scholarly journals GREEN SYNTHESIS NANOPARTIKEL GRAPHENE DENGAN AGEN PEREDUKSI URIN MANUSIA DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI ADITIF BIONANOLUBRICANT BERBASIS CPO (CRUDE PALM OIL)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Ahmad Irawan ◽  
Robiah Robiah
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Main Research

Graphene is a nanomaterial that has been widely applied to various fields because of the uniqueness of the material, therefore this material is very interesting to be developed as an additive in lubricant. This study aims to determine the optimum additive weight ratio and obtain optimum operating conditions in the graphene dispersion process in base oil. This research is divided into 2 stages: preliminary research and main research. The preliminary study aims to transform the chemical structure of crude palm oil (CPO) through a three-stage reaction into a polyol as a base oil. The main research is the process of making bionanolubricant. Graphene is synthesized using a combination technique with a human urine as reducing agent. The formulations are known by varying the weight of the additive and the time of the dispersion. Variation of additive weight was 0% (A1), 0.25% (B1), 0.5% (C1), 1% (D1) while for dispersion time variation ranged from 0 min (A2), 60 min (B2), 90 minutes (C2) and, 120 minutes (D2). Based on the SEM-EDX test results, the SEM image formed graphene and spectrum layers on EDX show that the oxide in graphene has been successfully reduced. Bionanolubricant was tested for quality with 7 parameters. The composition of base oil formula 250 gr and graphene nanoparticles 0.5% w / w is the optimum additive weight ratio for C1 sample code whereas the economical dispersion time is 60 minutes. The result of the viscosity index test is 121,72, its pour point is 10,4oC, flash point equal to 228oC with lubrication capability tested through four ball tester got scar diameter equal to 0,87 mm. This Bionanolubricant belongs to the SAE 250 class and is classified as a GL-4 lubricant based on the quality level of API (American Petroleum Institute) performance test.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Operating Conditions on the Apparent Viscosity of Crude Palm Oil During Oil Clarification

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulaiman Al-Zuhair, Mirghani I. Ahmed and Yousif A. Abakr
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Different Boundary Conditions ◽  
Rotary Viscometer

This paper discusses the apparent viscosity of crude palm oil, using rotary viscometer, under different boundary conditions. It was experimentally shown that the apparent viscosity of palm oil drops with increasing of the shear rate and the temperature.  However, the effect of temperature on the viscosity tends to fade at temperatures beyond 80 oC.  A correlation between the apparent viscosity of crude palm oil and the operating conditions was developed. This correlation can be used in design of crude palm oil settlers and in determining the optimum operating conditions.Key Words:  Crude palm oil, apparent viscosity, shear rate, modelling, separation 

scholarly journals Effect of The Ratio of H-Zeolite Catalyst and Temperature in The Opening Ring Reaction in Bio Lube Base Oil Production from Palm Oil

METANA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abdillah Iman Izzan ◽  
Ary Octaviani ◽  
Purwanto Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Zeolite Catalyst ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction

Lubricants are materials that can reduce friction between two components. Lubricants are very important to keep the engine from being damaged quickly. Currently lubricants on the market generally comes from petroleum derivatives with limited availability. Therefore, technology needs to be developed to look for other raw materials as a substitute for petroleum based lubricating oil, namely by utilizing the potential of existing vegetable oils, one of which is palm oil. Biolubricant made from palm oil will be made using the method of transesterification, epoxidation and ring opening reaction. To increase yield and high product quality, a catalyst in the form of H-Zeolite is used. So that this study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of H-Zeolite catalyst to ring opening reactions. The quality of lube base oil could be indicated from density, viscosity index and acid number. Acid number will smaller in presence higher content in 10% weight ratio of H-Zeolite as catalyst and EPOME also higher temperature of ring-opening reaction because the catalyst H-Zeolit will work more effective in temperature 75oC. Other evidence is of density and viscosity index would show good value than smaller amount of H-Zeolit and lower temperature of reaction. Advices for the future research are the purification needs to be done not only physically but also chemically to maximize the results obtained. Preferably on the reaction of opening the epoxides rings used a long chain alcohol compounds that have a high viscosity and boiling point to obtain a better viscosities value

scholarly journals Performance of novel dielectric barrier discharge reactor for biodiesel production from palm oil and ethanol

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari Dafinah Ramadhani ◽  
Saphira Nurina Fakhri ◽  
Setijo Bismo
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Dbd Plasma ◽  
Spiral Coil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

The disadvantages of conventional biodiesel synthesis trigger the birth of new biodiesel synthesis methods using the DBD plasma reactor. The conventional methods with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts have significant constraints that the formation of glycerol compounds in large enough quantities that require considerable energy. The aim of present experiment is to design DBD non-thermal plasma reactor coaxial pipe type and to do its performance test in converting biodiesel The feed stock used are palm oil, ethanol, and argon gas as plasma carrier. Such a chemical reactor, this plasma reactor is also influenced by reaction kinetics and hydrodynamic factors. From this research, it can be seen that the optimum feed and gas flowrate being operated is 1.64 and 41.67 mL/s. The plasma reactor is used in the form of a quartz glass tube surrounded by a SS-314 spiral coil as an outer electrode. The applied operating conditions are 1 : 1 molar ratio of methanol/oil, ambient temperature of 28 - 30 °C, and pressure 1 bar. From this performance test, it is found that this plasma reactor can be used to synthesize biodiesel from palm oil and methanol without catalyst, no formation of soap, and minimal byproducts.

Preparation, characterization and kinetics study of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofiber membranes for the adsorption of dye from water

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Mei ◽  
Sun Runjun ◽  
Feng Yan ◽  
Wang Honghong ◽  
Dou Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Acetic Acid Solution ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Aqueous Acetic Acid ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Nanofiber Membranes

Abstract In this study, chitosan (CS) nanofibers with two different degrees of deacetylation (DDA) were first successfully fabricated from its solution in 1% aqueous acetic acid solution by mixing with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution at a weight ratio of 50/50 via the electrospinning method. Then, the CS/PVA membranes were further modified by glutaraldehyde vapor. The prepared nanofibers were characterized by field electron scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the tensile test, the contact angle test, the weight loss test and the adsorption test for Congo red (CR). SEM analysis showed defect-free nanofibers and a uniform diameter distribution, with an average diameter of 100–125 nm. Subsequently, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and TGA indicated that the modified CS/PVA membranes had a relatively higher thermal stability, because the thermal decomposition temperature of the unmodified CS/PVA membranes (~250°C) increased to a higher temperature (~ 300°C) for the modified CS/PVA. The nanofiber membranes after modification possessed better mechanical tensile properties. The membranes with lower DDA had a relatively higher tensile strength, which can withstand the maximum tensile strength of up to 6.36 MPa. Furthermore, the resulting membranes showed excellent hydrophilicity and kept their stability in distilled water, acidic, and basic media for 20 days. In the adsorption study, the maximum adsorption capacity of the membrane for CR was 358 mg/l in the optimum operating conditions of 25°C, pH = 6, 0.3 g membrane and 50 ml of 100 mg/l CR solutions. The resulting nanofibers membranes showed a better fitting to the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

scholarly journals Coaxial dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor for biodiesel production from palm oil and methanol

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saphira Nurina Fakhri ◽  
Sari Dafinah Ramadhani ◽  
Setijo Bismo
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Dielectric Barrier ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Biodiesel is one of renewable energy alternatives, as a substitution of diesel engine fuel or diesel oil. Indonesian palm oil contains the fatty acids needed for the synthesis of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) as the basic ingredient of biodiesel. Conventional biodiesel synthesis methods, which generally use transesterification reactions with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, have significant constraints due to the formation of relatively large quantities of glycerol compounds as well as requiring complex separation processes and considerable energy. The DBD (Dielectric Barrier Dicharge) plasma reactor can be a solution to overcome the above shortcomings. The purpose of this research is to perform performance test from design result of DBD plasma reactor especially biodiesel making process. The analytical methods for FAME products use GC-FAME and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) for chemical conversion related between triglyceride reactants and biodiesel products. The best operating conditions obtained from the hydrodynamic test showed a mixed flowrate of triglyceride/alcohol of 0.1318 L/min, gas flowrate (plasma carrier) of 2.5 L/min and a voltage of 220 Volts alternating current. Biodiesel is produced using palm oil and methanol as a liquid reactant and using argon as a plasma carrier gas in the reactor. Plasma is produced in DBD reactor using 1-phase PLN power, with a voltage of 220 VAC. The main advantage of the conversion process in this plasma reactor is the production of FAME without the formation of significant glycerin byproducts and the use of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts.

Determination of the Optimum Operating Conditions for Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Syngas

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholam Reza Moradi ◽  
Rohollah Ghanei ◽  
Fereydoon Yaripour
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Synthesis Gas ◽  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Synthesis Of Dimethyl Ether

The optimum operating conditions of a single – step synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from synthesis gas has been determined. The bifunctional catalyst has been prepared by physically mixing of a commercial methanol catalyst (KMT Co.) and a dehydration catalyst (H-MF-90) which has been characterized by XRD, XRF and BET techniques. Catalytic synthesis of dimethyl ether from synthesis gas was evaluated in agitated slurry micro reactor in different ranges of operating conditions which were determined by experimental design according to Taguchi algorithm. The range of operating conditions were chosen as follows: H2/CO mole ratio in feed varying from 0.26 to 1.5, the pressure varying from 10 to 50 bar, the temperature varying from 200 to 240 ºC and weight ratio of methanol catalyst to dehydration catalyst from 0.67 to 4. The experiments have been conducted for different operating conditions at fixed impeller speed equal to 1600rpm and space velocity equal to 500 ml/gcat.h. Considering the results of experiments, optimum conditions for direct synthesis of DME were predicted as follows: T=240 ºC, P=33.3 Bar, H2/CO=1.5 and weight ratio of methanol catalyst to dehydration catalyst equal to 3.

scholarly journals Influence of the reaction time on the quality (physical-chemical properties) of biofuels obtained through catalytic cracking of crude palm oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Alex Pereira Mota ◽  
Andréia Andrade Mancio ◽  
Jhuliana Silva Santanna ◽  
Valtiane de Jesus Pantoja Gama ◽  
Nélio Teixeira Machado
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Physical Chemical

The present paper investigated the influence of the reaction time on the quality (physical-chemical properties) of biofuels obtained by catalytic cracking of crude palm oil (CPO). The influence of the reaction time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min) on the quality of crude biofuels denominated organic liquid products (OLP) was investigated through experiments carried out in a cracking pilot plant with capacity of 143 L in the following operating conditions: 20 wt% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as catalyst, 450 °C, 1 atm and batch mode operation. The quality of the biofuels produced was certified through physical-chemical analyzes (acid value, saponification value, specific gravity, refractive index, kinematic viscosity, corrosiveness to copper, and flash point). The results show that the physical-chemical properties of OLP decrease as the reaction time increases, in such a way that, catalytic cracking process occurs efficiently in the interval of 10 to 20 min after its start, which can be finalized when it reaches 30 minutes of reaction. In addition, Na2CO3 was essential as a catalyst in the cracking reaction to reduce the physical-chemical properties of OLPs obtained at different times, allowing the specific gravity, kinematic viscosity and corrosivity to copper to be within or very close to the limits established for Diesel S10.

Lubricant and tribological properties of zinc compound in palm oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1177-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aizat Md Alias ◽  
Mohd Fadzli Bin Abdollah ◽  
Hilmi Amiruddin
Keyword(s):  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Friction Test ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Zinc Compound

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the composition of lubricant and the enhancement of tribological properties using palm oil as a parent base oil mixed with an organo-zinc compound as an additive. Design/methodology/approach The oil samples were prepared by mixing organo-zinc compound additive, zinc dioctyldithiophosphate (ZnDoDP) and zinc diamyldithiocarbamate (ZDDC), at 0 to 3.0 Wt.% concentrations with commercialised palm oil which were then homogenised using an ultrasonic homogeniser. The oil samples were then tested for their oil properties through elemental analysis, their viscosity index, flashpoint and acid number. Next, the friction test was performed using a four-ball tribometer, and the worn surfaces of the balls were observed using a digital microscope. Findings The results showed that commercialised palm oil with 2.0 Wt.% of ZnDoDP had excellent characteristics regarding its lubricant properties, such as its viscosity index, coefficient of friction and wear compared to commercialised palm oil with the addition of 2.0 Wt.% of ZDDC. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to compare the effect of the concentration of ZnDoDP and ZDDC on the lubricant and triological properties of vegetable oil (palm).

The Analysis of Potential of Straw Mushroom Development by Using Empty Fruit Bunches Material in Lampung Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarono Sarono
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Straw Mushroom

The empty fruit bunches (EFB) are by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) production, and it is not widely used optimally. One of products produced from EFB with development potentials is straw mushroom. The objective of this research was to analyze the potentials of EFB material and straw mushroom based on EFB material in Lampung province. The result showed that the EFB potential in Lampung province was 111,144 ton annually and straw mushroom was 4,835 ton annually. The biology efficiency ratio of EFB into straw mushroom in production scale was averagely 3.93%. Districts having potentials for developing straw mushroom business by using EFB material were Mesuji, Middle Lampung, Tulang Bawang, Way Kanan, and North Lampung.

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