Negation as a predictor of clausal complement choice in World Englishes

Research on complementizer selection has shown that the presence of a negative particle in a subordinate complement clause influences complement choice, leading to a relatively higher proportion of finite complementation patterns by increasing the complexity of the syntactic environment. Studies have also shown that different types of negation, namely not- and no-negation, increase the tendency towards more explicit complementation options (Rohdenburg 2015). The current study focuses on the effect of not- and no-negation on the complementation profile of the verb regret, which allows variation between finite that/zero-complement clauses and nonfinite (S) -ing clauses. The GloWbE corpus was used to create a data set of more than 4,000 examples from 16 varieties of English. The results of the analysis support previous findings that the presence of a negative marker in the complement clause increases the preference for finite patterns, especially in L2 varieties of English. However, contrary to the expectations of this study, no-negation was found to have a stronger effect on complement choice than not-negation.

Use of Active Salmon-Lecithin Nanoliposomes to Increase Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Bioavailability in Cortical Neurons and Mice

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) play an important role in the development, maintenance, and function of the brain. Dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFAs in neurological diseases has been a subject of particular interest in preventing cognitive deficits, and particularly in age-related neurodegeneration. Developing strategies for the efficient delivery of these lipids to the brain has presented a challenge in recent years. We recently reported the preparation of n-3 PUFA-rich nanoliposomes (NLs) from salmon lecithin, and demonstrated their neurotrophic effects in rat embryo cortical neurons. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of these NLs to deliver PUFAs in cellulo and in vivo (in mice). NLs were prepared using salmon lecithin rich in n-3 PUFAs (29.13%), and characterized with an average size of 107.90 ± 0.35 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.25 ± 0.01, and a negative particle-surface electrical charge (−50.4 ± 0.2 mV). Incubation of rat embryo cortical neurons with NLs led to a significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (51.5%, p < 0.01), as well as palmitic acid, and a small decrease in oleic acid after 72 h (12.2%, p < 0.05). Twenty mice on a standard diet received oral administration of NLs (12 mg/mouse/day; 5 days per week) for 8 weeks. Fatty acid profiles obtained via gas chromatography revealed significant increases in cortical levels of saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid,) and n-6 (docosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid) PUFAs. This was not the case for the hippocampus or in the liver. There were no effects on plasma lipid levels, and daily monitoring confirmed NL biocompatibility. These results demonstrate that NLs can be used for delivery of PUFAs to the brain. This study opens new research possibilities in the development of preventive as well as therapeutic strategies for age-related neurodegeneration.

Translation as a tool in linguistic analysis

The English conjunction ‘if’ and its functional equivalents in Russian and in Bulgarian, which normally introduce conditional clauses, have a variety of other functions which may or may not be connected with their invariant meanings. The use of ‘if’ in combination with the negative particle ‘not’ and with the comparative connective ‘as’ to introduce syntactic elements other than conditional clauses is characterised with a whole spectrum of func¬tional meanings, such as concession, gradation, implied suggestion, etc. These meanings and nuances of meaning, which sometimes pose real pro¬blems for the linguist, come to the surface in translations from and into English, Bulgarian and Russian. Interpretations and inter-language trans¬formations involved in the process of translation play the role of semantic analysis and reveal functional peculiarities which are often overlooked in mono-lingual or even in contrastive grammars.

Expressive Exclamation Constructions in the Position of an Online Newspaper Headline (on the Material of Russian, Chuvash and English Languages)

Ths article is aimed at identifying and comparing the syntactic models of expressive exclamation constructions in the headlines of the online versions of high-quality printed publications: the Vedomosti and the Izvestia (in Russian), the Khypar (in Chuvash), Th Times and Th Guardian (in English). Th research material is online newspaper headlines published in the period from 2017 to 2021. Th relevance of the work is explained by the fact that in the mass consumption of information on the Internet the title has the greatest potential for speech impact on the mass audience, realized by means of expressive syntax and punctuation. Th expressive exclamation structure of the online newspaper headline enhances its expressiveness, translates the author’s intentions, conveys the author’s emotions, forms opinions and encourages readers to act, etc. Depending on the type of speech inflence, the patterns of syntactic design of heading syntactic design in Russian, Chuvash and English are analyzed on the basis of speech influence (social, volitional, informational, explanatory, or emotional-evaluative). For instance, Russian headings of requests, orders and slogans are formed as an elliptical non-verbal construction, a sentence with a verb in the imperative mood and an appeal to a certain person, as well as a construction consisting of homogeneous predicates in the imperative mood. Chuvash headlines of requests, demands and slogans, and the titles that convey various emotions are represented by an exclamation construction with a verb in the imperative mood and a direct address, with a verb in the imperative mood and a negative particle, an indefiite personal sentence, elliptical and parcelled constructions. Expressive exclamation headings in English are based on two-part and segmented syntactic structures. Thse strategies for the design of expressive exclamation constructions in online newspaper headlines reflct the development of syntactic systems of the languages with diffrent structures and make a certain contribution to the development of theoretical foundations of comparative media stylistics.

LINGUAPRAGMATIC MEANS OF SATIRICAL METHODS REALISATION IN BRITISH MEDIA DISCOURSE

The article investigates linguopragmatic means of satirical methods realisation in British media discourse. The material for the research includes texts from British satirical magazine Private Eye (2019-2020). The aim of the survey is to establish linguopragmatic means of realisation of satirical methods in British media discourse within the framework of discursive approach to satire. To achieve the aim, we turned to the method of discourse analysis and functional pragmatic analysis. In terms of discursive approach to satire suggested by P. Simpson this article singles out two categories of satirical methods – metaphoric satirical method and metonymic satirical method. The study argues that metaphoric satirical method is realized with the help of intertextuality which presupposes overlapping of different domains. The article establishes that metaphoric satirical method is realized through the following intertextual figures: transformed quotation, allusion, calque, pastiche and precedent-related phenomena. The metonymic satirical method embraces stylistic techniques of saturation, attenuation and negation. The research claims that saturation is accomplished by means of repetitions, stylistic inconsistencies, abundance of academic style and terms, jargons, slang expressions and even vulgarisms. Linguistic means of attenuation include undercoding, euphemisms, litotes and paraphrasing. Means of negation embrace indefinite pronouns, the negative particle “not”, the adverb “never” and the lexemes which imply negation. Further research in this direction could be done in the investigation of correlation between satirical targets and prototypical linguopragmatic means of satirical methods realization in British media discourse.

Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 6. The Еxternal Logic

Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on the linguistics of the relationship (hereafter R-linguistics) and is concerned with the semantic interpretation in terms of the linguistic model that is the initial stage to consider the logic of natural language (external logic).Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. In particular, the verbal categorization method is used to represent concepts and verbs. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of logic and semantics of natural language, the previously formulated concept of the interpretation operator is used. The interpretation operator maps the sentences of the language into the model, taking into account the previously interpreted sentences.Results and discussion. The problems that arise during the operation of the natural language interpretation operator are analyzed using examples of text translation and utterance algebra. The source of problems is the dependence of the interpretation of sentences on the already accumulated results of interpretation. The features of the interpretation of negation and double negation in the language are analyzed. In particular, the negation of a sentence affects the interpretation of previous sentences, and double negation usually denotes a single negation with an indication of its scope. It is shown that even from the point of view of classical logic, linguistic negation is not unconditional, and the operation of concatenation is not commutative and associative. General rules of text interpretation in the form of step-by-step mapping of sentence elements into a linguistic model are formulated.Conlcusion. From the considered examples of the implementation of the interpretation operator, it follows that the negation of a sentence requires a change in the meaning of the operation of attributing sentences in the text. For this reason, the negative particle ”not” in the language is actually a label for changing the interpretation rule. The double negation rule in sentence logic does not hold, so sentences containing double negations are likely to contain information about the scope of the sentence negation in the text. Based on the analysis, the contours of the interpretation operator for the linguistic model are indicated.

First Evidence of Stage III Verbal Negation in Tunisian Coastal Dialects

The present paper provides a preliminary description of verbal negation in the two neighboring dialects of Mahdia and Chebba, belonging to the groups of Tunisian coastal village dialects. This dialectal group has been, so far, dramatically understudied, despite its importance for the dialectal geography and history of North African Arabic. Like most other varieties of Maghrebi Arabic, the dialects of Mahdia and Chebba underwent the so-called Jespersen’s cycle, consisting in the doubling of the original prefixal negation, in dialectal Arabic mā (Stage I), with a suffixal negative particle -š, resulting in the circumfixal negation mā … š (Stage II) and, eventually, in the loss of the prefixal mā (Stage III). With regard to Arabic, Stage III was so far undocumented in North Africa, with the exception of Maltese. This paper provides samples of the three different stages in the dialects under investigation and offers some hypotheses concerning the possible locus of innovation with regard to Tunisian, contributing to our knowledge of negation in North African Arabic.

Relationship of the verbal aspect with types of verbs in the constructions, meaning prohibition and methods of their transfer to persian language

Категория глагольного вида является одной из основных грамматических категорий в морфологии русского языка, которая вызывает трудности не только у иностранных студентов, изучающих русский язык, но и у работающих с ними преподавателей. Это связано с тем, что данная категория во многих языках отсутствует. Поэтому иностранные учащиеся сталкиваются с проблемой при выборе видов глагола и при переводе глагола с родного языка на русский. В русском языке, как известно, существует два вида глагола: совершенного и несовершенного вида. Замена видов глаголов во многих случаях приводит к изменению смысла всего предложения. Смысл целого предложения меняется также при замене видов глагола в конструкциях с модальным значением. Долженствование в русском языке может выражаться при помощи различных модальных значений. В настоящей статье исследуется употребление видов глаголов в конструкциях, где после модального глагола применяется отрицательная частица «не». Данная проблема изучается на основе примеров из официальных документов. Нами приводятся правила выбора видов глаголов в разных случаях и анализируются способы их перевода на персидский язык. Модальное значение глагола иногда может выражаться в форме долженствования, побуждающего не осуществлять какое-либо действие. Данное значение (близкое к значению запрещения) нельзя относить к формам с модальным значением запрещения. В этой работе мы ставим целью сравнить данные двух конструкций и изучить влияние отрицательной частицы «не» на выбор вида глаголов. Category of verbal aspect is one of the main grammatical categories in Russian morphology, which causes difficulty not only for foreign students, studying the Russian language, but also for their language teachers. The absence of this category in many languages as in the Persian language accounts for this. Therefore, foreign students face difficulty when choosing aspects of the verb and translating the verb from their native language into Russian. In the Russian language there are two kinds of verbal aspects: Perfective and Imperfective. Replacing the verbal aspects in many cases leads to the change of the meaning and gives it additional meanings. Replacement of the verbal aspects significantly affects the meanings in the modal constructions. Obligation is one of the various modal meaning in the Russian language. In this article we study the use of verbal aspects in constructions, where after modal wordthe negative particle ‘не’is used. This theme is studied based on the material taken from the official documents. In this article the rules for choosing verbal aspects in these cases and are presented methods of the transfer of the verbal aspects to Persian languageare presented. The modal meaning of a verb can sometimes be expressed in the form of a must, which encourages not to perform any action. This value (close to the prohibition value) cannot be attributed to forms with a modal prohibition value. In this work, we aim to compare the data of the two constructions and to study the influence of the negative particle ‘не’on the choice of the type of verbs.

The word order of negation in the history of Basque

This article investigates word order changes in negated periphrastic constructions in the history of Basque. A number of linguistic variables are argued to correlate with these changes: the negative particle ez is increasingly focalized in main clauses, the innovative pattern negative particle – auxiliary verb – main verb allows for more syntactic flexibility than the conservative one, and the word order changes do not progress at equal rates in all clause subtypes. Genre issues are also considered, including the hypothesis that the loss of the conservative order main verb – negative particle – auxiliary verb of main clauses occurs first in texts close to oral language. Moreover, it is argued that eastern dialects are more innovative than western dialects and that efforts towards standardization of the language have slowed down this case of word order change.

Phrasemes with antonymic components (based on poetic texts)

The article analyzes the semantic functions of phrasemes with antonymic components in the poetic dictionary. Among the established collocations with semantically opposite components, recorded in poetic texts, two functional and semantic groups have been distinguished: phrasemes as a means of characterization of the individual and phrasemes used to evaluate objects, phenomena and processes of objective reality. As a result of the analysis, it has been found out that the phraseological units of the first group characterize age, physical properties, mental state, emotions, actions, religious beliefs of the individual and others. Among the phrasemes of the second group in poetic texts, typical phrases with antonymic components which represent the temporal characteristics of the action or state have been identified. Among the phrasemes that express locative relations, predominate established collocations, the components of which indicate the coverage of the whole space and form a stylistic figure – amphitheses. It has been found out that commonly used phraseological units, which are based on semantically opposed lexical units, undergo the following individual author’s transformations in poetic works: replacement of the stylistically neutral component of phraseological unit by its expressive synonym; expansion of phraseological unit by introducing additional components to clarify and enhance expressiveness; anonymization of a phraseological unit by replacing the connecting conjunction and in its composition by the negative particle no (not); creation of occasional meaning of a phraseological unit. The analysis of the factual material has shown that phrasemes with antonymic components in poetic texts perform various semantic functions (characterize the mental state, emotions, physical properties, actions of the individual; represent temporal and locative relations). Commonly used established collocations with semantically opposite components undergo various transformations in poetic works.