scholarly journals FOREST TERRITORIES IN THE PLANNING STRUCTURE OF LVIV

2021 ◽  
pp. 232-247
Author(s):  
Halyna Petryshyn ◽  
Roman Liubytskyy
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Large City ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
Suburban Forests ◽  
The City

The sphere of life of a large city includes forests as a natural resource and areas of its expansion and now they serve to implement modern eco-trends. In the evolution of Lviv we can distinguish several stages of relation to forested areas: 1 - exemption from forests of areas suitable for farming, horticulture and construction; 2 – the early 19th century. - planting of new forests for economic and rehabilitation purposes; 3 - the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries - the development of the recreational function of forests under the influence of hygienists, especially at water sources; 4 - the end of the 19th century and before 1939 - the development of the city of Lviv with new streets and compact plots according to the urban concepts of "villa in the park" and "garden city", which are wedged into the forest park areas; 5 - the second half of the 20th century. The rapid territorial development of industrial Lviv causes the emergence of large residential areas on the outskirts of the city. According to strict regulatory requirements for providing residents with green areas, part of the suburban forests were allocated for the establishment of local parks. A trade union recreation centers are developing around the city; 6 - 1980s - under the influence of the concept of a polarized landscape in conditions of state ownership of land and its resources, in suburban forests and in the city, separate plots with unique characteristics are distinguished, on the basis of which objects of nature reserve fund are created; 7 - from the 1990s and until now - the spreading of the city and the defragmentation of forests are observed. At the same time, the creation of new nature reserve facilities in Lviv and in the suburban area were performed as well as the formation of new reserves and their inclusion into European ecological networks. At the same time, the process of permanent alienation of forest areas in favor of the spread of development is intensifying. The most vulnerable are the territories of Bryukhovychi and Vynnyky forest parks, which are fully included in the united territorial community of Lviv approved in 2020.

scholarly journals PLAN PLESZEWA Z XIX WIEKU – WIZUALIZACJA TEMATYCZNA

1970 ◽  
pp. 101-114
Author(s):  
Dariusz Lorek
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Valuable Resource ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The City

In the early 19th century, cartographic studies typically satisfied military or administrative needs. The idea behind drawing a map of Pleszew in 1806 was to show the condition of the city following a great fire. The plan distinguishes between the burnt down areas and ones saved from the fire. While the legend is small, including few explanations and the markings on the sheet are moderately distributed, the analyzed city map is a valuable resource of information which can be presented in the form of thematic visualizations. The article presents studies into the information provided by the map of Pleszew in terms of the scope of content and its spatial distribution; a method of arrangement thereof has also been proposed. The decision to attribute specific objects to separate layers has offered an opportunity of selecting the content according to various criteria and presenting it in the form of thematic visualizations.

scholarly journals MODERN TRENDS IN THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC BUSINESS SPACES

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-102
Author(s):  
М. Макарова ◽  
M. Makarova ◽  
Е. Ладик ◽  
Elena Ladik ◽  
С. Киселев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large City ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The City

This article examines the urban public and business subcenters as secondary elements of the city system, the closest in properties to its main center. The criteria defining the public business subcenters are highlighted. The current trends in the formation of social and business subcenters in large cities and megalopolises are considered. Analysis of world experience is produced. Foreign concepts of spatial development are analyzed on the example of several existing urban subcenters. Various available cartographic materials and literature sources have been studied. They cover the development of urban business centers and various aspects of urban development. The methods of spatial formation of the planning structure of urban public business subcenters are highlighted: the cluster and channel. The development stages of urban subcenters from the territory of concentration of small trade and residential establishments to large-scale multifunctional urban planning formations are presented. The prospects for the development of business subcenters in major cities of the Russian Federation are analyzed and trends are identified: social and business polycentrism, disposition of administrative and business centers on the outskirts of cities and the formation of self-organizing business subcenters, mainly based on shopping and entertainment centers in residential areas. Prospects for development of urban subcenter in a large city are considered on the example of the city of Belgorod. Conclusions are drawn on the need to develop new models of urban public business subcenters taking into consideration the modern planning specifics of large cities and megalopolises of the Russian Federation. Models of urban public business subcenters must meet the requirements of polyfunctionality, to have high architectural and town planning qualities, to take into account the needs of population in the design area and to ensure the sustainable development of the urban periphery.

Origins of a Modern Indian Capitalist Class in Bombay

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Boehme
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Western India ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Business Elite ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Commercial Networks ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

In India, as in much of the world, the 19th century witnessed the emergence of urban capitalist classes, effected by the rapid growth of global mercantile capitalism and, later, industrial manufacturing. As a colonial city, Bombay—like its eastern counterpart, Calcutta—developed two connected, but distinct business communities: one, a European community with foreign, imperial connections, and the other, an Indian community with roots in long-standing regional networks. In Bombay, the latter took the form of a class known as the “Merchant Princes,” who capitalized on long-standing commercial traditions in western India and their ability to command both Indian and colonial networks to establish themselves as commercial powerhouses. These commercial networks and patterns of behavior, established before the arrival of the British, had an indelible impact on the character of Indian business in colonial Bombay. The business community brought such traditions with them when they migrated to Bombay at the end of the 18th century and used them to build the famous mercantile firms of the early 19th century. The Indian business elite likewise built collaborative links within their own community to expand their business interests; when barriers erected by the colonial establishment sought to limit their expansion, Indian businessmen used the resources at their disposal (both in the Indian hinterland and within the city itself) to circumvent them. Class identity similarly began to emerge as they cooperatively campaigned for particular agendas, intended to improve the fortunes of the entire community. They fought for greater influence in the Bombay government—in line with the wealth they then commanded—and used their financial resources to mold the physical and intellectual landscape of the city in their favor.

New York and the Origin of the Skyline: The Visual City as Text

Prospects ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 225-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The North ◽  
Major Period ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Skyline View ◽  
The City ◽  
New Yorkers

How do we visualize our large cities? What kinds of shapes, overall, do we imagine them to have? These questions would have brought different answers in each major period of urban change in our country's development. Each period seemed to develop a favored perspective. Eighteenth and early-19th-century New Yorkers thought of the city as it looked when one approached it by sea from the harbor. Mid-19th-century viewers imagined a city seen from a bird's eye view like that provided by the Latting Observatory on 42nd Street, stretching to the north. By the end of the century, the approach to the city by rail and road began to encourage a new perspective on the city, silhouetted against the skywhat we have come to know as the skyline view. Each of these perspectives on the city reflects something about the urban culture of the period that created and favored the perspective. In the values and meaning that have become associated with it, the skyline is no exception.

scholarly journals Cape Town Harmonies: Memory, Humour and Resilience

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armelle Gaulier ◽  
Denis-Constant Martin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Public Cultures ◽  
University Of Cape Town ◽  
The City ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Research Tools

"Cape Town's public cultures can only be fully appreciated through recognition of its deep and diverse soundscape. We have to listen to what has made and makes a city. The ear is an integral part of the research tools one needs to get a sense of any city. We have to listen to the sounds that made and make the expansive mother city. Various of its constituent parts sound different from each other [T]here is the sound of the singing men and their choirs (teams they are called) in preparation for the longstanding annual Malay choral competitions. The lyrics from the various repertoires they perform are hardly ever written down. [] There are texts of the hallowed Dutch songs but these do not circulate easily and widely. Researchers dream of finding lyrics from decades ago, not to mention a few generations ago back to the early 19th century. This work by Denis Constant Martin and Armelle Gaulier provides us with a very useful selection of these songs. More than that, it is a critical sociological reflection of the place of these songs and their performers in the context that have given rise to them and sustains their relevance. It is a necessary work and is a very important scholarly intervention about a rather neglected aspect of the history and present production of music in the city." Shamil Jeppie, Associate Professor, Department of Historical Studies, University of Cape Town

De trekvliet en de maliebaan in Leiden

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-317
Author(s):  
Martijn Storms
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Hague ◽  
City Walls ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

Abstract The Trekvliet canal and the pall-mall at Leiden Pall-mall was a popular lawn game in the 17th century. The oldest pall-mall in the Netherlands was built in The Hague in 1606. Leiden was one of the universities with such a facility. In 1581, Leiden University already had several courts for ball sports. Some manuscript maps show their locations outside the city walls. The building of a pall-mall in Leiden coincided with the digging of the canal for horse-drawn boats to The Hague and Delft. The first plans for a boat canal probably date from around 1633 and the canal was completed in 1637. Alongside, between the boat canal and the Leiden city walls, a pall-mall was built, about 700 meters in length. The university bought some plots of land from the Leiden orphanage, on which the lawn was built. The history of the building of the boat canal and pall-mall is documented in several property maps and town plans that have survived. In the university’s archive, a concept of regulations of the Leiden pall-mall is kept, which gives insight in how the game had to be played and into the rules that the students had to adhere to. The pall-mall remained in use until at least the end of the 18th century. On the cadastral plan from the early 19th century (1811-1832) the strip of land is still owned by the university but indicated as ‘economic garden’ and the heyday of pall-mall was over.

Convents and Monasteries

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-156
Author(s):  
Alejandro Vera
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sacred Music ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Musical Life ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Musical Genres ◽  
The City

This chapter studies musical life in convents and monasteries during the colonial period. Among other aspects, it shows how music represented for the nuns both a tool for entering the convent and an authentic vocation. It explores the musical links between monastic institutions, and between them and the cathedral, explaining how these frequent contacts facilitated the circulation of musicians and sacred music throughout the city. It also studies the prevailing instruments, repertoires, and musical genres, including music performed by drummers and trumpeters during the main fiestas. Finally, it also analyzes some pieces preserved in the cathedral, but linkable to religious orders, such as three lessons for the Dead by the Franciscan Cristóbal de Ajuria, some villancicos composed for the profession of nuns, and a villancico entitled “Qué hará Perote pasmado,” possibly composed for a monastery in the early 19th century. All of this contributes to situating monastic music in Santiago’s soundscape.

scholarly journals The Ostromir Gospel: the oldest dated handwritten book of the Eastern Slavs

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Igor I. Kaliganov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
National Library ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Excellent Model ◽  
The City

The article talks about the oldest East Slavic dated manuscript: the Ostromir Gospel 1056–57. It takes its name from the Novgorod mayor Ostromir, a trusted associate of the Kievan Prince, who appointed him to manage the city. It is most likely that Ostromir presented this splendid gospel at the newly built cathedral of St. Sophia, the main church of northwest Rus’. This precious manuscript had a colourful fate: in addition to Novgorod, it was at various times kept in Moscow and St. Petersburg, in possession of Russian emperors and empresses until it was transferred in the early 19th century to library storage and is now located in the Russian National Library of St. Petersburg. The Ostromir Gospel serves as an excellent model for studying the written literary language of Old Rus’, Slavo-Russian paleography and the art of illuminated manuscripts, in particular their initials, borders and miniatures. The distant protograph of Ostromir Gospel may have been one of the Bulgarian manuscripts from Great Preslav, the capital of Bulgaria at the end of the 9th — 10th centuries.

scholarly journals Amid the Changing Landscape of City, Class and Imperial Russian Policy: The Habitus of the Kaunas Urban Elite and Their Symbolic Representation in the Early 19th Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-85
Author(s):  
Remigijus Civinskas
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Major Topic ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban Elite ◽  
The City

Changing 19th-century socio-economic identities have been a major topic of debate among European historians. Obviously, there are disagreements over the scientific analysis and objectivity of identities research in Lithuanian and Western historical narratives. This is especially relevant when discussing the specific characteristics of urban society. In this article, the author analyses the social identities of the Kaunas burgher elite, and the factors which affected the group in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The theoretical approach of the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu is used to describe the phenomenon. The habitus concept is used to analyse the facts, as it helps to reveal representations of the identification of elites with the city and estate structures (the early Kaunas urban tradition and the new Imperial Russian classes).

scholarly journals FEATURES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN MAGNITOGORSK UNDER CONDITIONS OF CONTINUOUS IMPACT OF MAN-GENERAL DISCHARGES FROM THE WORKSHOPS OF MATALLURGICAL COMBINE INTO THE URBAN ATMOSPHERE

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
O. M. Shentsova ◽  
V. S. Fedosikhin
Keyword(s):  
Large City ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Urban Atmosphere ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
The South ◽  
Industrial Dust ◽  
The City

Ensuring and maintaining the environmental safety of the urban population living in an industrial city in the vicinity of a large city-forming enterprise in conditions of constant emission of industrial dust and gases into the air has always been and is today one of the urgent problems of the architecture of the city of Magnitogorsk. The article examines the historically existing urban planning situation in Magnitogorsk in the conditions of the climate and wind direction of the South Urals, the accounting of which largely contributes to the protective qualities of the air despite the significant emissions of man-made pollution into the atmosphere of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK). The original location of industrial buildings and residential areas during the construction of Magnitogorsk was carried out in the 30s of the XX century on the basis of a purely economic approach, bringing housing as close as possible to production, not taking into account wind flows from the construction site and cutting down perennial trees on the slopes of magnetic mountains for the construction of buildings and structures ... After 10 years of MMK operation, the significant role of the South Ural wind in maintaining the ecological situation in the city was proved. Until now, thousands of city residents continue to live in close proximity to MMK, feeling the harmfulness of industrial emissions that pollute the atmosphere. Later, the residential zone of the city began to develop to the south along the right bank, and the industrial zone to the north along the left bank of the river, thus creating further many unfavorable environmental problems that sometimes have to be eliminated.

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