Reliability of Functional Balance Tests and Their Correlation With Selected Anthropometric Parameters in Children Aged 7-10 Years

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability of functional balance tests and their correlation with selected anthropometric parameters in children aged 7-10 years. Methods: Participants were 80 students aged 7-10 (40 female and 40 male). Romberg Test and Sharpened Romberg Test were used for assessing static balance, while timed up and go test, tandem walk test, and Y-balance test were used for measuring dynamic balance. Selected anthropometric factors were body height, upper body length, lower body length, Foot length and body mass. Reliability was determined using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and Pearson correlation was used for examining the relationship between balance tests and selected anthropometric parameters at a significance level of P≥0.05. Results: Static balance tests were not reliable, but dynamic tests were reliable. No significant correlation was found between anthropometric parameters and static and dynamic tests (P>0.05); except between lower body length and Y-balance test (r=0.53, P=0.01). Conclusion: It seems that at the age of 7-10 years, static balance tests are affected because the sensory systems related to balance are developing. Therefore, static balance tests, which require weighting of each of these systems with eyes closed and open, are not good criteria for examining the balance of this age group. Hence, it is better to use dynamic balance tests, especially the Y-balance test.

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Balance Performance Is Task Specific in Older Adults

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/6987017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Ayelet Dunsky ◽

Aviva Zeev ◽

Yael Netz

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Field Tests ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Static Balance ◽

Balance Performance ◽

Timed Up And Go ◽

Balance Test ◽

Balance Tests ◽

Balance Ability

Balance ability among the elderly is a key component in the activities of daily living and is divided into two types: static and dynamic. For clinicians who wish to assess the risk of falling among their elderly patients, it is unclear if more than one type of balance test can be used to measure their balance impairment. In this study, we examined the association between static balance measures and two dynamic balance field tests. One hundred and twelve community-dwelling older adults (mean age 74.6) participated in the study. They underwent the Tetrax static postural assessment and then performed the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and the Functional Reach (FR) Test as dynamic balance tests. In general, low-moderate correlations were found between the two types of balance tests. For women, age and static balance parameters explained 28.1–40.4% of the variance of TUG scores and 14.6–24% of the variance of FR scores. For men, age and static balance parameters explained 9.5–31.2% of the variance of TUG scores and 23.9–41.7% of the variance of FR scores. Based on our findings, it is suggested that a combination of both static and dynamic tests be used for assessing postural balance ability.

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Investigation of the Effect of Acute Muscular Fatigue on Static and Dynamic Balance Performances in Elite Wrestlers

Journal of Education and Learning ◽

10.5539/jel.v8n5p179 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 179

Author(s):

Ömer Özer

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Power ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Muscular Fatigue ◽

Static Balance ◽

Muscular Endurance ◽

Maximal Strength ◽

Balance Test ◽

Balance Exercise ◽

Fatigue Exercise ◽

Before And After

Maximal strength, muscular endurance, maximal aerobic power, and anaerobic capabilities, power are needed to have victory for wrestlers in a wrestling competition.The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of acute muscular fatigue on static and dynamic balance performances in elite wrestlers. Ten elite male wrestlers (25 ± 2.3 years, 181 ± 6.5 cm, 84 ± 4.2 kg) participated in the study voluntarily. Participants were undertaken dynamic and static balance test before fatigue exercise (in Cybex) and immediately after fatigue exercise, theywere undertaken dynamic and static balance test again. SPSS packet program was used to evaluate the data. There were no statistically significant differences in static and dynamic balance before and after fatigue. The results show that wrestlers’ balance is not affected by muscular fatigue, so there is no need for balance exercise after fatigue at least according to this study.

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Effect of Exercises in Water and Land on Balance and Cognitive Functions in Elderly and Old Persons

Reabilitacijos mokslai slauga kineziterapija ergoterapija ◽

10.33607/rmske.v1i18.746 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (18) ◽

Author(s):

Remigija Dekaminavičiūtė ◽

Vilma Dudonienė

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Functions ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Exercise Program ◽

Static Balance ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Exercise Programs ◽

Balance Test ◽

Trail Making ◽

Better Than

Research background. Aging constantly manifests itself not only in physiological changes, but also in cognitive ones. Exercise programs for elderly have been created aiming at avoiding risk of falling, but there is little known about changes in cognitive functions under the eﬀect of exercise. The aim was to evaluate the eﬀect of water-based and land-based exercises on balance and cognitive functions in elderly women and men. Methods. The dynamic balance of study participants (n = 32) was evaluated using Timed Up & Go Test, the static balance was evaluated with a 4-position Static Balance Test and the cognitive functions were evaluated with Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire and the Trail Making Test. The participants were randomly divided in two groups: water exercise and land-based exercise. Results. After 8 weeks of exercise in water and on land, static and dynamic balance and cognitive functions improved in both groups (p < 0.05), no statistically signifcant diﬀerence was found between the groups except for the trail making test, which was performed more quickly by subjects who attended exercise in water. After the exercise program, the men’s dynamic and static balance (while standing in the tandem position) were better than women’s, but women’s standing on one leg position was better than that of men’s (p < 0.05). Conclusion. There were no statistically signifcant diﬀerences in cognitive function between men and women after intervention. After both exercise programs, dynamic and static balance (in the tandem position) in men were better (p < 0.05) than those in women, standing on one leg but women’s position was statistically signifcantly better than that of men’s.Keywords: exercise program in water and land-based, static and dynamic balance, cognitive functions.

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Applying the Minimal Detectable Change of a Static and Dynamic Balance Test Using a Portable Stabilometric Platform to Individually Assess Patients with Balance Disorders

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare8040402 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 402 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan De la Torre ◽

Javier Marin ◽

Marco Polo ◽

José J. Marín

Keyword(s):

Center Of Pressure ◽

Balance Control ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Static Balance ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Detectable Change ◽

Balance Test ◽

Balance Disorders ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Specialist Physician

Balance disorders have a high prevalence among elderly people in developed countries, and falls resulting from balance disorders involve high healthcare costs. Therefore, tools and indicators are necessary to assess the response to treatments. Therefore, the aim of this study is to detect relevant changes through minimal detectable change (MDC) values in patients with balance disorders, specifically with vertigo. A test-retest of a static and dynamic balance test was conducted on 34 healthy young volunteer subjects using a portable stabilometric platform. Afterwards, in order to show the MDC applicability, eight patients diagnosed with balance disorders characterized by vertigo of vestibular origin performed the balance test before and after a treatment, contrasting the results with the assessment by a specialist physician. The balance test consisted of four tasks from the Romberg test for static balance control, assessing dynamic postural balance through the limits of stability (LOS). The results obtained in the test-retest show the reproducibility of the system as being similar to or better than those found in the literature. Regarding the static balance variables with the lowest MDC value, we highlight the average velocity of the center of pressure (COP) in all tasks and the root mean square (RMS), the area, and the mediolateral displacement in soft surface, with eyes closed. In LOS, all COP limits and the average speed of the COP and RMS were highlighted. Of the eight patients assessed, an agreement between the specialist physician and the balance test results exists in six of them, and for two of the patients, the specialist physician reported no progression, whereas the balance test showed worsening. Patients showed changes that exceeded the MDC values, and these changes were correlated with the results reported by the specialist physician. We conclude that (at least for these eight patients) certain variables were sufficiently sensitive to detect changes linked to balance progression. This is intended to improve decision making and individualized patient monitoring.

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Differences in Static- and Dynamic-Balance Task Performance After 4 Weeks of Intrinsic-Foot-Muscle Training: The Short-Foot Exercise Versus the Towel-Curl Exercise

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.21.4.327 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 327-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Scott K. Lynn ◽

Ricardo A. Padilla ◽

Kavin K.W. Tsang

Keyword(s):

Task Performance ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Static Balance ◽

Balance Test ◽

Balance Task

Context:Proper functioning of the intrinsic foot musculature (IFM) is essential in maintaining the integrity of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA). Improper functioning of the IFM leads to excessive pronation of the foot, which has been linked to various pathologies. Therefore, training the IFM to avoid excessive pronation may help prevent some of these pathologies; however, it is not clear how to train these muscles optimally.Objective:To investigate the effects of 2 different types of IFM training on the height of the MLA and static- and dynamic-balance task performance.Design:Randomized controlled trial, repeated-measures mixed-model design.Setting:University biomechanics laboratory for testing and a home-based training program.Participants:24 healthy, university-age volunteers (3 groups of 8) with no history of major lower limb pathology or balance impairment.Interventions:One experimental group performed 4 wk of the short-foot exercise (SFE) and the other performed 4 wk of the towel-curl exercise (TCE). Participants were asked to perform 100 repetitions of their exercise per day.Main Outcome Measures:Navicular height during weight bearing, the total range of movement of the center of pressure (COP) in the mediolateral (ML) direction for a static-balance test and a dynamic-balance test.Results:There were no differences in the navicular height or static-balance tests. For the dynamic-balance test, all groups decreased the ML COP movement on the dominant limb by a small amount (~5 mm); however, the SFE group was able to decrease COP movement much more than the TCE group in the nondominant limb.Conclusions:The SFE appeared to train the IFM more effectively than the TCE; however, there were differing results between the dominant and nondominant legs. These imbalances need to be taken into consideration by clinicians.

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USING COACHING TECHNIQUES IN ASSESSING AND DEVELOPING THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCE LEVEL OF YOUNG VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

Series IX: Sciences of Human Kinetics ◽

10.31926/but.shk.2021.14.63.1.12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14(63) (1) ◽

pp. 89-100

Author(s):

I.S. SOPA ◽

◽

M. POMOHACI ◽

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Balance ◽

Skill Training ◽

Static Balance ◽

Balance Test ◽

Initial Testing ◽

Sport Team ◽

Volleyball Players ◽

Balance Skill

An important skill in today's volleyball game is dynamic and static balance, so our investigation focused on assessing and developing balance at young volleyball players using the Y balance test. The sample was formed by 25 female volleyball players with age between 10.22 ± 2.49 years that were active at the ACS Alpha Sport Team from Sibiu. The results showed improved performances of our players from the initial testing compared with the final testing in all directions of movement, proving that balance skill training can be an important aspect in the modern volleyball game

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Correlation between Balance and BMI in Collegiate students: A cross sectional study

International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research ◽

10.16965/ijpr.2021.103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 3759-3764

Author(s):

Tejaswini Padmanabha Suvarna ◽

◽

Joseph Oliver Raj ◽

Nithin Prakash ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Limb Length ◽

Static Balance ◽

Lateral Instability ◽

Balance Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Balance Deficits ◽

Test Result

Background: Balance deficits are usually related to medial-lateral instability. BMI could be an important factor to consider as; excess body mass or increased accumulation of adipose tissue can directly impact the postural stability which in return impacts balance. Purpose of the study: To find the correlation between BMI and Balance. Method: Sample consisted of 149 students, out of which 100 (67%) were males and 49 (33%) were females. BMI was calculated and was categorized into groups. Bilateral limb length was measured for normalising the data. Static balance was measured by performing blinded stork test and dynamic balance by performing Y- balance test. Data was analysed using Pearson’s correlation test. Result: There was significant correlation between BMI and static balance of left leg (r=0.713, 95% CI 0.623, 0.784, p=0.01) but on comparison, there was no significant correlation between BMI and static balance of right leg (r=0.0458, 95% CI -0.11, -0.205, p=0.58). It was found that there was no significant correlation between BMI and Left Anterior (r= -0.134, 95% CI -0.289, -0.0274, p= 0.103), Left Posterolateral (r=-0.0775, 95% CI -0.235, 0.0843, p=0.347), Left Posteromedial (r=-0.0903, 95% CI -0.248, -0.0715, p=0.273) respectively. Also, it was found that there was no significant correlation between BMI and Right Anterior (r=-0.236, 95% CI -0.382, -0.0778, p=0.00381), Right Posterolateral (r=-0.193, 95% CI -0.343,-0.0334, p=0.0183), Right Posteromedial (r=-0.126, 95% CI -0.281, -0.0354, p=0.125) respectively. Conclusion: There was significant correlation between BMI and static balance of left leg and no correlation was established between BMI and static balance on right leg and also no correlation was established between BMI and static and dynamic balance for right and left leg. KEY WORDS: Static balance, Dynamic balance, Body Mass Index, Obesity, Limb length.

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Assessment of the Relationship between Y-Balance Test and Stabilometric Parameters in Youth Footballers

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/6968473 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Damian Sikora ◽

Małgorzata Pałac ◽

Andrzej Myśliwiec ◽

Tomasz Wolny ◽

Paweł Linek

Keyword(s):

Path Length ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Dynamic Test ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Test Results ◽

Dynamic Tests ◽

Balance Test ◽

Time Required ◽

The Right ◽

The Relationship

Objectives. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the correlation between dynamic test results obtained on a stabilometric platform and the results achieved on the Y-balance test (Y-BT). Method. The study group consisted of 52 adolescent athletes, aged 14 to 17 years. Each participant was evaluated in the scope of their ability to maintain dynamic balance using the Y-BT as well as via dynamic tests on the ‘Alfa’ stabilometric platform. The following parameters were analysed: (a) from the Y-BT—relative reach of the right and left lower limbs in the anterior, posterolateral, and posteromedial directions, as well as the side-to side difference in relative reach for each direction and (b) from the ‘Alfa’ platform—path length and time to reach the target using right and left lower limbs in the anterior and posterior directions. Results. A correlation between the results obtained on the stabilometric platform and the Y-BT was found only for the posteromedial direction. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the increased difference between the right and left lower limbs in the posteromedial test is related to an increase in time taken to reach the points located forward and to the left, and backwards and to the right, as well as an increase in the overall time required to complete the task on the stabilometric platform. Conclusions. The results from the Y-BT and stabilometric platform are weakly related in adolescents. These findings indicate that the Y-BT and stabilometric platform analyse different kinds of dynamic balance in adolescents. Thus, these tools should not be used interchangeably in clinical practice or scientific research.

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The relationship of some factors affecting dynamic-static balance and proprioceptive sense in elite wrestlers

Physical Education of Students ◽

10.15561/20755279.2021.0306 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 178-188

Author(s):

Recep Aydın ◽

Gülfem Ersöz ◽

Ali Özkan

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Anaerobic Power ◽

Error Rates ◽

Anaerobic Performance ◽

Static Balance ◽

Performance Measurements ◽

Balance Test ◽

The Relationship

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study is to identify and correlate some factors that are thought to affect the dynamic-static balance and proprioceptive senses of elite level wrestlers. Material and Methods. Descriptive statistics of a total of 13 volunteer elite freestyle wrestlers were determined after body weights, height, WAnT, active-squat jump tests, proprioceptive sense measurements, static and dynamic balance test measurements were taken. Then, the relationship test with the values obtained from static-dynamic balance and proprioceptive sense measurements, the Wingate anaerobic power test (WAnT) and vertical jump (active-squat) was examined. Results. As a result of Pearson Products Moment Relationship analyses, a significant relationship was found between static balance measurements and, WAnT anaerobic performance measurements, anaerobic performance measurements obtained from jumping, lower extremity isoinertial strength imbalance measurements (p>0.05). In addition, a significant relationship was found between dynamic balance measurements and WAnT anaerobic performance measurements (p>0.05). In addition, a significant relationship was found between proprioceptive joint angle deviation values and WAnT anaerobic performance measurements, anaerobic performance measurements obtained from jumping, and lower extremity isoinertial strength imbalance measurements (p>0.05). Conclusions. In conclusion, as the findings of the study, the determining factors of the balance and angular error rates differ in the left and right legs of wrestlers. Especially, in order to minimize left leg balance and angular errors, training modules that increase proprioceptive performance should be applied to athletes.

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Effectiveness of Active Therapy-Based Training to Improve the Balance in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9113771 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 3771

Author(s):

María Del-Moral-García ◽

Esteban Obrero-Gaitán ◽

Daniel Rodríguez-Almagro ◽

Manuel Rodríguez-Huguet ◽

María Catalina Osuna-Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Medium Effect ◽

Static Balance ◽

Active Therapy ◽

Functional Balance ◽

Risk Of Falls ◽

Evidence Database ◽

Quality Evidence

Balance impairment is a frequent disorder in patients with fibromyalgia (FMS), increasing the risk of falls and decreasing physical function and quality of life. In recent years, the use of active therapy-based training (ATBT) has increased, with the aim of improving balance in women with FMS. Our study aimed to assess the effect of ATBT to improve different balance outcomes in subjects with FMS. A systematic review with meta-analysis was carried out. We searched PubMed Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) databases up to September 2020. We included randomized controlled trials (RCT) that assessed the balance in patients with FMS after ATBT and compared to other treatments or no intervention. In a random-effects model, the standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to calculate the effect size. Ten studies were included in the review providing data from 546 FMS patients with a mean age of 52.41 ± 2.90 years old (98% females). Our results showed a medium effect favors ATBT with respect to other therapies for monopedal static balance (SMD = 0.571; 95% CI = 0.305, 0.836; p < 0.001), dynamic balance (SMD = 0.618; 95% CI = 0.348, 0.888; p < 0.001), and functional balance (SMD = 0.409; 95% CI = 0.044, 0.774; p = 0.028). No statistically significant differences were found for balance on unstable support. The present meta-analysis showed moderate-quality evidence of a medium effect of ATBT to improve dynamic and functional balance and low-quality evidence of a medium effect to improve monopedal static balance with respect to other therapies or no intervention.

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