scholarly journals LC-MS/MS method development for quantitative analysis of cyanogenic glycosides in elderberry and lipid peroxidation products in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Michael Kwame Appenteng
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation Products ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Phospholipid Species

Cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) are naturally occurring plant molecules (nitrogenous plant secondary metabolites) which consist of an aglycone and a sugar moiety. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is released from these compounds following enzymatic hydrolysis causing potential toxicity issues. The presence of CNGs in American elderberry (AE) fruit, Sambucus nigra (subsp. canadensis), is uncertain. A sensitive, reproducible and robust LC-MS/MS method was developed and optimized for accurate identification and quantification of the intact glycoside. A complimentary picrate paper test method was modified to determine the total cyanogenic potential (TCP). TCP analysis was performed using a camera-phone and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. A method validation was conducted, and the developed methods were successfully applied to the assessment of TCP and quantification of intact CNGs in different tissues of AE samples. Results showed no quantifiable trace of CNGs in commercial AE juice. Levels of CNGs found in various fruit tissues of AE cultivars studied ranged from between 0.12-6.38 [micro-gram]/g. In pressed juice samples, the concentration range measured was 0.29-2.36 [micro-gram]/mL and in seeds the amounts was 0.12-2.38 [micro-gram]/g. TCP was highest in the stems and green berries. CNG levels in all tissues were generally low and at a level that poses no threat to consumers of fresh and processed AE products. The abundance of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in phospholipids in the brain and retina has generated interest to search for its role in mediating neurological functions. Besides the source of many oxylipins with pro-resolving properties, DHA also undergoes peroxidation, producing 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE), although its function remains elusive. Despite wide dietary consumption, whether supplementation of DHA may alter the peroxidation products and their relationship to phospholipid species in brain and other body organs have not been explored sufficiently. In this study, adult mice were administered a control or DHA-enriched diet for three weeks, and phospholipid species and peroxidation products were examined in brain, heart and plasma. Results demonstrated that this dietary regimen increased (n-3) and decreased (n-6) species to different extent in all major phospholipid classes (PC, dPE, PE-pl, PI and PS) examined. Besides changes in phospholipid species, DHA-enriched diet also showed substantial increases in 4-HHE in brain, heart and plasma. Among different brain regions, the hippocampus responded to the DHA-enriched diet showing significant increase in 4-HHE. Considering the pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways mediated by the (n-6) and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, unveiling the ability for DHA-enriched diet to alter phospholipid species and lipid peroxidation products in the brain and in different body organs may be an important step forward towards understanding the mechanism(s) for this (n-3) fatty acid on health and diseases. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by restricted social communication and repetitive behaviors. Prenatal stress is critical in neurodevelopment and increases risk for ASD, particularly in those with greater genetic susceptibility to stress. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the most abundant [omega]-3 fatty acids in mammalian brain, and dietary [omega]-3 fatty acid affects the development and maintenance of brain structure. We investigated whether prenatal supplementation of DHA alleviates autistic-like behaviors in a gene/stress mouse model and how it alters lipid peroxidation activity in the brain. Pregnant heterozygous serotonin transporter knockout (SERT-KO) and wild-type (WT) dams were placed in either non-stressed control conditions or chronic variable stress conditions and fed either a control diet or a DHA-rich (1 [percent] by wt) diet. Offspring of each group were assessed for anxiety and autism-associated behavior at post-natal day 60, including an open field test, elevatedplus maze test, repetitive behavior, and the 3-chamber social approach test. Our LC-MS-based method was used to follow changes in peroxidation product concentrations in mouse plasma, heart, and cerebral cortex.

scholarly journals Use of Active Salmon-Lecithin Nanoliposomes to Increase Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Bioavailability in Cortical Neurons and Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11859
Author(s):  
Elodie Passeri ◽  
Kamil Elkhoury ◽  
Maria Camila Jiménez Garavito ◽  
Frédéric Desor ◽  
Marion Huguet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Rat Embryo ◽  
Negative Particle ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) play an important role in the development, maintenance, and function of the brain. Dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFAs in neurological diseases has been a subject of particular interest in preventing cognitive deficits, and particularly in age-related neurodegeneration. Developing strategies for the efficient delivery of these lipids to the brain has presented a challenge in recent years. We recently reported the preparation of n-3 PUFA-rich nanoliposomes (NLs) from salmon lecithin, and demonstrated their neurotrophic effects in rat embryo cortical neurons. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of these NLs to deliver PUFAs in cellulo and in vivo (in mice). NLs were prepared using salmon lecithin rich in n-3 PUFAs (29.13%), and characterized with an average size of 107.90 ± 0.35 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.25 ± 0.01, and a negative particle-surface electrical charge (−50.4 ± 0.2 mV). Incubation of rat embryo cortical neurons with NLs led to a significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (51.5%, p < 0.01), as well as palmitic acid, and a small decrease in oleic acid after 72 h (12.2%, p < 0.05). Twenty mice on a standard diet received oral administration of NLs (12 mg/mouse/day; 5 days per week) for 8 weeks. Fatty acid profiles obtained via gas chromatography revealed significant increases in cortical levels of saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid,) and n-6 (docosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid) PUFAs. This was not the case for the hippocampus or in the liver. There were no effects on plasma lipid levels, and daily monitoring confirmed NL biocompatibility. These results demonstrate that NLs can be used for delivery of PUFAs to the brain. This study opens new research possibilities in the development of preventive as well as therapeutic strategies for age-related neurodegeneration.

Supplementation of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids high in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increases plasma DHA concentration and may increase trot stride lengths in horses

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D Woodward ◽  
B D Nielsen ◽  
C I O'Connor ◽  
C D Skelly ◽  
S K Webel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractTwelve mature and six 2-year-old Arabian horses were used to determine the effect of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma fatty acids and lameness. Lameness scores and stride lengths were measured on day 0. Horses were striated and pair-matched according to age, gender, stride length and, for mature horses, lameness score, and each horse was fed either a treatment diet containing 5.95 g of stabilized omega-3 fatty acids plus a fat carrier (FA), for a total of 19.4 g fat, or a control diet containing 49 g of corn oil (CO) for 75 days. Horses were exercised 5 d week− 1, and blood samples were drawn and body weights recorded on days 0, 25, 50 and 75. Lameness scores and stride lengths were recorded again on day 75. Total plasma omega-3 fatty acid concentrations were higher on all days in FA horses than in CO horses. Total plasma omega-6 fatty acids increased from days 0 to 25, remained elevated through day 50 and returned to baseline on day 75 in all horses. The ratio of plasma omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids was lower in FA horses. Horses on FA had increased plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on days 25, 50 and 75. No difference in walk stride length was noted; however, FA horses tended to have a longer trot stride after supplementation when compared with CO horses. No differences were seen in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) metabolite or tumour necrosis factor-α as measured in blood serum. In summary, supplementing omega-3 fatty acids increases plasma DHA, although there was no overall increase in omega-3 in FA horses. While a trend to increase trot stride length was seen, no differences in lameness scores between treatments were noted.

The effects of dietary microalgae (Schizochytrium spp.) and fish oil in layers on docosahexaenoic acid omega-3 enrichment of the eggs

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kaewsutas ◽  
A. Sarikaphuti ◽  
T. Nararatwanchai ◽  
P. Sittiprapaporn ◽  
P. Patchanee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Omega 6

SummaryNutritional manipulation of diets for layers can help to naturally modify the nutritional content of eggs. The objective of this study was to increase the concentration of the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the egg yolk by feeding a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids from microalgae compared to one containing fish oil to layers. A total of 480 layers (Babcock B308) aged 28 weeks old were divided into four treatment groups with four replicates per treatment. The layers were fed a control diet, a diet containing 4% crude salmon oil, or microalgae (Schizochytrium spp.) at 1% or 2% in the diet for eight weeks. Feed intake and egg production were recorded daily and egg quality tested every two weeks. There were no significant differences between the control and treatment groups as regards feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, albumin height, and Haugh unit of the eggs. The egg samples were obtained at the start of the trial, four weeks and eight weeks for the analysis of the fatty acid profile in the eggs. The DHA level in the eggs from layers fed even 1% or 2% algae was higher (P < 0.05) compared to the level from those fed with the control diet and 4% fish oil supplementation. The omega 6:3 ratio in eggs was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) compared to the control diet and the fish oil groups. Feeding 2% microalgae (Schizochytrium spp.) in hen diet resulted in an increase in the DHA level (above 100 mg/egg) and a decrease in the omega 6:3 ratio to the optimal level. The trial demonstrated that DHA concentration in eggs can be enriched through nutritional management of layers by using algae supplementation in order to provide more favourable fatty acids for consumers.

Feeding flaxseed enhances deposition of omega-3 fatty acids in broiler meat portions in different manner

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jia ◽  
A. Rogiewicz ◽  
H L Bruce ◽  
B A Slominski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Broiler Meat

Feeding a diet containing 12% flaxseed for 36 d significantly increased the n-3 fatty acid deposition in broiler meat. Based on this study, consuming 100 g of such fatty acid-enriched breast meat, whole leg or wing, a total of 0.2, 1.6 and 2.0 g of n-3 fatty acids, including 10.4, 20.3 and 25.3 mg of docosahexaenoic acid, respectively, would be provided by each portion, which offers consumers an alternative to enhance their daily n-3 fatty acid intake.Key words: Flaxseed, n-3 fatty acid, broiler chicken

An Ω-3 fatty acid-deficient diet during gestation induces depressive-like behavior in rats: the role of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) system

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 3481-3488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimi Tang ◽  
Yiping Liu ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Huande Li ◽  
Hualin Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
System P

Low intake of omega-3 (Ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with postpartum depression.

scholarly journals Docosahexaenoic Acid

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Calder
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Lipid Mediator ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Neuronal Signalling ◽  
Membrane Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain, highly unsaturated omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid. It has a structure that gives it unique physical and functional properties. DHA is metabolically related to other n-3 fatty acids: it can be synthesised from the plant essential fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA). However, this pathway does not appear to be very efficient in many individuals, although the conversion of ALA to DHA is much better in young women than in young men. Furthermore, young infants may be more efficient converters of ALA to DHA than many adults, although the conversion rate is variable among infants. Many factors have been identified that affect the rate of conversion. The implication of poor conversion is that preformed DHA needs to be consumed. DHA is found in fairly high amounts in seafood, especially fatty fish, and in various forms of n-3 supplements. The amount of DHA in seafood and in supplements varies. Breast milk contains DHA. DHA is found esterified into complex lipids within the bloodstream, in adipose stores and in cell membranes. Its concentration in different compartments varies greatly. The brain and eye have high DHA contents compared to other organs. DHA is especially concentrated in the grey matter of the brain and in the rod outer segments of the retina. In the brain DHA is involved in neuronal signalling, while in the eye it is involved in the quality of vision. DHA is accumulated in the brain and eye late in pregnancy and in early infancy. A lower DHA content is linked to poorer cognitive development and visual function. DHA affects cell and tissue physiology and function through numerous mechanisms, including alterations in membrane structure and function, in membrane protein function, in cellular signalling and in lipid mediator production.

Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alter Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids and CYP2E1 Expression in Rat Liver Tissue

2015 ◽  
Vol 85 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 322-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Maksymchuk ◽  
Angela Shysh ◽  
Mykola Chashchyn ◽  
Olexiy Moibenko
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Cyp2e1 Expression

Abstract. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are used for the treatment and prevention of numerous pathologies in humans. As recently found, PUFAs play significantly protective roles in liver, cardiovascular system and kidney. They also are widely used in total parenteral nutrition. We evaluated the effect of omega-3 PUFA consumption on liver fatty acid composition and the expression of CYP2E1, one of the key enzymes in detoxification and prooxidant systems of liver cells. To estimate the oxidative stress in liver tissue, the antioxidant status and the level of lipid peroxidation were determined in a rodent model. Animals were divided into two groups: control (n = 10) and experimental (n = 10). Epadol-containing omega-3 PUFA fish oil capsules were administered to Wistar rats within 4 weeks (0.1 mL/100 g b.w./day). The consumption of omega-3 PUFAs resulted in changes of fatty acid composition of liver tissue. A significant increase was detected in the α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid content (5.1-, 16-, and 1.3-fold, respectively, p < 0.05), while the content of linoleic and arachidonic acid was reduced (1.7- and 3.2-fold, respectively, p < 0.05). This caused significant increases in the omega-3:omega-6 ratio. Consumption of omega-3 PUFAs led to a 3-fold (p < 0.05) increase in CYP2E1 content, which could entail enhanced Nrf2 expression levels and increases in the HO-1 content in rat liver. The alteration in CYP2E1 expression did not have an impact on the level of lipid peroxidation and on the prooxidant/antioxidant balance.

Docosahexaenoic acid enhances arsenic trioxide–mediated apoptosis in arsenic trioxide–resistant HL-60 cells

Blood ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 4990-4997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanda Sturlan ◽  
Melanie Baumgartner ◽  
Erich Roth ◽  
Thomas Bachleitner-Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Arsenic Trioxide ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation Products ◽  
Intracellular Ros

AbstractRecent reports indicate a broad spectrum of antileukemic activity for arsenic trioxide (As2O3) due to its ability to induce apoptosis via intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite its potent apoptotic mechanism, As2O3 is not equally effective in all leukemic cells, which has prompted a search for agents enhancing As2O3 efficacy. Recently, evidence has been gathered that the polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may sensitize tumor cells to ROS-inducing anticancer agents. The aim of our investigation was to evaluate whether DHA enhances As2O3-mediated apoptosis in As2O3-resistant HL-60 cells. While 1 μM As2O3 or 25 μM DHA reduced cell viability to 85.8% ± 2.9% and 69.2% ± 3.6%, combined treatment with As2O3 and DHA reduced viability to 13.0% ± 9.9% with a concomitant increase of apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death was preceded by collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased expression of proapoptotic B-cell lymphoma protein-2–associated X protein (Bax), and caspase-3 activation. Importantly, the combined effect of As2O3 and DHA was associated with increased production of intracellular ROS and toxic lipid peroxidation products and was abolished by the antioxidant vitamin E or when oleic acid (a nonperoxidizable fatty acid) was used in place of DHA. Intracellular ROS and toxic lipid peroxidation products most likely constitute the key mediators contributing to the combined effect of As2O3 and DHA. Our data provide the first evidence that DHA may help to extend the therapeutic spectrum of As2O3 and suggest that the combination of As2O3 and DHA could be more broadly applied in leukemia therapy.

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