HISTORI PEMBERLAKUAN PERADILAN AGAMA  ERA KERAJAAN ISLAM DAN PENJAJAHAN DI INDONESIA

The journey of the Religious Courts that has been passed in such a long period oftime means that we are talking about the past, namely the history of the Religious Courts.With the entry of Islam into Indonesia, which for the first time in the first century Hijri (1 H /7 AD) brought directly from Arabia by merchants from Mecca and Medina, the communitybegan to implement the teachings and rules of Islamic religion in everyday life. The ReligiousCourt is one of the Special Courts under the authority of the Supreme Court as the highestcourt in the Republic of Indonesia. As an Islamic Judiciary that had been established longbefore Indonesia's independence, the Religious Courts certainly could not be separated fromthe changes that occurred considering the reign of the Government of Indonesia had been heldby various people with different backgrounds, politics and goals, surely it would have animpact on the existence Religious Courts both materially and immaterially, including duringthe Dutch and Japanese colonial rule in Indonesia.

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Internalization strategy of conscious awareness of spices lane as national brand and national pride of Indonesian nation

Technium Social Sciences Journal ◽

10.47577/tssj.v7i1.441 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 337-350

Author(s):

Budiana Setiawan ◽

Ferdi Widiputera

Keyword(s):

Chinese Government ◽

National Brand ◽

National Pride ◽

The Past ◽

Maritime Silk Road ◽

History Of ◽

Younger Generation ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government ◽

Trade Route

The archipelago (now Indonesia) in the past was known as the center of the spice commodity, which was needed for various purposes by other nations, such as: China, India, the Middle East, and Europe. This has caused the archipelago to become a destination for traders from other countries for thousands of years, thus creating a trade route called the Spice Route. The glory of the Spice Route in the Archipelago reached its peak in 1500 until 1650, but then collapsed after being ruled by European nations. Nevertheless, the existence of the history of the Spice Track needs to be internalized to students as one of the nation's branding and nation pride of the Indonesian people. The problems are: (1) What is the strategy of internalizing the teaching of the Spice Path to students? (2) What are the efforts made by the government, to support efforts to internalize the historical awareness of the Spice Track? The aim is to instill awareness to the younger generation about the glory of the Indonesian people in the past as a producer of spices. The results showed that the strategy undertaken by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to internalize the history of the Spice Track to the younger generation was through: exhibitions, historical visits, and discussions / seminars. However, the internalization effort has not been evenly carried out in all provinces, districts and cities. To that end, internalization of the history of the Spice Route can also be done through museum visits, especially provincial state museums located in provincial capitals. Awareness about the history of the Spice Route can also be used to break the efforts of the Chinese government to promote the Maritime Silk Road for their political trade interests.

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The status of wildlife conservation in Botswana

Koedoe ◽

10.4102/koedoe.v20i2.1279 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

Author(s):

W. Von Richter

Keyword(s):

Wildlife Conservation ◽

Rapid Expansion ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

The Past ◽

Landuse Planning ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government ◽

State Of Affairs

The sparse human population and the general lack of surface water over most parts of the Republic of Botswana, which has hampered rapid expansion of agricultural activities into the less suitable areas in the past, have contributed to the fact that Botswana still supports a varied and rich wildlife population. The long history of hunting by the local populae makes them understand and appreciate the concept of wildlife conservation and utilization and has assisted in general to implement a policy for rational conservation and utilization. The next decade will be decisive whether this laudable state of affairs will continue or whether the wildlife resource will be depleted and finally restricted only to formal conservation areas as it has happened in many other countries on the African continent. The government is fully aware of the significance of wildlife conservation and utilization and the necessity to integrate it into overall landuse planning.

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Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao – Bangsamoro Republic

Journal of International Analytics ◽

10.46272/2587-8476-2019-0-1-2-65-73 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 65-73

Author(s):

Daria Panarina ◽

Kirill Petrov

Keyword(s):

The Philippines ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

The Past ◽

Peace Negotiations ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government ◽

Southern Island ◽

Terrorist Acts ◽

Near Future ◽

First Time

Since XV-th century, when first Muslim state has been formed at Mindanao island in the south of the Philippines, practically two very different societies had to co-exist on the territory of the country: Muslims and Filipinos. It created a problem ad numerous conflicts which have not been solved so far. The aggravation between the Filipinos and the inhabitants of the southern island of Mindanao, which occurred in the XX-th century, led to a series of peace negotiations and attempts to reach political consensus. The idea of creating an autonomous territory in Mindanao within the framework of the Republic of the Philippines was framed in the form of a law, repeatedly elaborated, implemented, but without much success. Over the past 22 years, disagreements and a threat to the security of the region preserved, and strong tensions remained between the government of the Philippines and the Islamic leaders of Mindanao. When President Duterte came to power, another attempt was made to resolve this conflict, and for the first time in many years, a law was ratified based on the results of the plebiscite. This law can become the basis for the successful implementation of the idea of autonomy of Mindanao. However, it should be noted that in the near future the likelihood of armed clashes, provocations and serious terrorist acts by the forces of extremist groups in Mindanao is quite high.

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The Legal Status of Local Government in South Africa under the New Constitutional Dispensation

Southern African Public Law ◽

10.25159/2522-6800/2952 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mbuzeni Mathenjwa

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Local Government ◽

Legal Status ◽

Case Law ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

The Republic ◽

First Time

The history of local government in South Africa dates back to a time during the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. With regard to the status of local government, the Union of South Africa Act placed local government under the jurisdiction of the provinces. The status of local government was not changed by the formation of the Republic of South Africa in 1961 because local government was placed under the further jurisdiction of the provinces. Local government was enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa arguably for the first time in 1993. Under the interim Constitution local government was rendered autonomous and empowered to regulate its affairs. Local government was further enshrined in the final Constitution of 1996, which commenced on 4 February 1997. The Constitution refers to local government together with the national and provincial governments as spheres of government which are distinctive, interdependent and interrelated. This article discusses the autonomy of local government under the 1996 Constitution. This it does by analysing case law on the evolution of the status of local government. The discussion on the powers and functions of local government explains the scheme by which government powers are allocated, where the 1996 Constitution distributes powers to the different spheres of government. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on the legal status of local government within the new constitutional dispensation.

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Summary of Results

10.1093/oso/9780190698577.003.0008 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Adrian Kuenzler

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Property ◽

Supreme Court ◽

Government Agencies ◽

Property Law ◽

Trademark Law ◽

Intellectual Property Law ◽

The Past ◽

The Supreme Court ◽

The Government ◽

Networked Economy

The persuasive force of the accepted account’s property logic has driven antitrust and intellectual property law jurisprudence for at least the past three decades. It has been through the theory of trademark ownership and the commercial strategy of branding that these laws led the courts to comprehend markets as fundamentally bifurcated—as operating according to discrete types of interbrand and intrabrand competition—a division that had an effect far beyond the confines of trademark law and resonates today in the way government agencies and courts evaluate the emerging challenges of the networked economy along the previously introduced distinction between intertype and intratype competition. While the government in its appeal to the Supreme Court in ...

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Modernist Dante

The Oxford Handbook of Dante ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.40 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 633-650

Author(s):

Daniela Caselli

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

James Joyce ◽

Virginia Woolf ◽

Ezra Pound ◽

First Century ◽

Djuna Barnes ◽

Dorothy Richardson ◽

Anglophone Literature ◽

The Past ◽

History Of

This chapter traces a history of Dante’s reception in anglophone literature between the 1870s and the 1950s. It acknowledges his importance in Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, and James Joyce, but engages more closely with Samuel Beckett, Djuna Barnes, and Virginia Woolf. It shows that the modernist Dante that emerges from these authors’ work is both a formal and political one: recruited as an anti-authoritarian voice from the past and seen anew from feminist and queer perspectives, this is not a twenty-first century Dante forced against his will to virtue-signal, however; on the contrary, this is a Dante anachronistically familiar with key ‘vices’ of twentieth-century authors, readers and commentators. Focusing on sullenness, resistance, and fatigue, the chapter argues for a new understanding of modernist experiments with Dante’s political and formal complexity that refuse to use him as a ‘code or a weapon […] to crush someone’, as Dorothy Richardson put it.

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The 1912 Duma Elections: The State, the Opposition and the Clergy

Orthodoxia ◽

10.53822/2712-9276-2021-1-1-111-124 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 111-124

Author(s):

F. A. Gayda

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Election Campaign ◽

Difficult Situation ◽

The Public ◽

The Press ◽

History Of ◽

The Government ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

First Time ◽

The Church

This article deals with the political situation around the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire in 1912 (4th convocation). The main actors of the campaign were the government, local administration, liberal opposition and the clergy of the Orthodox Russian Church. After the 1905 revolution, the “official Church” found itself in a difficult situation. In particular, anti-Church criticism intensified sharply and was expressed now quite openly, both in the press and from the rostrum of the Duma. A consequence of these circumstances was that in this Duma campaign, for the first time in the history of Russian parliamentarianism, “administrative resources” were widely used. At the same time, the authorities failed to achieve their political objectives. The Russian clergy became actively involved in the election campaign. The government sought to use the conflict between the liberal majority in the third Duma and the clerical hierarchy. Duma members launched an active criticism of the Orthodox clergy, using Grigory Rasputin as an excuse. Even staunch conservatives spoke negatively about Rasputin. According to the results of the election campaign, the opposition was even more active in using the label “Rasputinians” against the Holy Synod and the Russian episcopate. Forty-seven persons of clerical rank were elected to the House — three fewer than in the previous Duma. As a result, the assembly of the clergy elected to the Duma decided not to form its own group, but to spread out among the factions. An active campaign in Parliament and the press not only created a certain public mood, but also provoked a political split and polarization within the clergy. The clergy themselves were generally inclined to blame the state authorities for the public isolation of the Church. The Duma election of 1912 seriously affected the attitude of the opposition and the public toward the bishopric after the February revolution of 1917.

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Institutions of Ancient Roman Law

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.9 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Luigi Capogrossi Colognesi

Keyword(s):

Western Mediterranean ◽

Roman Law ◽

Private Institutions ◽

Public And Private ◽

Family Wealth ◽

Medieval Europe ◽

History Of ◽

The Republic ◽

Unique Source ◽

First Time

This chapter gives a rapid overview of the history of Roman public and private institutions, from their early beginning in the semi-legendary age of the kings to the later developments of the Imperial age. A turning point has been the passage from the kingdom to the republic and the new foundation of citizenship on family wealth, instead of the exclusiveness of clan and lineages. But still more important has been the approval of the written legislation of the XII Tables giving to all citizens a sufficient knowledge of the Roman legal body of consuetudinary laws. From that moment, Roman citizenship was identified with personal freedom and the rule of law. Following political and military success, between the end of IV and the first half of III century bce Rome was capable of imposing herself as the central power in Italy and the western Mediterranean. From that moment Roman hegemony was exercised on a growing number of cities and local populations, organized in the form of Roman of Latin colonies or as Roman municipia. Only in the last century bce were these different statutes unified with the grant of Roman citizenship to all Italians. In this same period the Roman civil law, which was applied to private litigants by the Roman praetors, had become a very complex and sophisticated system of rules. With the empire the system did not change abruptly, although the Princeps did concentrate in his hands the last power of the judiciary and became the unique source of new legislation. In that way, for the first time, the Roman legal system was founded on rational and coherent schemes, becoming a model, which Antiquity transmitted to the late medieval Europe.

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Tingkat Kesiapan Kali Pepe untuk Dikembangakan sebagai Kawasan Wisata Berbasis Sungai di Kota Surakarta

Arsitektura ◽

10.20961/arst.v15i1.11394 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 67

Author(s):

Nurul Widowati ◽

Winny Astuti ◽

Murtanti Jani Rahayu

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Research ◽

Past History ◽

River Flooding ◽

Know How ◽

The Past ◽

Institutional Infrastructure ◽

Strategic Location ◽

Readiness Level ◽

History Of ◽

The Government

<div>Surakarta is a city that has the potential of the river. But in the process, these rivers suffered environmental degradation as a function instead of the banks into slums and squatter, and functions of rivers that serve as places of waste disposal. Government’s city of Surakarta has done various setup area of the river. One of the targeted structuring Pepe-River is often known by the name Kali Pepe. Kali Pepe is the river which has the most strategic location because it divides the centre of city and the river has a past history of Surakarta. Kali Pepe is the witness of history where culture and trade activities in the rapidly growing city of Surakarta in the past with the ecological function and physical function as transportation trade.Setuping Kali Pepe, according to the Mayor of Surakarta, is directed to serve as recreation/tourism area. Since the Surakarta Mayor initiated the year 2015 that Kali Pepe as a tourist area. The initiated moves the government and society in order to more actively participate in developing the area into a tourist area. This research would like to know how the readiness level of the Kali Pepe area to be developed as a tourist area-based streams. The components of preparedness were seen from aspect of attractions or natural tourist attraction, artificial attractions, acessesiblity, institutional, infrastructure supporting tourism, and the behavior of the flooding of the river. This research is quantitative research in methods of scoring analysis. The result of this research has shown that Kali Pepe less readiness to be developed as a tourist area-based stream. Aspects of accessibility and infrastructure supporting tourism were an aspect which has a readiness. But for this aspect of the attraction, institutional and river flooding behavior is still in the stage of less readiness. Keywords: readiness, tourist areas, river tours</div>

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The Changing of Political Orientation of Masyumi Party During 1950-1959

Indonesian Historical Studies ◽

10.14710/ihis.v1i1.1179 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Alfi Hafidh Ishaqro ◽

Alamsyah Alamsyah ◽

Dewi Yuliati

Keyword(s):

Political Orientation ◽

The Body ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

General Election ◽

Native Communities ◽

Historical Method ◽

Political Struggles ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government ◽

First Time

Through historical method, this article studies the Shifts in Political Ideological Orientation of Masyumi Party during the Liberal Democracy Era 1950–1959. The shifted orientations of Masyumi Party included a shif of orientation in its principle, form of government and the government executive system.The establishment of Masyumi Party was the apex of the Japanese concern in trying to map the axis of the powers of various groups in Indonesia. The formations of PUTERA, which bore the nationalist inclination and MIAI, which tended to accommodate urban Muslims were not attractive enough to win the hearts and empathy from the Indonesian native communities for its occupation in Indonesia. Masyumi Party made Islam as a its struggling principle, not only as a symbol but also tha ideology and spirits in conducting the various siyasah preaches within the scope of political struggles. Numerous internal dynamics were then occuring in the body Masymi Party. The Party’s change in its orientation began to be visible, indicated by the idea suggested by M. Natsir to formulate the Constitution or Law of General Election.The formation of the General Election Law made M. Natsir and Masyumi the symbol of the establishment and growth of democracy in the Republic of Indonesia, which became more evident when M. Natsir was ousted and the subsequent working cabinet heads failed to hold a General Election. And finally, at the end of 1955 under the leadership of Burhanuddin Harahap, who was himself a Masyumi figure, a general election was held for the first time. The political attitude shown by Masyumi indicated that Masumi Party had shifted its political orientation. Masyumi Party, which originally struggled to implement Islam by employing the Syura in forming a government was helplessly compromising its principle by following and combining itself into a democracy model the initiator of which was the leader of Masyumi Party itself. Such political behavioral changes were associated with the reasoning of the then leaders of Masyumi Party, who tended to accommodative and excessively compromising.

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