scholarly journals Generating preferred plans with ethical features

Author(s):  
Martin Jedwabny

Normative ethics has been shown to help automated planners take ethically aware decisions. However, state- of-the-art planning technologies don’t provide a sim- ple and direct way to support ethical features. Here, we propose a new theoretical framework based on a con- struct, called ethical rule, that allows to model prefer- ences amongst ethically charged features and capture various ethical theories. We show how the framework can model and combine the strengths of these theories. Then, we demonstrate that classical planning domains extended with ethical rules can be compiled into soft goals in PDDL.

MaRBLe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roelien Van der Wel

This paper discusses different strategies of climate change denial and focusses on the specific case of Dutch politician Thierry Baudet. Much of the literature concerning climate change denial focusses on Anglo-American cases, therefore more research non-English speaking countries is necessary. The theoretical framework describes the state of the art concerning climate change denialism and its links to occurring phenomena in Western societies and politics such as post-truth and populism. Afterwards, by conducting a deductive analysis of  Thierry Baudet’s climate denialism in the Netherlands, a more thorough understanding of the different strategies proposed by Stefan Rahmstorf  and Engels et al. is reached. Although all four categories are detected in Baudet’s denialism, consensus denial seems to be the most prevalent. The analysis of his usage of the notion of a climate apocalypse, combined with the analysis of his specific focus on consensus denial, broadens the understanding of how climate change denial can relate to populism. 


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Hanna Bäck ◽  
Marc Debus ◽  
Jorge M. Fernandes

The contribution of this chapter to our volume is fourfold. First, we look at why we should study legislative debates and how scholars may benefit from representation, legislative politics, party politics, and electoral studies by incorporating debates in their analysis. In so doing, we unpack their functions in liberal democracies. Second, the chapter offers a state of the art of the burgeoning field of legislative debates. We focus on the normative scholarly discussion about legislative debates and their importance for deliberation and democratic outputs. In addition, we dwell on Proksch and Slapin’s model as a watershed in the empirical study of legislative debates, particularly due to its capacity to travel and its usefulness in understanding how different institutional settings have an impact of speechmaking. Third, the chapter presents the theoretical framework, the key hypotheses guiding the volume, and our empirical approach to legislative debates. Fourth, the chapter concludes with the plan of the book.


2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor D.D. Curcio ◽  
Anna Dipace ◽  
Anita Norlund

Abstract The purpose of this article is to highlight the state of the art of virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality technologies and their applications in formal education. We also present a selected list of case studies that prove the utility of these technologies in the context of formal education. Furthermore, as byproduct, the mentioned case studies show also that, although the industry is able to develop very advanced virtual environment technologies, their pedagogical implications are strongly related to a well-designed theoretical framework.


Axiomathes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Di Bernardo

AbstractThe article aims to provide the main conceptual coordinates in order to fully understand the state of the art of the most recent research in the field of neurobiology of interpersonal experience. The main purpose of this work is to analyze, at an anthropological, phenomenological and epistemological level, how the fundamental characteristics of the recognition of otherness and intercorporeity among human beings contribute to changing the image of nature in the light of a possible new relationship between living bodies, neurophysiological systems and empathy. From this point of view, the hypothesis to investigate is that neurophenomenology, understood as a new evolutionary, multidimensional and autopoietic approach, is capable of probing the preconditions of the possible delineation of a phenomenology of intersubjectivity shaped by the neuroscientific turning point, represented by the discovery of mirror neurons. At this level, the neuroscientific data are interpreted according to a specific interdisciplinary perspective, thus trying to offer a possible unitary and integrated theoretical framework.


Author(s):  
Julio César Tovar-Gálvez

Resumen:El artículo se ubica en el campo de la formación investigativa de docentes, para luego centrarse en el proceso de definición del problema de investigación en proyectos educativos; para lo cual plantea la investigación educativa desde la escuela como un proceso emergente del contexto, y a la problematización como proceso de construcción del objeto de estudio. En lo experimental el objetivo es estudiar el proceso de problematización que realizan 15 estudiantes de un programa de maestría en didáctica de las ciencias, a través del análisis de sus proyectos en versión previa y final al curso de investigación educativa. Metodológicamente se definen cuatro categorías de análisis: a) objeto de estudio, b) procesos y contexto, c) soporte teórico, y d) estado del arte. Los resultados muestran que inicialmente la mayoría de los profesores conceptualizan al problema como algo a resolver, pero no como un proceso; posteriormente se identifica que varios logran fundamentar el problema desde procesos de reconocimiento de la comunidad y el contexto. En conclusión se identifica una conceptualización del problema cada vez más próximo a un proceso que se construye en contexto, con soporte en teorías educativas, pero con falencia en cuanto al uso de otras investigaciones que en el campo de investigación pueden aportar a comprender mejor el problema o identificar posibles soluciones. Abstract:The paper is placed in the field of teachers' research training, and then focus on the process of defining the research problem of the projects. In this way here is raised that the educational research from school is a contextual emerging process, and the problematization is a process for building the object of study. Experimentally, the objective is to study the problematization process of 15 students making a master's program in science education, by analyzing theirprojects before and after of an educational research course. Methodologically four analysis categories are defined: a) object of study, b) processes and context, c) theoretical framework, and, d) state of the art. The results show that initially most teachers conceptualize the problem as something to be solved, but not as a process; subsequently at the end of the course, most of teachers achieve to support theoretically the research problem and define it from the community and context. In conclusion the teachers have got a conceptualization of the research problem closer to a building process in context, with support from educational theories, but flaw in the use of other research in the field which could contribute them with a better understand of the problem and to identify possible solutions.


2021 ◽  
pp. 247-269
Author(s):  
Jussi Suikkanen

This chapter presents a new argument for thinking of traditional ethical theories not as criteria of rightness and wrongness, but rather as methods that can be used in first-order moral inquiry. It begins from outlining how ethical theories such as consequentialism and contractualism are flexible frameworks in which different versions of these theories can be formulated to correspond to different first-order ethical views. This chapter then argues that, as a result, the traditional ethical theories cannot be evaluated in terms of their truth or correctness. Instead, it suggests that these theories should be understood as providing different kinds of ways of thinking about difficult moral problems. Finally, the chapter recommends a certain kind of an attitude of pragmatic pluralism as something that should guide our theory choice in normative ethics—it may well be that different moral problems are better approached through different ethical theories.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1040-1047
Author(s):  
Rajesh K ◽  
Rajasekaran V

Purpose of the study: The present study mainly argues the limitations of normative ethics and analyzes the anthropocentrism in Kim Stanley Robinson’s 2312 based on the actions or duties of the characters. Methodology: The article used normative ethics as a methodology. Normative ethics is the study of ethical actions that has certain rules and regulations about how we ought to do and decide. So, this study has chosen a normative ethic that consists of three ethical theories Utilitarian approach, Kantian ethics and Virtue ethics to judge duties that are right and wrong.   Main Findings: As a result, normative ethics compact with a one-dimensional approach. All three ethics deal with its own specific code of ethics. Utilitarianism has focused on good outcomes. Kantian ethics has paid attention to good rules with duty. Virtue ethics focused on the good people but all three theories have a strong common objective of focusing on only human beings (sentient entities) and omit other entities (plants and animals). So all normative ethics have certain limitations and do their duties without thinking about consequences and situations. In conclusion, this code of normative ethics has provoked as anthropocentric. In addition that Swan’s actions and the rational behavior made her miserably failed in Mercury through the construction of the biome and creation of quantum computers. So this cause, in the end, the space people want to move from space to earth to rebuild the biome. Applications of this study: The prudent study analyses the normative ethics in a detailed manner under the Utilitarian approach, Kantian ethics and Virtue ethics. These philosophical domains can be benefitted for researchers to practice and implement during the research process in Humanities and Social Sciences especially. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study analyzed the anthropocentric attitude of the character Swan in 2312 based on her actions or duties through the code of normative ethics (Utilitarianism, Kantian ethics and Virtue ethics).


Author(s):  
Mark Timmons

Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics brings together new work on various dimensions of normative ethical theory. This seventh volume features thirteen chapters dealing with practical reasoning, Bernard Williams’s ‘one thought too many’ complaint about impartial ethical theories, the concept of moral right, the wrongness of lying, moral choice under uncertainty, the notion of subjective obligation, commendatory reasons, desire satisfaction and time, a challenge to contractualism, the nature of creditworthiness, partiality toward oneself, the relation between virtue and action, and monism versus pluralism about non-derivative value....


2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Wittwer

AbstractThe fact that the topic of emergency situations has been neglected almost completely by ethical theory raises the question why normative ethics has had so little to say about extreme situations so far. One can assume that this disinterest is not due to the rarity of emergency situations but rather to their peculiar properties. All ethical theories rest on the premise that moral agents make the most of their decisions under normal circumstances. The aim of the paper is to answer the question whether or not normative ethics is able to adequately evaluate emergency situations. In order to do this, different types of extreme situations must be distinguished. It is argued that, on the one hand, self-defence and agreements by which all the participants refrain from certain of their rights in order to enable some of them to survive are morally unproblematic. On the other hand, there are emergency situations that do not allow for a solution which would be morally acceptable to all of the involved persons. Hence, morality itself can be unacceptable under extreme circumstances.


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