. Models adjusted for maternal age, parity, race, prepregnancy body mass index, pregestational diabetes, insurance status, study site/region, year of delivery, number of vaginal exams from admission to delivery, and time (in hours) from admission to delivery. Results Among 170,804 assessed women, 33,877 (19.8%) were colonized with GBS and 5,172 (3.0%) were diagnosed with chorioamnionitis. While the frequency of GBS colonization did not vary by chorioamnionitis status (3.0% in both groups), in multivariable analyses, GBS colonization was associated with slightly lower odds of chorioamnionitis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83–0.96). In secondary analyses, this association held regardless of spontaneous labor on admission; and the odds of postpartum infectious outcomes were not higher with GBS colonization. Conclusion In contrast to historical data, GBS colonization was associated with lower odds of chorioamnionitis in an era of routine GBS screening and prophylaxis. Key Points

Black + White = Black

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 973-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Destiny Peery ◽  
Galen V. Bodenhausen
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Race ◽  
Racial Identities ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Parent ◽  
Thoughtful Reflection ◽  
Racially Ambiguous

Historically, the principle of hypodescent specified that individuals with one Black and one White parent should be considered Black. Two experiments examined whether categorizations of racially ambiguous targets reflect this principle. Participants studied ambiguous target faces accompanied by profiles that either did or did not identify the targets as having multiracial backgrounds (biological, cultural, or both biological and cultural). Participants then completed a speeded dualcategorization task requiring Black/not Black and White/not White judgments (Experiments 1 and 2) and deliberate categorization tasks requiring participants to describe the races (Experiment 2) of target faces. When a target was known to have mixed-race ancestry, participants were more likely to rapidly categorize the target as Black (and not White); however, the same cues also increased deliberate categorizations of the targets as “multiracial.” These findings suggest that hypodescent still characterizes the automatic racial categorizations of many perceivers, although more complex racial identities may be acknowledged upon more thoughtful reflection.

Acting White or Acting Black: Mixed-Race Adolescents' Identity and Behavior

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S Ruebeck ◽  
Susan L Averett ◽  
Howard N Bodenhorn
Keyword(s):  
Interracial Marriage ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Acting White ◽  
White Youth ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Acting Black ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Although rates of interracial marriage are on the rise, we still know relatively little about the experiences of mixed-race adolescents. In this paper, we examine the identity and behavior of mixed-race (black and white) youth. We find that mixed-race youth adopt both types of behaviors, those that can be empirically characterized as ‘black’ and those that can be characterized as ‘white.’ When we combine both types of behavior, average mixed-race behavior is a combination that is neither white nor black, and the variance in mixed-race behavior is generally greater than the variance in behavior of monoracial adolescents, especially as compared to the black racial group. Adolescence is the time during which there is most pressure to establish an identity, and our results indicate that mixed-race youth are finding their own distinct identities, not necessarily ‘joining’ either monoracial group, but in another sense joining both of them.

scholarly journals White Women Mothering Mixed-Race Children in a Black-White Interracial Relationship

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Lu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
White Women ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Interracial Relationships ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Public ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black British ◽  
The Us ◽  
Interracial Relationship

It is over five decades since ‘River of Blood,’ the speech about race in Britain, has been acknowledged as the symbol of discrimination towards immigration and minorities like Black British. Meanwhile, America, as another traditional western cultural center, has faced more serious issues during the process of human equality. Loving. V. Virginia, as a legal milestone of Civil Rights in the US, has influenced the public attitude of the majority towards interracial union; however, the discrimination and prejudice have become more invisible via the changing of societal environment.  Although the anti-miscegenation movement has been treated as the big step of human rights, the union between black and white faces misunderstanding, even stigmas in their daily lives.  Hence, taking black-white interracial relationships as examples, from white women’s perspective, this essay will examine the dilemma between their own cognition of cultural identities and being partially embedded into a different culture when ‘marrying-out’ and raising mixed-race children. 

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