The impact of education and labour market experience on earnings: what is the difference between men and women?

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Christel Colin
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Market Experience ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The impact of economic and demographic events in the biography of Russians on the level of their life satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Oksana V. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Life ◽  
Monitoring Survey ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The article examines anticipation and adaptation effects in relation to life satisfaction in case of economic (related to labour market) and demographic events in people’s lives. The author estimates how individuals feel in the vicinity of significant life events and tracks the asymmetry of results for women and men. The calculations are based on panel data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey for the period 2004–2019. Using pooled regression and the difference-in-differences approach, the author tests the hypothesis that men are more sensitive to economic events while women are more sensitive to demographic ones. The results indicate that there is no consistent asymmetry of effects for men and women. On average, citizens of Russia tend to anticipate events that will happen to them in the next three years. Generally, Russians do not adapt to new conditions after economic events, however, this does not apply to individual demographic shocks.

scholarly journals Research on China's Population Structure in the New Situation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingxuan Cui ◽  
Mengshuai Yin ◽  
Zerong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

To analyze the impact of the “two-child policy” on the population size and structure, first of all, the birth rate, the ratio of men and women, and the ratio of urban and rural population are used as indicators. Before and after the dispersion, then establish a PDE model, and compare it with the population predicted by the gray forecast to analyze the mitigation of the ageing of the second child policy; continue to analyze the impact of changes in the population structure on the national economy, and select the male and female ratio and the labor population The urban-rural population ratio is used as an index to establish a multiple regression equation for analysis, and a related regression equation is obtained. Finally, the future marriage problem is analyzed, considering only the difference in the number of men and women entering the marriageable period at the same time. The difference in the number of marriageable populations is analyzed through the difference in the number of men and women born at birth, focusing on a dynamic perspective.

Occupations, age and gender: Men and women’s earnings in the Irish labour market

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-295
Author(s):  
Tom Turner ◽  
Christine Cross ◽  
Caroline Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

While many studies investigate gender wage disparities, few have examined the impact of gender, education, part-time working and sector on earnings for men and women across different occupational groups and for different age groups. The purpose of this article is to undertake a more nuanced approach to further our understanding of the gender pay difference between men and women in different occupations in order to tackle and close this gap. The study’s findings suggest that the labour market is segmented into primary and secondary jobs. Additionally, the earnings returns for education are generally lower for women compared to men and women appear to fare better in the public sector in terms of a lower earnings gap for full-time and part-time employees and higher returns for education compared to women working in the private sector. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications.

The Impact of Spatial Segregation on the Employment Outcomes Amongst Bangladeshi Men and Women in England and Wales

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Khattab ◽  
Ron Johnston ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽  
Tariq Modood
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Ethnic Residential Segregation ◽  
Ethnic Businesses ◽  
The Impact

Studies of ethnic residential segregation and its impacts on labour market performance have reported both negative and positive outcomes for different groups in different geographies. We revisit the issue with a particular focus on the Bangladeshi minority in England and Wales using both quantitative and qualitative data to explore the impact of living in segregated areas upon their labour market outcomes. We analyse the 2001 UK Census Controlled Access Microdata Sample (CAMS) and a subset (34 Bangladeshis) of qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with 73 men and women from Indian, Bangladeshi and Black Caribbean backgrounds in 2005. Our quantitative analysis does show a clear negative impact of living in segregated areas (i.e. Bangladeshi ethnic enclaves) on unemployment, economic inactivity and on the occupational returns on education. Qualitative material suggests that cultural and practical reasons very often lead Bangladeshis, including highly qualified persons, to live in enclaves or nearby. Also, ethnic businesses in enclaves appear to offer jobs to many Bangladeshi men and women, but these jobs are normally low-paid that does not require high qualifications increasing the risk of lower occupational returns further.

scholarly journals Woman in the security and defense sector: harmony of professional and personal life

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Larysa Martseniuk ◽  
Oleksiy Hruzdiev
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Horizontal Competition ◽  
Service Relationships ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The author has outlined the main violations of women's rights in Ukraine, including in the security and defense sector. The author emphasizes that the process of introducing gender equality in the security sector of Ukraine has certain specifics. The author has identified the impact of armed conflicts on men and women and the main problematic issues that arise in the work of women law enforcement officers and affect her "self-concept". The main problems that occur in the professional environment of law enforcement include the following: service relationships in the "vertical" and "horizontal", competition between women and men, identity crisis. The main international documents that enshrine the equal rights of women and men, and areas for strengthening the role of women in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are analyzed. The main problems that cause gender imbalance in military service include: the presence of gender and corporate stereotypes, insufficient regulation of administrative and living conditions, restrictions on women's social rights in compliance with current legislation on motherhood and childhood, the prohibitionof certain military professions for women , the lack of equal rights when entering military service at the stage of choosing education, the limited list of military positions to which women servicemen may be appointed, the difference in the status positions of servicemen-men and women during the change of service military service, different order of execution of punishments assigned to female servicemen and male servicemen. In order to achieve the principle of work-life balance, the author has recommended to consider five important aspects of life: health, relationships, career, self-improvement, leisure.

The Effect of Gender Stereotypes on Explicit and Implicit Career Preferences

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 902-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuma Gadassi ◽  
Itamar Gati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Career Planning ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Internet Site ◽  
Short List ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Career Preferences

The present study compared gender differences in directly reported and indirectly derived career preferences and tested the hypothesis that individuals' implicit preferences would show less gender-biased occupational choices than their directly elicited ones. Two hundred sixty-six visitors to a career-related Internet site were asked to (a) list 5 to 10 suitable occupations (the directly reported list) and (b) report their preferences in terms of 31 career-related aspects. The latter were used to produce a short list of promising occupational alternatives (the indirectly derived list), using the occupational database of an Internet-based career planning system. Each occupation in the database rated for sex dominance. The findings indicated that the sex dominance ratings of the occupations on the directly reported list accorded with the participants' gender for both men and women: Men's lists included mostly “masculine” occupations, whereas women's lists included mostly “feminine” occupations. This gender bias was significantly lower for the implicit lists. The difference between the directly reported and the indirectly derived lists was larger for women than for men, suggesting that the impact of stereotypes is more pronounced in women's than in men's directly reported career preferences.

scholarly journals Mortality by marital status in the Republic of Serbia

2018 ◽  
pp. 597-606
Author(s):  
Ivan Marinkovic ◽  
Biljana Radivojevic
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Population Mortality ◽  
The Impact

Mortality among married is lower than in those out of wedlock. Studies in European countries show that the difference in mortality between those who are married and those unmarried is increased regardless of sex. The main objective of the analysis in this paper is to show the impact of marriage on the mortality of the population, as well as the difference in the life expectancy of men and women in Serbia, by marriage status. Is there a protective effect of marriage? That is, can we confirm the hypothesis of higher importance of marriage status, when it comes to mortality of the men, and can we determine whether there are strong links between mortality and various modalities of marriage in the female population? Mortality trends for married and unmarried individuals were analyzed between the years 1981 and 2011, for both male and female population by five-year age groups. The scope of the analysis is the territory of Central Serbia and Vojvodina. This aspect of mortality is not sufficiently addressed in national research, which is why it is expected that the results of the conducted research can contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors affecting the mortality of the population in Serbia.

scholarly journals The Impact of Social Networking Sites on Body Dissatisfaction among Men and Women: a Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Castaneda
Keyword(s):  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in impact between men and women on the effects that social networking sites (SNS) have on body dissatisfaction. A total of eight studies (with 48 effect sizes) involving participants being assessed on SNS use frequency and body dissatisfaction in which some correlation was determined were used for this meta-analysis. The current study also chose to evaluate three different moderators: gender, age, and measurement type. Correlations from each study were collected in order to compute a single pooled effect size. The proportion of men and mean age were also collected from each study in order to assess the gender and age moderators. Types of measurements were coded either as 0 (study used a measurement specifically designed to assess body satisfaction/dissatisfaction) or 1 (study used a subscale from a larger measurement that assessed body satisfaction/dissatisfaction). The pooled effect size showed significance in the overall association between SNS use frequency and body dissatisfaction which supports the findings of previous research. However, neither of the moderators were found to be significant, ultimately rejecting the hypothesis of the current study. This finding may be due to the major limitation of the lack of research available surrounding this topic.

scholarly journals Career stability in turbulent times: A cross-cohort study of mid-careers in Finland

2021 ◽  
pp. 000169932098342
Author(s):  
Aart-Jan Riekhoff ◽  
Satu Ojala ◽  
Pasi Pyöriä
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Turbulent Times ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regression Decomposition ◽  
Career Stability

In this article, we investigate whether the mid-career stability of Finnish men and women has changed for the birth cohorts 1958 to 1972 and, if so, what the driving forces are behind such changes. We analyse career stability during a 15-year period following the age of 30 using ‘career turbulence’ indicators. To identify the impact of cyclical and structural changes in the labour market, we analyse the association between initial employment status and sector with subsequent career stability. We distinguish between sectors that are exposed to a greater or lesser extent to global competition, those that are characterised by goods production or service provision, and those that are part of the market or non-market sector. In a series of OLS regression and regression decomposition analyses, we also control for the impact of education, regional unemployment and family-formation processes. The results show little change in mid-career stability across cohorts. Stability increased somewhat when only including transitions between employment and non-employment, whereas slight destabilisation was observed when accounting for changes between jobs. The findings indicate that the small changes in stability across cohorts were mostly driven by structural changes in the labour market, albeit with different mechanisms for men and women.

De onstuitbare opkomst van de werkende vrouw

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter van der Meer
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Market Position ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Labour Market Position ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Job Levels

The irrepressible advance of working women The irrepressible advance of working women In this research note we gather the information about differences in labour market position between men and women that is scattered throughout the report ‘De kwalitatieve structuur van de werkgelegenheid in Nederland, deel V’ and re-analyse some of the data. The main findings are that in 2000 the difference between men and women with regard to overeducation has disappeared and that in 2000 the differences in job levels disappeared, too. Furthermore we found evidence that young women have higher job levels than young men in 2000. Only the glass ceiling holds the advancement of women back.

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