Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics : A Mini Review

With an increasing number of patients seeking orthodontic treatment, it often poses a challenge to the attending orthodontist to seek modalities that may promote accelerated tooth movement without compromising the underlying tissues and periodontium. Hence, PAOO (Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics was introduced in order to overcome current conventional treatment limitations. It seeks to combine selective bone corticotomy, hard tissue grafting along with the application of orthodontic forces, therefore promoting an increase in the width of the alveolar bone, lesser root resorption and lesser chair side appointments. This procedure aims at accelerating tooth movement and providing long-term improvement of the periodontium, decreased need for extractions, thereby augmenting gingival esthetics. The aim of this review was to summarize current literature regarding the role of PAOO in orthodontics.

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Is Inflammation a Friend or Foe for Orthodontic Treatment?: Inflammation in Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption and Accelerating Tooth Movement

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22052388 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 2388

Author(s):

Masaru Yamaguchi ◽

Shinichi Fukasawa

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Mediators ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Root Resorption ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Orthodontic Forces ◽

Necrosis Factor

The aim of this paper is to provide a review on the role of inflammation in orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) and accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (AOTM) in orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is stimulated by remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. These remodeling activities and tooth displacement are involved in the occurrence of an inflammatory process in the periodontium, in response to orthodontic forces. Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins (PGs), interleukins (Ils; IL-1, -6, -17), the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α superfamily, and receptor activator of nuclear factor (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) are increased in the PDL during OTM. OIIRR is one of the accidental symptoms, and inflammatory mediators have been detected in resorbed roots, PDL, and alveolar bone exposed to heavy orthodontic force. Therefore, these inflammatory mediators are involved with the occurrence of OIIRR during orthodontic tooth movement. On the contrary, regional accelerating phenomenon (RAP) occurs after fractures and surgery such as osteotomies or bone grafting, and bone healing is accelerated by increasing osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Recently, tooth movement after surgical procedures such as corticotomy, corticision, piezocision, and micro-osteoperforation might be accelerated by RAP, which increases the bone metabolism. Therefore, inflammation may be involved in accelerated OTM (AOTM). The knowledge of inflammation during orthodontic treatment could be used in preventing OIIRR and AOTM.

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Cellular and Molecular Changes in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/2011/761768 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 1788-1803 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin ◽

Zulham Yamamoto ◽

lntan Zarina Zainol Abidin ◽

Rohaya Megat Abdul Wahab ◽

Zaidah Zainal Ariffin

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Root Resorption ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Compression Region ◽

Tissue Changes

Tooth movement induced by orthodontic treatment can cause sequential reactions involving the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone, resulting in the release of numerous substances from the dental tissues and surrounding structures. To better understand the biological processes involved in orthodontic treatment, improve treatment, and reduce adverse side effects, several of these substances have been proposed as biomarkers. Potential biological markers can be collected from different tissue samples, and suitable sampling is important to accurately reflect biological processes. This paper covers the tissue changes that are involved during orthodontic tooth movement such as at compression region (involving osteoblasts), tension region (involving osteoclasts), dental root, and pulp tissues. Besides, the involvement of stem cells and their development towards osteoblasts and osteoclasts during orthodontic treatment have also been explained. Several possible biomarkers representing these biological changes during specific phenomenon, that is, bone remodelling (formation and resorption), inflammation, and root resorption have also been proposed. The knowledge of these biomarkers could be used in accelerating orthodontic treatment.

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Biological events related to corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060519856456 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (7) ◽

pp. 2856-2864 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Liviu Feller ◽

Razia A.G. Khammissa ◽

Andreas Siebold ◽

Andre Hugo ◽

Johan Lemmer

Keyword(s):

Tooth Movement ◽

Root Resorption ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Alveolar Process ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Long Term Outcomes ◽

External Root Resorption ◽

Orthodontic Forces

Corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics is a clinical treatment modality comprising the application of conventional orthodontic forces combined with selective decortication of the alveolar process of the bone, which generates a localized process of bone remodeling (turnover) that enables accelerated orthodontic tooth movement. Compared with conventional orthodontic treatment, corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics is associated with reduced treatment time and reduces the frequency of apical external root resorption; however, this modality increases morbidity and financial costs. Although the clinical outcomes of corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics appear favorable, no results of evidence-based investigations of long-term outcomes are available in the literature, and the long-term effects of corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics on the teeth and periodontium are unclear. This narrative review discusses the biological events associated with corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics. Authoritative articles found in relevant databases were critically analyzed and the findings were integrated and incorporated in the text.

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The Role of RANKL and Involvement of Cementum in Orthodontic Root Resorption

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11167244 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (16) ◽

pp. 7244

Author(s):

Masaru Yamaguchi ◽

Hiroyuki Mishima

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Factor Kappa B ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Root Resorption ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Apical Region ◽

Pdl Cells ◽

Receptor Activator ◽

Maxillary Premolars ◽

Orthodontic Forces

Orthodontic root resorption (ORR) is an unintended side effect of orthodontic treatment, and severe ORR can affect treatment outcome. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) has been detected in the resorbed cementum and periodontal (PDL) tissues exposed to excessive orthodontic forces. Recent studies have demonstrated that PDL cells and cementoblasts express RANKL that may play a role in ORR during orthodontic tooth movement. It is known that the hardness of cementum in human maxillary premolars differs among individuals. Furthermore, this difference has been reported to be attributed to differences in the calcium (Ca)/phosphorus (P) ratio. A correlation was observed between the Vickers hardness and Ca/P ratio of the cementum in the apical region. These findings suggest that cementum hardness and the Ca/P ratio may be indirectly involved in ORR caused by orthodontic forces. In this review, it aims to identify the role of RANKL and involvement of cementum in ORR.

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Particularities of orthodontic treatment in patients with external root resorption of traumatic cause – theoretical foundation

Romanian Journal of Stomatology ◽

10.37897/rjs.2017.3.4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 124-127

Author(s):

Anca Nicoleta Temelcea ◽

◽

Paula Perlea ◽

Irina Maria Gheorghiu ◽

Alexandru Iliescu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Theoretical Foundation ◽

Root Resorption ◽

Extreme Caution ◽

External Root Resorption ◽

Orthodontic Forces

The therapy of dento-maxillary annomalies involves the use of orthodontic forces acting on the teeth, periodontium and alveolar bone, producing changes in their structure, resulting in final dental movement. The application of orthodontic forces should be done with extreme caution to avoid the occurrence of traumatic root resorption or aggravation when acting on a weak ground. The article aims to identify the particularities of orthodontic treatment in the etiology of external traumatic root resorbtions.

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Biologic Responses of Autogenous Bone and Beta-tricalcium Phosphate Ceramics Transplanted into Bone Defects to Orthodontic Forces

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/1545-1569_1996_033_0277_broaba_2.3.co_2 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 277-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mohammed Zakir Hossain ◽

Shingo Kyomen ◽

Kazuo Tanne

Keyword(s):

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Root Resorption ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Bone Defects ◽

Autogenous Bone ◽

Beta Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Orthodontic Forces ◽

External Stimuli

This study was conducted to evaluate biologic responses of autogenous bone (particulate marrow and cancellous bone; PMCB) and beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramics (TCPC) to orthodontic stimuli. Nine dogs served as the experimental animals; three dogs underwent orthodontic tooth movement after grafting, three dogs received PMCB grafting without tooth movement, and three dogs received TCPC grafting without tooth movement. Immediately after extraction of the upper second and/or third incisors, the maxillary alveolar bone was resected bilaterally. Autogenous PMCB obtained from the iliac bone and TCPC were transplanted into each bone defect. Experimental tooth movement was initiated 2 to 4 weeks after the grafting and continued for 9 to 15 weeks. Sectional archwires with open-coil springs were used for distal movement of the upper first incisors into the extraction sites. Oxytetracycline and calcein were employed as bone markers. Sections of grafted areas including the teeth were prepared for light and fluorescence microscopy. The results revealed that both autogenous bone and TCPC presented similar adaptive changes to the original alveolar bone without any external stimuli. TCPC exhibited more prominent biodegradative responses to orthodontic force in association with new cementum formation. Root resorption was also less in the TCPC area than in the PMCB region. It Is shown that TCPC is biodegradative In nature and adaptive for remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. This finding indicates that TCPC may be a better biocompatible alternative to autogenous bone transplanted into bone defects subjected to orthodontic tooth movement.

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Role of Vibrations in Orthodontics: A Review

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v8i2.23072 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 50-54

Author(s):

Varun Goyal ◽

Raj Kumar Singh ◽

Nishant Gupta ◽

Gurkeerat Singh ◽

Ashima Relhan

Keyword(s):

Muscle Regeneration ◽

Joint Pain ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Root Resorption ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Bone Remodelling ◽

Muscle Loss ◽

Vibration Therapy

Long treatment time has been a deterrent for the patients for pursuing orthodontic treatment. Orthodontist from time immemorial have been trying different methods for reducing the treatment time. It has been documented in literature that vibration therapy helps in bone remodelling and muscle regeneration as demonstrated in cases of osteoporosis, muscle loss and joint pain. Using the similar approach orthodontist from different era have tried to accelerate the tooth movement using different methods. This article summarises the efforts of different clinicians and their approaches to achieve reduced orthodontic treatment time as well as reducing the discomfort, pain and root resorption using pulsations and vibrations.

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Volumetric evaluation of root resorption on the upper incisors using cone beam computed tomography after 1 year of orthodontic treatment in adult patients with marginal bone loss

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/121717-868.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 88 (6) ◽

pp. 710-718 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Pornputthi Puttaravuttiporn ◽

Mutita Wongsuwanlert ◽

Chairat Charoemratrote ◽

Chidchanok Leethanakul

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Bone Loss ◽

Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Root Resorption ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Volume Loss ◽

Root Volume

ABSTRACTObjectives:To determine upper incisor root resorption, volume loss, and the relationship between root volume loss and tooth movement after 1 year of orthodontic treatment in patients with marginal bone loss.Materials and Methods:A total of 30 women (46.3 ± 5.4 years old) with moderate upper incisor bone loss who required intrusion during orthodontic treatment were recruited. Pre- and post-treatment cone beam computed tomography images were reconstructed. Upper incisors at pre- and post-treatment were superimposed; labio- and palato-apical, middle, and coronal third root volumes were assessed. Tooth movement and alveolar bone height were measured from lateral cephalometric radiographs and cone beam computed tomography. Changes in root volume/alveolar bone height were compared using paired-sample t-tests, percentage root volume loss for each tooth/segment was evaluated by one-way analysis of variance, and the relationship between percentage root loss and degree of tooth movement was assessed by linear regression.Results:Mean root volume significantly decreased on the labio- and palato-apical aspects of 12 and labio-apical aspects of 21 and 22 (P ≤ .024). Palato-apical segment volume loss was greater on lateral than central incisors (P ≤ .016). Two-dimensional root length and cementoenamel junction-bone crest distance did not change between T0 and T1, with no significant relationship between tooth movement amount and percentage root volume loss.Conclusions:Delivery of 40 g intrusive force to the four upper incisors using a T-loop and the leveling phase lead to more apical root volume loss on lateral than central incisors. There was no relationship between extent of tooth movement and upper incisor root volume loss.

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The role of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis in mediating orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal remodeling: a pilot study

Progress in Orthodontics ◽

10.1186/s40510-021-00366-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michele Kaplan ◽

Zana Kalajzic ◽

Thomas Choi ◽

Imad Maleeh ◽

Christopher L. Ricupero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Density ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽

Osteocyte Apoptosis ◽

Saline Administration ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) has been shown to induce osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone shortly after force application. However, how osteocyte apoptosis affects orthodontic tooth movement is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis on osteoclastogenesis, changes in the alveolar bone density, and the magnitude of OTM using a bisphosphonate analog (IG9402), a drug that affects osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis but does not affect osteoclasts. Material and methods Two sets of experiments were performed. Experiment 1 was used to specifically evaluate the effect of IG9402 on osteocyte apoptosis in the alveolar bone during 24 h of OTM. For this experiment, twelve mice were divided into two groups: group 1, saline administration + OTM24-h (n=6), and group 2, IG9402 administration + OTM24-h (n=6). The contralateral unloaded sides served as the control. The goal of experiment 2 was to evaluate the role of osteocyte apoptosis on OTM magnitude and osteoclastogenesis 10 days after OTM. Twenty mice were divided into 4 groups: group 1, saline administration without OTM (n=5); group 2, IG9402 administration without OTM (n=5); group 3, saline + OTM10-day (n=6); and group 4, IG9402 + OTM10-day (n=4). For both experiments, tooth movement was achieved using Ultra Light (25g) Sentalloy Closed Coil Springs attached between the first maxillary molar and the central incisor. Linear measurements of tooth movement and alveolar bone density (BVF) were assessed by MicroCT analysis. Cell death (or apoptosis) was assessed by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, while osteoclast and macrophage formation were assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and F4/80+ immunostaining. Results We found that IG9402 significantly blocked osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone (AB) at 24 h of OTM. At 10 days, IG9402 prevented OTM-induced loss of alveolar bone density and changed the morphology and quality of osteoclasts and macrophages, but did not significantly affect the amount of tooth movement. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that osteocyte apoptosis may play a significant role in osteoclast and macrophage formation during OTM, but does not seem to play a role in the magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement.

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