scholarly journals LATVIAN POLICE BATTALIONS IN THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
V.N. Benda

The article attempts to highlight the activities of Latvian police battalions and Legionnaires "Wafen SS" during the great Patriotic war in the territory of the Belarusian SSR. Some issues related to the establishment, structure and participation of Latvian police units and formations in punitive operations carried out by the occupation authorities on the territory of Belarus against partisans and civilians are highlighted. The author focuses on the fact that during the struggle against the Nazi occupiers and their accomplices, the Belarusian people suffered huge losses. The article provides examples of cruelty and atrocities committed by the punishers of special SS units and police units that took part in the massacres of the civilian population of the Republic. The conclusion is confirmed that the Nazi occupation authorities, during the great Patriotic war, purposefully pursued a policy of genocide against the population who found themselves in the occupied territory, including in Belarus.

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-622
Author(s):  
E. E. Krasnozhenova ◽  
◽  
S. V. Kulinok ◽  

During the Great Patriotic War, a massive and well-organized partisan movement developed on the territory of the BSSR. In the conditions of struggle behind enemy lines, the material and technical (including food) support for “forest soldiers” was of crucial importance for its quantitative and qualitative growth. The initial policy of the Soviet government to maximize the self-sufficiency of partisan detachments at the expense of trophies and food captured from the enemy was ineffective. With the creation of the Belarusian headquarters of the partisan movement, as well as with the organization of partisan airfields and sites, the supply of food (primarily salt and tobacco) became regular. The main source of food for the “forest soldiers” were products obtained during procurement and economic operations from the civilian population. Because of the “food issue.” the attitude of the local population to the partisans was not always positive. There were cases of abuses by the partisan leadership during procurement operations, as well as cases of looting. The leading partisan and party bodies actively fought against offenses among the partisans, but it was not possible to completely eradicate this phenomenon. At the same time, in some cases partisans themselves distributed food and livestock to the civilian population. In some detachments and brigades, small enterprises were organized that produced food products (creameries, small slaughterhouses, bakeries, etc.). In general, during the occupation, the partisans managed to solve the issue of food supply to one degree or another, which had a positive impact on the dynamics of growth in the number of “forest soldiers” and on the combat and moral qualities of the personnel.


2021 ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Е.Х. АПАЖЕВА ◽  
А.А. ТАТАРОВ

В центре исследования лежит феномен бандитизма, под которым традиционно понимают как уголовные преступления, так и политически мотивированное антисоветское вооруженное подполье в контексте Великой Отечественной войны. Методы исследования базируются на анализе советской политико-юридической терминологии 1920–1940-х гг., оценочных позиций и количественных данных в документах и справках. Изучение кейса Кабардино-Балкарии, республики, претерпевшей прифронтовые боевые действия, нацистскую оккупацию и депортацию одного из титульных народов, открывает возможность проследить факторы влияния на динамику преступности и учет ее численности. Авторы демонстрируют противоречия в количественных данных по бандитизму в документах органов безопасности и армейских сводках. Показано, что до и в период Великой Отечественной войны не сложилась четкая грань между политическим бандитизмом и преступлениями против управленческого и хозяйственного порядка, а условия войны в значительной степени политизировали проявления локальной преступности. По мнению авторов, смешение уголовного и политического бандитизма повлияло на структуру и содержание справок о политическом состоянии в национальных автономиях. В случае с обвиненными в массовом предательстве и депортированными балкарцами оценка численности бандитизма сопряжена с рядом факторов – проживание балкарцев в горной части республики, которая традиционно привлекала правонарушителей разных национальностей; влияние планирования депортации на процесс составления документов по бандитизму. Обоснованно то, что в тыловой зоне Кабардино-Балкарии немецкие диверсии не смогли оказать существенного влияния на развитие вооруженного подполья в наиболее активной фазе его развития в 1942–1944 гг. The article investigates the phenomenon of banditry, which is traditionally understood as both criminal offenses and the politically motivated anti-Soviet armed underground in the context of the Great Patriotic War. The research methods are based on the analysis of the Soviet political and legal terminology of the 1920s – 1940s, as well as estimated positions and quantitative data in documents and references. The exploration of the case of Kabardino-Balkaria, a republic that suffered front-line hostilities, Nazi occupation, deportation of one of the titular ethnic groups, opens up the possibility of tracing the factors influencing both the dynamics of crime and accounting for its number. The authors demonstrate contradictions in quantitative data on banditry in the documents of the security agencies and army reports. In view of the fact there was no clear line between political banditry and crimes against the management and economic order before and during the Great Patriotic War, the conditions of the war largely politicized the manifestations of local crime. The authors point out that mixing of criminal and political banditry influenced the structure and content of information on the political situation in Soviet national autonomies. In the case of the deported Balkar people, the accusations of mass betrayal and the estimation of the banditry levels are associated with certain factors – the residence of Balkars in the mountainous part of the republic, which traditionally attracted offenders of different nationalities; the impact of deportation planning on the process of drafting documents on banditry. It is argued that in the rear front in Kabardino-Balkaria, Nazi German sabotage groups did not have a significant impact on the development of the armed underground in the most active phase of its development in 1942-1944.


Author(s):  
Elena A. Kosovan ◽  

The paper provides a review on the joint Russian-Belarusian tutorial “History of the Great Patriotic War. Essays on the Shared History” published for the 75th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War. The tutorial was prepared within the project “Belarus and Russia. Essays on the Shared History”, implemented since 2018 and aimed at publishing a series of tutorials, which authors are major Russian and Belarusian historians, archivists, teachers, and other specialists in human sciences. From the author’s point of view, the joint work of specialists from the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in such a format not only contributes to the deepening of humanitarian integration within the Union state, but also to the formation of a common educational system on the scale of the Commonwealth of Independent States or the Eurasian integration project (Eurasian Economic Union – EEU). The author emphasises the high research and educational significance of the publication reviewed when noting that the teaching of history in general and the history of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War in particular in post-Soviet schools and institutes of higher education is complicated by many different issues and challenges (including external ones, which can be regarded as information aggression by various extra-regional actors).


2021 ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Татьяна Васильевна Галкина

Подведены первые итоги реализации Всероссийского патриотического мегапроекта «Карта Победы – 2025» применительно к г. Томску и Томской области на примере локального патриотического проекта «Тыловой Томск на Карте Победы». Одна из целей проекта – выявление неучтенных потерь мирного населения Томской области в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Впервые в научный оборот введены архивные сведения Департамента записи актов гражданского состояния (ЗАГС) Томской области о количестве записей актов о смерти, зарегистрированных территориальными отделами ЗАГС за период с 1940 по 1945 г. При этом количество человеческих потерь оказалось настолько чудовищным, что сравнимо с военными потерями Томской области за годы Великой Отечественной войны: военных потерь – 60 619 человек, тыловых – 59 159. В свете этих данных представляется необходимым дальнейшее изучение феномена «тыл как социально ответственная территория». Полученные данные открывают новый пласт исторических реалий военного времени в глубоком сибирском тылу, которые необходимо оценивать с позиций нацистского геноцида против народов СССР в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Представлены организационно-педагогические технологии реализации проекта «Тыловой Томск на Карте Победы», содержащего научно-исследовательскую (историческую) и презентационную (с использованием технологии дополненной реальности – QR-кодирования) части. Многоплановость и сложность реализации патриотического проекта по тыловой проблематике являются незаменимым «полигоном» для закрепления профессиональных компетенций будущего учителя-патриота. The article is devoted to the first results of the implementation of the All-Russian Patriotic Mega-Project “Victory Map – 2025” in relation to the city of Tomsk and the Tomsk region on the example of the local patriotic project “Rear Tomsk on the Victory Map”. One of the goals of the project was to identify unaccounted losses of the civilian population of the Tomsk region during the Great Patriotic War. The article for the first time introduces into scientific circulation archival information of the Department of Civil Registration of the Tomsk region on the number of death records registered by the territorial departments of the registry office for the period from 1940 to 1945. At the same time, the number of human losses was so mon strous that it is comparable to the military losses of the Tomsk region during the Great Patriotic War: military losses – 60,619 people, rear losses – 59159 people. In the light of these data, it seems necessary to further study the phenomenon of “rear as a socially responsible territory”. The obtained figures open a new layer of historical realities of wartime in the deep Siberian rear, which was one of the bridgeheads of an invisible, but no less terrible war with huge human losses among the civilian population. The article presents organizational and pedagogical technologies for the implementation of the project “Rear Tomsk on the Victory Map”, containing research (historical) and presentation (using augmented reality technology – QR-coding) parts. The multifaceted and complexity of the implementation of the patriotic project on logistics issues is an indispensable “testing ground” for consolidating the professional competencies of the future patriotic teacher.


Author(s):  
Irina Shopina ◽  
Serhii Tarasov

The article contains an analysis of the laws and regulations of the Republic of Estonia that cover protection of civilians. It is also including the role, functions and tasks of the subjects of protection of the civilians during: crisis informing, evacuation, preemptive actions and emergency assistance to the population during a crisis. In addition, possible ways to increase the awareness of the civilian population of the Republic of Estonia in the event of a crisis are analyzed.


Author(s):  
Tat'yana Aleksandrovna Smirnova ◽  
Sergei Aleksandrovich Machinskii

The object of this research is the destruction of civilian population that fell into the encirclement of the 2nd Shock Army during the Lyuban offensive operation of aimed at relieving the siege of Leningrad. The relevance of the topic of the tragedy of civilian population is substantiated by the the need to recognize extermination and genocide of USSR population during the Great Patriotic War on the international level, due to initiation by the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation of a criminal case on the genocide of USSR population by the Nazi and their accomplices.. This requires the search community to be directly involved and document the results of pilot work and discovered information on the destroyed civilians. The authors indicate insufficient coverage of the tragedy of civilian population in comparison with the study of the fate of army and military personnel. The facts of the genocide of civilians – children, women, and senior population – were established in the course of pilot work. The article describes the experience of finding a previously unknown place of mass shooting of the dwellers of the Village of Vditsko of Novgorod Oblast, during search operations; as well as discloses the information about the factors and circumstances of destruction of the civilians based on pilot work, exhumation, reminiscences of the locals, and archival materials.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 226-238
Author(s):  
Alexandеr Epifanov ◽  
Elena Krasnozhenova

The article is devoted to the organizational and legal foundations of the activities of the Stalingrad bodies of internal affairs and state security to establish the Nazi occupation regime and the administration that carried it out in 1942—1943. On the basis of archival materials, many of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the authors reveal the system of Hitler’s occupation bodies, as well as the atrocities committed by their functionaries.


1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (254) ◽  
pp. 268-278
Author(s):  
Jean de Preux

In case of armed conflict, the following groups are entitled to relief:— the civilian population of an occupied territory (Fourth Conv., Art. 59; Prot. I, Art. 69);— the civilian population of a territory under the control of a party to the conflict, other than an occupied territory (Fourth Conv., Art. 23, 38; Prot. I, Art. 70);— prisoners of war and civilian internees in the territory of a Party to the conflict or in an occupied territory (Third Conv., Art. 72; Fourth Conv., Art. 108).


1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (84) ◽  
pp. 135-137

On receipt of messages from the Delegates in Saigon of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the League of Red Cross Societies concerning the new needs of the civilian population in the Republic of Vietnam as a result of recent events, the ICRC and the League sent the following joint appeal to the National Societies on the 9th February, 1968:View new situation created by extension hostilities Vietnam ICRC and League appeal National SocietiesRepublic Vietnam Government request behalf 500,000 newly displaced persons whom 100,000 Saigon in order priority foodstuffs specially milk medicaments clothing. Vietnam Red Cross assisted by ICRC and League Delegates organising milk distribution to 100,000 displaced persons Saigon. Funds already sent enable commencement this first action in close liaison ICRC League Geneva and locally.


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