scholarly journals Efforts of the Vietnamese in finance sector in Cochinchina during the colonial period: the case of Vietnam Bank (Société annamite de crédit)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. first
Author(s):  
Vo Phuc Toan
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Feudal Society ◽  
Agricultural Associations ◽  
National Spirit ◽  
Chinese Overseas ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Economic Thinking

In feudal society, Vietnamese spent the most care on study Confusim to become courting and agriculture production. Trade and handicrafts were considered secondary in the economic thinking of Vietnamese. When capitalism followed France's conquest path into Vietnam, Vietnamese became a community that adapted slowly to change in the economy. Among difficulties of the reforming thinking and economic activities process, the finance sector was considered the most restrictive field of Vietnamese. In 1912, the Association of Mutual Agriculture was born in Cochinchina became the first experiment of Vietnamese in the finance sector. However, due to the limited financial potential, these agricultural associations depend on loans from Indochina Bank. In 1919, with the rising national spirit in the movement to boycott Chinese overseas, the plan to set up a financial association named the Vietnam Bank had appeared but unsuccessful. Eight years later, the first bank of the Vietnamese was established and called by Vietnam bank, reflecting Vietnamese's efforts to build the financial association independent from foreign businessmen. That is the result of combining the economic strength and national spirit rising in the patriotic movement of indigenous elites in the late 1920s.

Early Christian English teachers in Korea: Imperialists or advocates? Exploring the lesser known other truth

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-289
Author(s):  
Mary Shepard Wong ◽  
Seong-Yun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
English Teachers ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Missionary Education ◽  
National Spirit ◽  
Japanese Colonial

Education has long been an interest of foreign missionaries. Many criticisms have been raised over the promotion of imperialism in foreign missionary education. However, what is often overlooked is the positive mutual impact foreign educators have had on both their host and home societies. This article explores the influence of early educational missionaries in Korea and considers the “other truth” of the positive impact they had as advocates for Koreans during the Japanese colonial period. After a historical overview, the authors highlight missionary contributions to social justice and the restoration of Korean national spirit. They conclude with implications for today.

scholarly journals A Framework for Property Developers to Survive in a Recession

10.29007/cfr2 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zunoon Parambath ◽  
Nilupa Udawatta
Keyword(s):  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Property Development ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Level ◽  
Property Developers

Recession is considered as a major threat to the economy as it slows down economic activities. The property development sector is extremely responsive to these economic conditions. Thus, it is crucial to understand causes, effects and strategies for property developers to survive in a recession without any ill effects. Thus, this research aimed to develop a framework for property developers to identify appropriate survival strategies in recession. A comprehensive literature review was conducted in this research to achieve the above mentioned aim. The results of this study indicated that recession prompts negative impacts on property development sector resulting in unemployment, lower demand, production and revenue, decline in resources and high level of competition. According to the results, the survival strategies were classified into short-term and long-term strategies. The short term strategies include: implementing management tactics, cut down of operating costs, keeping financing lines set up, timely repayment of debts, setting vital new objectives for the future, undertaking shorter time span developments, specialisation in favoured market, renegotiating deals and contracts. The long-term strategies include retrenchment, restructuring, investment and ambidextrous strategies. Similarly, attention should be paid to predict any changes in the economic environment that can influence property development activities and it is necessary to carefully evaluate investment activities to increase sales, profits and market shares of property developers. Preparing for a crisis is doubtlessly the ideal approach as it can facilitate both survival and growth. Thus, the property developers can implement these suggested strategies in their businesses to enhance their practices.

Establishment and Operation of Private Land Credit Institutions in Penza Province in the Late 1860s – mid 1880s

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-360
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Kisteneva
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Private Landowners ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
Private Credit ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Credit Institutions

Introduction. The abolition of public credit institutions in the first half of the 19th century meant that following after the peasant reform, private landowners were forced to rely entirely on their ability to conduct economic activities, they desperately needed the money demanded for the capitalist modernization of their estates. It was important under such circumstances the appearance in the mid-1860s of private land banks that have granted land collateral loans. Materials and Methods. The study of the claimed problem required the involvement of a number of historical and economic methods: historical, statistical and quantitative. At the same time, the question of the amount of debt owed to private land banks was examined on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of statistical data on land credit published by a committee of congresses of representatives of Russian land credit institutions. Results. The article analyzes the main indicators of the activity of the joint-stock land banks in the first two decades of their operation, considers the characteristics of the establishment and development of the private land credit system, the volume of loans issued, the size of the mortgaged land, the amount of the loans are shown by their regional characteristics. Discussion and Conclusions. Set up in mid-nineteenth century the system of equity land credit, which focuses on the granting of land mortgages by private landowners, has played an important role in the processes of land ownership mobilization and the development of capitalism in the agricultural sector. Private credit institutions were one of the most important components of the land credit system, and the activities of these institutions in the territory of the governorate in question resulted in: that almost a quarter of all privately owned land had been deposited in them.

scholarly journals Brotherhood dalam Dimensi Sistem Ekonomi Islam

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Fahrur Ulum
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Economic Man ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Set Up

This article discusses the issue of brotherhood in Islamic economic system. The goal of Islamic economics is to create advantages (falâh}) for all economic man. To achieve this goal, Muslim economists have agreed to set up the philosophical pillars of Islamic economic system which consists of tawhîd, ‘ibâdah, khilâfah, and ukhuwwah. One of the important challenges to deal with is how to place the idea of brotherhood as a pillar of Islamic economic system that is applicable in economic activities which then lead to equal advantages. Muslim economists argue that Islamic economic system has led economic man to possess altruistic personality. This is not only related to the problem of consumption but also to that of production. In addition, the distribution of wealth specific in Islamic economic system has resulted in brotherhood. The spirit of brotherhood has inspired the effort of distributing wealth economically and non-economically towards shared advantages. Specific wealth distribution in Islamic economics is by placing human as economic being and social being alike. Therefore, brotherhood is implemented in market and non-market economic activities. The implementation of brotherhood is not only in the form of cooperative but more than that is to be oriented to efforts of empowering economic man.

scholarly journals Economic Professions of Women During the era of the Prophet hood

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 267-289
Author(s):  
Dr. Sajeela Kausar ◽  
Sameem Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Eternal Life ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Financial Responsibility ◽  
Economic Contribution ◽  
Set Up

Islam is a rational religion. It puts its instructions to its followers to secure their worldly as well as eternal life. Islamic orders regarding socio-economic and family life are basically based upon the construction of such a society which not only have a successful social and economic status, rather a strong, peaceful and value based family life as well. Islam balances this social set-up by putting the financial responsibility solely on male, and domestic on female. But, this principle is much flexible as per need and situation. If, needed, Islam not only allows women to participate in economic activities, rather properly determines their rights and creates ease for her in this regard. Women have been participating in economic activities during the golden era of the Prophet (SAW).There are many examples and various fields in which women has performed her economic contribution. This paper will highlight some of the..

scholarly journals Protecting the Informational Commons using a Blockchain-based Technology: The case of Free/Libre Open Source Software and Public Biobanks (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Evangelatos ◽  
Sudhakara Upadya ◽  
Julien Venne ◽  
Kapaettu Satyamoorthy ◽  
Helmut Brand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Digital Networks ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Common Resources ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Set Up

BACKGROUND Digitalization leads to a re-institutionalization of research and economic activities, where informational common resources play an ever-increasing role in economic growth. Especially in the case of the biological sciences and the bioeconomy, informational commons arrangements, such as public biobanks and free/libre open source software (FLOSS), are of paramount importance. However, it has been argued that such arrangements are vulnerable to violations such as the free-riding problem that renders them unsustainable. Consequently, it has been argued, the enclosure of the informational common resources is the only means to effectively exploit them. OBJECTIVE Given the social and economic importance of the informational commons, the new digital environment requires a regulation of their social embedment that will guarantee their protection from both violations and enclosures, i.e., a new political economy is needed. In this context, the need for a core common infrastructure, stretching from the physical to the logical and content layer of the information environment, has been highlighted. METHODS Focusing on the interaction between two biological commons, namely public biobanks and the free/libre open source software, we have set up an ecosystem using a blockchain-based technology. The proposed ecosystem consists of four components: the FLOSS (library), the applications that use FLOSS, the biobanks that have the data requested from the applications and the source validators. The latter act as the computing nodes of the blockchain: they keep track of the different versions of the FLOSS maintained by the various applications, and provide the validation check on whether the version of the FLOSS used by an application is registered with the ecosystem. Prior to gain access to the data, the application needs to get the version identifier key of the library it is using. RESULTS The proposed regulatory mechanism protects the informational commons from the free-riding problem and guarantees their sustainability without hampering their operational framework. Our model demonstrates the interdependence and protection of the informational commons not as an abstracted theoretical exercise, but rather as a physical reality on the ontological matrix. CONCLUSIONS Blockchain-based technologies can be used in cases where informational commons interact with each other over digital networks, protecting them from the free-riding problem and securing their sustainability. In this sense, it has far-reaching implications as it could serve as a generic law in the new political economy of the digital era.

scholarly journals ORIGENS DA INTEGRAÇÃO DO CONE SUL: COMÉRCIO E CONTRABANDO

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco De Borja B. De Magalhães Filho
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Direct Participation ◽  
Productive System ◽  
Productive Systems ◽  
National Economies

Este trabalho tem como objetivo levantar e analisar as atividades econômicas que se desenvolveram no processo de formação, expansão e integração dos estabelecimentos coloniais de caráter secundário, criados por Espanha e Portugal na Bacia do Prata, e sua evolução no que se refere ao comércio entre eles, ao longo do período colonial. O que se procura destacar é como, apesar das restrições impostas pelas metrópoles, principalmente a Espanha, mas também Portugal, esses estabelecimentos criam mecanismos de contatos comerciais entre si – alguns à margem das leis vigentes – consolidando e fortalecendo seus sistemas produtivos, com pouco ou nenhum apoio das administrações coloniais, e sem participação direta significativa do capital mercantil europeu. Objetiva-se, também, analisar o destino desses sistemas produtivos no século XIX, à medida em que se integram às recém-formadas economias nacionais, então fortemente dependentes dos mercados e capitais internacionais. Abstract This article aims at identifying and analysing the economic activities that were involved in the process of development, expansion and integration of the colonial settlements of secondary importance founded by Spain and Portugal in the River Plate’s estuary and basin, and the evolution and growth of their trade among them, through the colonial period. In fact, the main objective is to analyse how, even with the restrictions imposed by the colonial metropolis, those settlements established forms of commercial contacts among them - sometimes without respecting the laws in force - that consolidated and strengthen their own productive system, with none or limited backing from the colonial administration, and without significant direct participation of European mercantile capital. Another objective is to analyse what happened with those productive systems in the nineteenth century, as they are integrated in the just formed national economies, at the time strongly dependent of international markets and capitals.

Employing the Critical juncture hypothesis to explain the 2011 Egyptian revolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rustam Mussa ◽  
◽  
Raushan Yesbergen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Arab Spring ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Economic Institutions ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Critical Juncture ◽  
Egyptian Revolution ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Contemporary Development

Our research question involves applying the critical juncture hypothesis formulated by Daron Acemoglu and his co-authors in the series of the articles and books to the context of the 2011 Arab Spring events. Critical juncture hypothesis states that politics and political institutions determine what economic institutions a country has, because the former represents the distribution of political power. Whoever controls political institutions then can set up economic institutions, determining the rules governing economic activities and who will benefit from them. Generated resources are then used in defending these sets of institutions. Though for Acemoglu and his co-authors politics always precedes economics, it is the interplay of political and economic institutions that explain contemporary development of states. The case of 2011 Egyptian Revolution is presented, as the well-documented illustraion of the hypothesis at work.

Mathematical Training for Economic Thinking and Social Mindedness

1934 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 373-380
Author(s):  
William L. Schaaf
Keyword(s):  
Social Institutions ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Social Reconstruction ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Thinking ◽  
Complex Activities

We of today are living in a time of rapid technological advancement and of equally rapid social and economic change. In a democracy such as ours, desirable social reconstruction can come about only if people in general achieve an intelligent comprehension of the complex activities in which perforce they play a part. Hence the training of youth for effective economic thinking becomes an imperative obligation of education. The social-economic processes undergoing evolutionary changes before our very eyes may be regarded from two significant standpoints—their humanistic bearings, and their technical aspects. The technicalities of economic activities and social institutions are both qualitative and quantitative; the qualitative features are largely related to modern physical science, while the quantitative aspects involve statistical and mathematical methods.

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