METODOLOGI PROGRAM RISET IMRE LAKATOS

This research was based on the limitations of the human mind itself in providing and obtaining reasonable explanations, because at that time the desire to know something was obstructed from various myths which existedin that society so that myths were embedded in human mind. The focus of this research was on the methodology of the Imre Lakatos research program. The purpose of this study was to determine the process of research program methodology from Imre Lakatos. The method used in this research was library research, where the researchers looked for and read sources that match the title to be studied, such as books, articles, writings and journals that were relevant.The results of this study in the Imre Lakatos research program methodology included: First, the core (hardcore) functions as a negative heuristic. Second, the protective-belt which consisted of auxiliary hypotheses in the initial conditions. Third, a series of theories (a series theory), theory linkages where the next theory was the result of the auxiliary clauses added from the previous theory.

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Methodology of Scientific Reseacrh Programmes Imre Lakatos: Implikasi Terhadap Studi dan Pendidikan Islam

AT-TURAS Jurnal Studi Keislaman ◽

10.33650/at-turas.v7i2.1053 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 218-231

Author(s):

Ridhatullah Assya'bani

Keyword(s):

Philosophy Of Science ◽

Research Program ◽

Scientific Research ◽

Hard Core ◽

Previous Theory ◽

Imre Lakatos ◽

Initial Assumption ◽

Thought Patterns ◽

The Third World ◽

Almost All

The development of the scientific world and human thought patterns are increasing, starting from something abstract to something real and can be proven. Along with these developments, positivistic epistemology has mastered the science and the study of the philosophy of science in almost all regions. Thus giving birth to new paradigms and discoveries. Even so, there are still several problems. With this remaining problem, it gave birth to thinkers in the twentieth century who wanted new studies in the philosophy of science, such as Karl R. Poper (1902-1994) with three main themes, namely, the issue of induction, problems and standards and problems of the third world, and Thoma S. Kuhn (1922-1996) came up with a revolutionary idea of science which was marked by the process of shifting the old paradigm to the new one. But in between, Imre Lakatos comes with the Methodology of Scientific Research Programs which contains several important elements, first, the Core Program (hard-core), which is the basis of the Lakatos methodology which is the initial assumption of research or scientific research that cannot be replaced or modified. Second, the protective circle (protective belt), this function is to withstand various attacks, testing and obtaining adjustments, even changes, and understanding, to defend the hardcore. Third, a series of theories, namely the relationship between the theory and the next theory, which is the result of the auxiliary clauses added from the previous theory. These three elements have their respective duties and roles in developing science. So in general it can be said that the benefits of a research program are determined by the extent to which scientists can develop findings or even become useless.Keywords: Research Program Methodology, Islamic Studies, Islamic Education

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Lakatos’s Research Program and the thought of the Islamic Republic

Modern Applied Science ◽

10.5539/mas.v10n3p57 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 57

Author(s):

Ali Alihosseini ◽

Hamidreza Keshavarz

Keyword(s):

History Of Science ◽

Scientific Knowledge ◽

Research Program ◽

Hard Core ◽

Islamic Republic ◽

The Core ◽

History Of ◽

Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽

One Step ◽

Protective Belt

In the volatile history of science, we come across a series of theories and methods, each of which has emerged and has been used at some point and has been replaced later by another method. These multiple methods and theories have each caused science and scientific knowledge to advance one step forward. One of these theories is Imre Lakatos’s research program which, though a theory often considered in the analysis of the trends of the empirical sciences, given the general principles and the dominant spirit of this theory, it can be also used to study other intellectual currents. Lakatos believes that any theory is a research program that is composed of two parts: a hard core and a protective belt. The hard core is the basis and foundation of every thought and theory .To protect the main theory and to protect it against changes, there exist the protective belts that are somehow a supplement to the core of the theory .According to Lakatos, the progressive or retrogressive nature of a research program depends on the ability and acceptability of the auxiliary hypotheses which serve to protect the hard core. Thus, a research program can be progressive and dynamic if it causes new theories which bring about new predictions by modifying the protective belt. This article has considered the notion of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a research program. In this regard, this study is an attempt to determine the functions of ‘expediency’ in the Islamic Republic using an impression of the concept of ‘expediency’ which is similar to the protective belt by considering Islam as a hard core and as a resistant framework. This article is also an attempt to emphasize the point that, in the Islamic Republic, the concept of ‘expediency’ has the same function which is noted as the protective belt in Lakatos’s view. Therefore, using the notion of ‘interest’ by the advocates of the hard core is an attempt made to prevent the rejection of the hard core and pave the way for the development and change in Islam as an efficient religion.

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Investigation of irradiated metal of WWER-type reactor internals after 45 years of operation. Part 1. Research program and cutting out of samples from pressure vessel internals

Voprosy Materialovedeniya ◽

10.22349/1994-6716-2020-103-3-135-143 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 135-143

Author(s):

B. Z. Margolin ◽

A. Ya. Varovin ◽

A. J. Minkin ◽

D. A. Gurin ◽

V. A. Glukhov

Keyword(s):

Research Program ◽

Pressure Vessel ◽

The Core ◽

Type Reactor ◽

Cutting Out ◽

Cylindrical Samples ◽

Reactor Internals

The program is presented for investigations of the metal of the most irradiated elements of the WWER-440 reactor of the Novovoronezh NPP Unit 3 decommissioned after 45 years of operation. The fragments (cylindrical samples) were cut out from various zones of the core baffle and segment of forming ring of core barrel.

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On New Aspects of Nested Carbon Nanotubes as Gigahertz Oscillators

Journal of Vibration and Acoustics ◽

10.1115/1.4003933 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 133 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

R. Ansari ◽

B. Motevalli

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Initial Velocity ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Strong Dependence ◽

Interaction Force ◽

Arbitrary Length ◽

Oscillatory Frequency ◽

Analytical Expression ◽

System Parameters ◽

The Core

Nested carbon nanotubes exhibit telescopic oscillatory motion with frequencies in the gigahertz range. In this paper, our previously proposed semi-analytical expression for the interaction force between two concentric carbon nanotubes is used to solve the equation of motion. That expression also enables a new semi-analytical expression for the precise evaluation of oscillation frequency to be introduced. Alternatively, an algebraic frequency formula derived based on the simplifying assumption of constant van der Waals force is also given. Based on the given formulas, a thorough study on different aspects of operating frequencies under various system parameters is conducted, which permits fresh insight into the problem. Some notable improvements over the previously drawn conclusions are made. The strong dependence of oscillatory frequency on system parameters including the extrusion distance and initial velocity of the core as initial conditions for the motion is shown. Interestingly, our results indicate that there is a special initial velocity at which oscillatory frequency is unique for any arbitrary length of the core. A particular relationship between the escape velocity (the minimum initial velocity beyond which the core will leave the outer nanotube) and this specific initial velocity is also revealed.

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Situating allostasis and interoception at the core of human brain function

10.31234/osf.io/wezv8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuta Katsumi ◽

Karen Quigley ◽

Lisa Feldman Barrett

Keyword(s):

Brain Function ◽

Brain Evolution ◽

Human Mind ◽

Biological Mechanisms ◽

The Core ◽

Starting Point ◽

Basic Functions ◽

Mental Events ◽

Physical Phenomena ◽

The Brain

It is now well known that brain evolution, development, and structure do not respect Western folk categories of mind – that is, the boundaries of those folk categories have never been identified in nature, despite decades of search. Categories for cognitions, emotions, perceptions, and so on, may be useful for describing the mental phenomena that constitute a human mind, but they make a poor starting point for understanding the interplay of mechanisms that create those mental events in the first place. In this paper, we integrate evolutionary, developmental, anatomical, and functional evidence and propose that predictive regulation of the body’s internal systems (allostasis) and modeling the sensory consequences of this regulation (interoception) may be basic functions of the brain that are embedded in coordinated structural and functional gradients. Our approach offers the basis for a coherent, neurobiologically-inspired research program that attempts to explain how a variety of psychological and physical phenomena may emerge from the same biological mechanisms, thus providing an opportunity to unify them under a common explanatory framework that can be used to develop shared vocabulary for theory building and knowledge accumulation.

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Tree crowns grow into self-similar shapes controlled by gravity and light sensing

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2017.0976 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (142) ◽

pp. 20170976 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Laurent Duchemin ◽

Christophe Eloy ◽

Eric Badel ◽

Bruno Moulia

Keyword(s):

Tree Growth ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Tree Crown ◽

Tree Crowns ◽

Light Sensing ◽

The Core ◽

Long Period ◽

Self Similar ◽

The Satiation of Natural Curiosity

International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems ◽

10.4018/ijsss.2016070102 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 27-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Felix Schoeller

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Dynamic Equilibrium ◽

Human Mind ◽

Cognitive System ◽

Accurate Description ◽

Internal Representations ◽

The Core ◽

System A

At the core of this essay is the idea that cognition is best described as a highly developed homeostatic device aiming to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between internal representations and changes in environmental conditions. The author emphasizes the fundamental role played by aesthetics in facilitating an accurate description of the human mind and introduce basic elements of a theory accounting for the influence of art on the cognitive system. A general bibliography is provided for the reader unfamiliar with the notions and desirous to pursue the analysis further.

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Liturgical Theology as a Research Program

Brill Research Perspectives in Theology ◽

10.1163/24683493-12340010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1-128

Author(s):

Joris Geldhof

Keyword(s):

Research Program ◽

Fundamental Principle ◽

Liturgical Theology ◽

Liturgical Movement ◽

The Core ◽

Paschal Mystery ◽

Church And Society ◽

Christian Worship ◽

Worship Practices ◽

The Church

Abstract This essay is centered around five questions: (i) What is the proper place of liturgical theology? (ii) What past evolutions have there been and what tendencies are there currently in the field of liturgical theology? (iii) What contents should liturgical theologians focus on? (iv) How can liturgical theologians engage in research? And (v): How can liturgical theology appropriately respond to events occurring in Church and society? Each question corresponds to one part. The rationale behind ordering the content this way is the following: starting from a reflection about the non-evident place of liturgical theology, an attempt is made to reposition it on the basis of its genealogy in the Liturgical Movement. It seems that this is a particularly fruitful way to give liturgical theology a proper profile and identity. Correspondingly, liturgical theology can be considered a fully-fledged research program that manifests its usefulness and fruitfulness. In particular, it is shown that liturgical theologians are called to engage in the study of the meaning of Christian worship, and thereby contribute to theology as a whole. They are to employ a variety of methods but should proceed in such a way that directs reflection, research and spirituality always towards the core of liturgy, as established by the history and economy of salvation and culminating in the paschal mystery. If, and inasmuch they do this, they will have a great deal to offer given the complex challenges the Church and theology are confronted with today. The fundamental principle of this entire essay is that liturgical theology does not simply deal with Christian rituals, festivals and sacraments, but with the core of faith itself—God, the world, the Christ event, tradition, Church, and redemption—to the extent that it is embodied and expressed in worship practices.

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High Power Actuator Based on Magnetostrictive Composite Core with Temperature Drift Compensation

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.598.69 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 598 ◽

pp. 69-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jerzy Kaleta ◽

Krzysztof Kot ◽

Rafał Mech ◽

Przemyslaw Wiewiorski

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Pid Control ◽

Feedback Loop ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Signal Generation ◽

Temperature Drift ◽

Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors ◽

The Core ◽

Drift Compensation ◽

Initial Settings

The paper presents an actuator based on a coil placed in the casing, with specially prepared connection rods. The construction allows installation of the fiber Bragg grating sensors inside the coil. It allows to measure deformation of the composite that is located in the core of the coil. Thanks to the signal generation with use of DASYLab software, it is possible to precisely control the frequency, value of amplitude excitation and to send the signal to the system with use of the measurement card. The main goal of the experiment is to keep constant value of deformation, by means of a feedback loop with use of PID control, and to change the initial conditions of the test by change of the external force. The system is designed to return to the initial settings by appropriate control of the intensity of magnetic field, and thus the deformation of the sample.

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Implicit polyphony: A framework for understanding cultural complexity

Culture & Psychology ◽

10.1177/1354067x17716390 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 60-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sven Hroar Klempe

Keyword(s):

Classical Music ◽

Human Mind ◽

Final Conclusion ◽

Conceptual Blending ◽

Cultural Complexity ◽

The Core ◽

Human Thinking ◽

Different Cultures ◽

Western Classical Music

Musical terms like ‘polyphony’ are often applied in psychology and other disciplines in a more or less metaphorical way. However, this article investigates how polyphony can be applied in a non-metaphorical manner, i.e. in the same way, as it is understood in musicology. The fundamental hypothesis is that music represents a basic capacity of the human mind, and that this has impact on other human capacities, like language. If so, this should be traceable in different ways in different cultures. To investigate this, ‘implicit polyphony’ is launched as a term that refers to music, which is melodic, but at the same time reveals a more or less hidden polyphonic structure. This musical phenomenon is demonstrated by examples from Bach and Ravel. It is demonstrated that polyphony is at the core of music, not only in Western classical music, but also African and other ethnical music. Implicit polyphony defined as two voices condensed into one is also found in Norwegian Sámi music. The latter leads to a conclusion, which says that continuity in music is related to verticality. Investigations in linguistics show that the oral use of language is highly comparable with implicit polyphony in music. The same is modernistic literature where the aim has been to turn language into music, as in parts of James Joyce’s novel Ulysses. By bringing in examples of lexical and conceptual blending, the final conclusion is that ‘implicit polyphony’ may serve as a tool for understanding the complexity in human thinking and culture.

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