scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review of The Impact of Health Care Expenditure and Health Outcomes on Economic Growth

2020 ◽  
pp. 585-597
Author(s):  
Ampon-Wireko Sabina ◽  
Zhou Lulin ◽  
Asante Antwi Henry ◽  
Wireko Brobby Ebenezer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Outcome ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
English Language ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
The Impact

<strong>Objectives:</strong> The unceasing increase of health care expenditures is a very crucial decision to take by most governments and has drawn the attention of scholars and policy makers to research and rethink about the effects on health status and economic growth. However, from open and available literature, it can be established that not much studies have considered this linkage. The study aims to bring to light and review the current state-of-art of all previous studies regarding the interplay between health spending, health outcome and economic growth within both high and middle-income countries.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong><strong>: </strong>An electronic exploration was carried out in the academic databases below: Emerald, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, web of Science additionally JSTOR in English language between the period 1990 to 2018. </p> <p><strong>Results:</strong>  The results revealed mixed conclusion between health expenditure and population health. The findings of healthcare expenditure and economic growth shows a positive relationship mostly in the developed nations The study again found that better health status improves economic growth.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The outcome of the study appeared to foster more confusion as findings regarding association between health expenditure and health outcome have not been consistent. The research findings revealed   that there is still much to be done for scholars to build a strong theoretical base, on these connections to for an effective decision-making.

The Effect of Health Expenditure and Immunisation on Under-Five Mortality Rate in Selected African Countries.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred EBOH ◽  
Steve METIBOBA
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: As a way of tackling child mortality, many countries in the world depend on their respective health-care system. But governments of most countries in Africa are yet to provide robust funding of their health-care systems as many people still depend on the out-of-pocket payment to receive health services. Against this backdrop, this study used annual panel data to assess the effect of health-care expenditure and immunisation on the under-five mortality rate in 30 selected African countries for the period 2000-2017. Methods: Multiple regression technique was adopted for the data analysis and the robust fixed regression estimator was preferred to the random effects as determined by Hausman test.Results: The findings indicated that domestic government general health expenditure had a significant negative effect on the under-five mortality rate. However, the effect of domestic private health expenditure on under-five mortality was not significant while external health expenditure had a significant negative effect on under-five mortality rate. The impact of diphtheria immunisation on under-five mortality was significant. Conclusions: Except domestic private health expenditure, government and external forms of health expenditure coupled with diphtheria immunisation were significant factors for the reduction of the under-five mortality in the selected countries.

On Health Expenditure and Income Inequality

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-151
Author(s):  
Orhan Torul
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Using Data

This study investigates the relationship between health care expenditure and income inequality empirically. Using data from a large panel of countries covering a sizeable period of time, how level and composition of health care expenditures correlate with income inequality is studied via the panel data fixed effects estimation methodology. These estimations yield several robust findings. First, there is a significant positive correlation between income inequality and reliance on private resources for health care financing. Second, there exists a significant negative correlation between health care expenditure per capita and income inequality. Third, there is a significant negative correlation between income inequality and health care expenditure as a share of GDP. Next, this study analyzes a select group of well-established democracies with developed economies to detect if health expenditure and income inequality variables correlate with public beliefs and preferences. Empirical analyses reveal that indeed belief and preferences accord well with policy choices.

scholarly journals Causality between Economic Growth and Health Expenditure: A time series analysis from 1996 till 2017 in Albania

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita

-Evidence shows that human capital is a leading driver and one of the most important factors affecting economic development. Economic growth models emphasize the effect that human capital has on the growth and prosperity of a country. The indicators used to measure human capital vary. In this article we will use total health expenditure as a measure for human capital. A healthier population will obviously lead to increased productivity and consequently a higher income for the individual. By increasing public health investments, the workforce will potentially be healthier and consequently human productivity will increase. One of the most important lessons to be learned from the coronavirus pandemic is the importance of investments in health care services, human resources and technical infrastructure for the economy. The aim of this article is to study the relationship between Health Care Expenditure (HCE) per capita and Gross Domestic Product GDP per capita in Albania. The data (in $) is taken from the World Health Organization website, for the time period 1996-2017. The methods used are the ARDL Bounds testing approach for co-integration and the Granger causality test. The main results are: the variables per capita GDP and per capita HCE are not cointegrated. The ARDL(1,1) model estimation points out the positive relationship between the two variables. Also, our study confirms the existence of joint causality between per capita GDP and per capita HCE.

scholarly journals Health Expenditure and Economic growth: An ARDL Approach for the Case of Iran

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mehrara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Ardl Approach ◽  
Oil Revenues

This paper examines the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth in Iran for the period 1970-2007, based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The study finds a cointegrating relationship among real GDP, health expenditure, capital stock, oil revenues and education, although among them, health spending explains just a small part of the economic growth. The results indicate that while health care expenditures are among the most important factors in the lowering of infant mortality, they do not make a significant marginal contribution to the economic growth in Iran. This findings call for pressing reforms and improved allocation of resources in health sector.

The Relationship Between Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions And Economic Growth In The BRICS Countries——Based On The Fourier ARDL Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangjhy Li ◽  
Tsangyao Chang ◽  
Mei-Chih Wang ◽  
Jun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the process of urbanization in developing countries, transportation infrastructure will be built and population migration will also occur. Although these actions can promote economic growth, they can also affect CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions will affect the health of residents, thereby changing health expenditures. The interaction of these three aspects is also a hot topic among scholars. The BRICS countries are emerging countries with the highest carbon dioxide emissions in the world. Discovering problems from empirical research is the focus of our research. This paper finds that, in the long-term, with CO2 emissions as the dependent variable and health expenditure and economic growth as the independent variables, there is a cointegration relationship between Brazil and China. In the short-term, there is a causal relationship between India’s CO2 emissions and health spending; other countries only show a one-way relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, medical spending, or economic growth. Our recommendations to the BRICS countries are as follows: (1) The BRICS countries should transform their economic development methods and use low-polluting alternative energy sources; (2) Brazil and India should pay attention to the indirect effects of economic growth and align economic growth policies with health expenditure policies. (3) South Africa should pay more attention to the sustainability of the impact of economic growth policies on health expenditures.JEL Classification: C22, E23, I18, O13,

HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL APPRAISAL OF THE NEXUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Alemu Kingsley Imandojemu ◽  
Desmond Uareime Imonikhe ◽  
Nathaniel Toyosi Akinlosotu ◽  
Aina Jamiu Babatunde
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Long Run ◽  
National Growth

A nation’s wealth is often described in terms of their physical stock of capital per time for the promotion of economic growth. One of such physical stock of capital is a healthy labour force. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria from 1985 to 2019. To determine this, annual time series data was collected from various issues of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and the World Development Indicator (WDI). Stationarity, long run relationship, equation estimation and causality were determined using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Johansen-Cointegration, Parsimonious Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) and Pairwise Granger Causality test respectively. The result showed that a long run relationship exist among the variables while the ECM showed that in event of a disequilibrium, the system would restore itself to equilibrium at an adjustment speed of approximately 85.5percent. The result uncovered that current and past percentage of health expenditure in total expenditure (PHETE), government final consumption expenditure (GFCE), and labour force participation (LABF) all had direct impact on national growth (real GDP per capita) while current and past number of infant deaths (NUFD) had inverse relationship with national growth. Result further showed that there exists a unidirectional causality running from NUFD to RGDPPC; from GFCE to RGDPPC; from LABF to RGDPPC, from NUFD to PHETE, from LABF to PHETE, from NUFD to GFCE and from NUFD to LABF. It was recommended that the federal government through the Ministry of Health should endeavour to encourage private-public partnership in the building of quality health infrastructure such as hospitals with state of art facilities in localities where standard health care centres are not accessible to working citizens.

Medizinisch-technischer Fortschritt und altersspezifische Gesundheitsausgaben / Medical Progress and Age-specific Expenditure on Health Care

2007 ◽  
Vol 227 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Ried
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Survival Probability ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Medical Progress ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Specific Expenditure

SummaryThis paper investigates the impact of population aging, driven by medical progress, upon agespecific expenditure on health care. In a model set up in discrete time, individuals at each age may catch a lethal disease which, upon receiving appropriate medical treatment, nevertheless involves a mortality risk. The incidence of lethal diseases, the associated survival probability conditional upon treatment, and health care expenditure conditional upon health status may all depend on an individual’s history of health status in the past.Medical progress is taken to involve an increase in the survival probability of a specified lethal disease. First, this produces a direct effect on age-specific health care expenditure to the extent that progress affects the cost of treatment of the disease. Second, indirect effects may also arise relating to individuals who, having survived the disease at some prior age, change the structure of individuals alive at current age. Specifically, these “new survivors” may influence age-specific expenditure either through changes in the incidence of lethal diseases or in the associated treatment cost. The sign of an indirect effect crucially depends on health care expenditure for “new survivors” relative to their peers.The analysis yields a number of general results with respect to the impact of medical progress on the age profile of health care expenditure. For example, both compression of morbidity and expansion of morbidity are hypotheses which relate to “new survivors” such that they fail to account for the total effect of progress on age-specific expenditure.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Granger Causality between Health Care Expenditure and Economic Growth in the OECD and Major Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Ye ◽  
Xinping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Nonlinear Features ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear

Differing from previous studies ignoring the nonlinear features, this study employs both the linear and nonlinear Granger causality tests to examine the complex causal relationship between health care expenditure and economic growth among 15 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and 5 major developing countries. Some interesting findings can be obtained as follows: (1) For Australia, Austria, and UK, linear and nonlinear Granger causality does not exist between them. A unidirectional linear or nonlinear causality running from economic growth to health care expenditure can be found for Ireland, Korea, Portugal, and India. For these seven countries, health or fiscal policy related to health spending will not have an impact on economic growth; (2) For Belgium, Norway, and Mexico, only a unidirectional linear causality runs from health care expenditure to economic growth, while bidirectional linear causality can be found for Canada, Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Spain, Brazil, and South Africa. Especially for the US, China, and Japan, a unidirectional nonlinear causality exists from health spending to economic growth. To improve the quality of national health, life quality and happiness, these 13 countries should actively look to optimise policy related to health care expenditure, such as by enhancing the efficiency of health costs to promote sustainable economic development.

scholarly journals Industrial dynamics and economic growth in health-care context. Evidence from selected OECD countries

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Ying ◽  
Daniele Leone ◽  
Antonella Francesca Cicchiello ◽  
Antonella Francesca Cicchiello ◽  
Amirreza Kazemikhasragh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Industrial Dynamics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industrial Marketing ◽  
Health Care Context ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The economic shock posed by the current COVID-19 outbreak brought out a worldwide public health emergency with a close relationship between the industrial marketing practices, the health level of society and its economic development. The purpose of this study is to analyse the industrial dynamics in health care and their impact on economic growth and health status. Design/methodology/approach To empirically investigate the relationship between growth and health, the authors use a data set drawn from 29 selected Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 2000 and 2019. Using panel regressions, the authors investigate the impact of the health-care industry measured in terms of health status, health expenditure, sales on pharmaceutical products, the number of persons working in health care and the coverage by private health insurances. Fixed effect and random effect regressions are used to estimate this model. Findings Overall, the results are suggestive of a nexus between the industrial marketing dynamics of health-care context and economic growth – both interacting and improving each other. As the quality of the health-care market enhances, the economy grows richer and the health status of the population improves considerably. Practical implications To support health-care markets in OECD countries, health policymakers need to formulate a long-term industrial health policy that addresses all the social and individual determinants of health. Originality/value To the best of the knowledge, this is the first study to provide a better understanding of the relationship between health-care industrial dynamics and economic growth in OECD countries along different dimensions.

scholarly journals Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: China vs. India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sampson Agyapong Atuahene ◽  
Kong Yusheng ◽  
Geoffrey Bentum-Micah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
The Impact

Researchers&rsquo; attention has been turned on Health expenditure, Carbon emissions, and economic growth as they play a focal role in the current debate on environmental protection and sustainable development. Our paper endeavors to investigate the impact of economic growth and CO2 emissions on Health expenditure for two main countries in Asia (China and India) using a dynamic panel data model estimated employing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) for the period 1960&ndash;2019. Our empirical results show that there is a significant relationship between health expenditure, CO2 emissions, and economic growth. The empirical evidence indicates a significant positive impact of CO2 emissions on health expenditure whiles economic growth has a negative impact on health expenditure for both countries for the period under study. The population growth rate has transposed effect on India's health spending; on the other hand, its impact on China&rsquo;s health spending is significantly positive. The strong observable correlation between health expenditure and economic growth is crucial for economic development.

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