scholarly journals Noinfectious diseases in industrial poultry farming: histological diagnostics

2021 ◽  
Vol 344 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
I. N. Gromov
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Individual Bird ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Hypovitaminosis A ◽  
Poultry Farming

Under conditions of egg and poultry farming noninfectious diseases are widespread and cause significant economic damage. These diseases can be caused by a variety of etiological factors: the deficiency of the necessary chemical elements, substances or their combination, excessive amount of certain classes of organic substances in feed. Diseases of complex etiology are also recorded, which arise from a combination of unfavorable factors and anatomical and physiological properties of individual bird crosses. Under the influence of unfavorable factors in various organ systems, pathological processes of various nature (dystrophic, necrotic, inflammatory) arise. In this case, the symptoms and pathological changes can be either similar or poorly visible macroscopically. In this regard, the results of histological examination of organs and tissues play an important role in making a presumptive diagnosis. The article introduces the original results of researches on pathomorphological diagnosis of the most widespread diseases in industrial poultry farming of noninfectious etiology: chronic feed borne toxicoses (including mycotoxicoses), hypovitaminosis A, hyposelenosis, amyloidosis, necrosis of the femoral head. The results of examination of spontaneous material stuff. The findings are formulated in the form of histological diagnoses. The attention is focused on the main (pathognomonical) signs of a great value for differential diagnostics of this group of diseases. Various variants of pathomorphological course of the diseases running both in a classical way, and in the form of a pathomorphosis (the variated pathoanatomical and histological lesions against application of vaccines and antibiotics) are considered.

MYCOTOXINS AND MYCOTOXICOSES OF ANIMALS AS AN ACTUAL PROBLEM OF AGRICULTURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
R. S. Ovchinnikov ◽  
◽  
А. V. Kapustin ◽  
A. I. Laishevtsev ◽  
V. A. Savinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Poultry Farming

Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses represent an actual problem for various fields of agriculture – cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, fish farming. Mycotoxins (MT) cause harm to the health of animals and enormous economic damage, products of animal husbandry contaminated with mycotoxins can pose a threat to human health. This problem is important from the point of view of providing food and fodder security of the country.

scholarly journals Associative parasitoses of the gastrointestinal tract of horses and assessment of anti-parasitic drugs efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-231
Author(s):  
M. P. Sinyakov
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
The Republic

Invasive diseases of horses are an urgent problem in the horse breeding industry of the Republic of Belarus, as well as in the near and far abroad countries. The main role among the parasitic pathology is occupied by helminths of the small and large intestine, as well as larvae of gasterophilus. In associative course, they are the cause of significant economic losses associated with the growth and development of sick young animals, reduced performance, endurance of animals, increased susceptibility to other diseases, and even the death of animals. Planned therapeutic and preventive measures using broad-spectrum anthelmintics is a priority measure to reduce economic damage in development of the horse breeding industry. The paper provides data on spread of parasitoses of gastrointestinal tract in horses in the Republic of Belarus during period of 2004-2020. The paper presents the species composition of horse parasites localized in the stomach, small and large intestines. Data on extensiveness and intensity of invasions of horses by parasitocenosis of digestive tract in terms of age are presented. Therapeutic efficiency of antiparasitic drugs of various pharmacological groups in mono- and polyinfestations of gastrointestinal tract of horses are studied. High extensibility of Avermectin series preparations (Avermectin paste 1 %, Rivertin 1 %) has been determined for nematodes of gastrointestinal tract of horses and gastrointestinal disease. High efficiency has been obtained from a new complex antiparasitic preparation for horses “Prazimax” in mono- and polyinfestations caused by parasites of gastrointestinal tract, including nematodes of the small and large intestines, larvae of gasterophilus and Anoplocephala perfoliata cestodes. Data on spread of associative course of parasitocenoses of the digestive tract of horses, age and seasonal dynamics will allow veterinary specialists to make timely diagnosis, conduct differential diagnostics, determine the optimal timing of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive treatments, taking into account the specifics of parasitocenosis.

scholarly journals Radiographic analysis of the thickness of the cranial bones in captive compared to wild-living cheetahs and in cheetahs with hypovitaminosis A

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255924
Author(s):  
Martin J. Schmidt ◽  
Gerhard Steenkamp ◽  
Peter Caldwell ◽  
Klaus Failing ◽  
Robert M. Kirberger
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Bone Thickness ◽  
Calvarial Bone ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Skull Radiographs ◽  
Hypovitaminosis A

Captive cheetahs often demonstrate a high incidence of diseases in which vitamin A imbalances are implicated. These can occur even under controlled and optimised feeding regimens, which is why surveillance of vitamin A status is mandatory in the successful health management of cheetahs. Serum levels of the vitamin do not reflect the true vitamin A status and liver tissue analysis is rather impractical for routine application in large felids. A biomarker for evaluating overt and subclinical vitamin A deficiency in cheetahs is needed. This study evaluates whether increased calvarial bone thickness can be detected on routine skull radiographs of vitamin A deficient cheetahs compared to unaffected animals, and secondly, evaluates whether there is increased bone thickness in clinically sound captive cheetahs in general compared to wild-living controls. Bone thickness in the neuro- and splanchnocranium was measured in 138 skull radiographs. Significant thickening of the parietal bones was found in latero-lateral radiographs of immature cheetahs (< 12 months) with vitamin A deficiency. This finding may allow a presumptive diagnosis of hypovitaminosis A in immature cheetahs. A general difference in skull thickness between free-living and captive cheetahs was not found.

scholarly journals Avian mycoplasmosis monitoring in the Russian Federation in 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
A. E. Menshchikova ◽  
T. N. Brundakova ◽  
M. S. Volkov ◽  
V. N. Irza
Keyword(s):  
Serological Test ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Mycoplasma Synoviae ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Poultry Farming

Under the conditions of intensive poultry farming and high concentration of poultry in a limited area mycoplasmoses cause significant economic damage to commercial poultry farming. Of greatest interest are respiratory mycoplasmosis and infectious synovitis, the causative agents of which are Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, respectively. Considering that both diseases are included in the OIE list of notifiable diseases, it is necessary to perform constant control for their spread. The paper presents an analysis of serological test results for antibodies to mycoplasmosis agents in 2019. Six respiratory mycoplasmosis positive samples – and 129 infectious synovitis positive samples were detected when testing 2,401 chicken serum samples by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of monitoring tests of samples received from 31 poultry farms (nine RF Subjects) indicate a decrease in the number of Mycoplasma gallisepticuminfected stocks and stable Mycoplasma synoviae situation. The respiratory mycoplasmosis epidemic situation on indoor poultry farms might have improved due to obtaining the poultry for commercial parent stocks from mycoplasmosis-free sources, better sanitary and hygienic conditions, elimination of the disease provoking factors, and the use of the disease-specific means of prevention in the parent broiler stocks. The infectious synovitis situation remains tense despite the fact that the number of Мycoplasma synoviae-infected farms decreased in comparison with the monitoring results for 2015–2018. Most seropositive stocks were detected on the layer farms (50.0% – in 2019). It seems appropriate to increase the amount of tests to be performed and the number of farms covered by testing in 2020 to more fully present the disease spread situation in commercial poultry farming in Russia.

scholarly journals Chemistry of Bottom Sediments from Selected Karst Lakes in the Vicinity of Staszów (Nida Basin)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Artur Zieliński ◽  
Adam Choiński ◽  
Sylwia Machula ◽  
Agnieszka Ławniczak ◽  
Agnieszka Strzelczak
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Karst Lakes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Measurement Results

AbstractThe aim of this study was to reveal the chemical composition of bottom sediments in karst lakes located in the northern part of Połaniec Basin (eastern part of the Nida Basin, vicinity of Staszów municipality). A field investigation was carried out in 2010 on four lakes: Duży Staw, Donica, Dziki Staw and Łajba. The contents of a very wide range of chemical elements were determined, which is a rarity. On the basis of our research, it was found that the analysed lakes differed considerably between each other in spite of their close location. In general, sediments contained fair amounts of organic substances as well as Fe, Al, Ca and Mg due to the type of source rock and soligenic lake water supply. Increased concentrations of V, Cr and Ni might be explained by the weathering of rock material. In turn, higher contents of Zn, Pb, Cu and Co in the bottom sediments from Duży Staw indicated anthropopression. The measurement results obtained in this study will allow a future comparative analysis with bottom sediments from other lakes.

scholarly journals Measuring the content of oxygen dissolved in a freshwater reservoir

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. H. Pil'kevych ◽  
◽  
H. М. Rоzоrinov ◽  
Т. М. Ткаchenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Oxidation ◽  
Optical Method ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Content Of Oxygen

For the life of fish and other aquatic animals, the oxygen dissolved in water is particularly important. Oxygen partially penetrates into water from the atmosphere, partially released in the reservoir itself as a result of the livelihoods of plant organisms. By means of chlorophyll, green plants extracted from carbon dioxide needed to construct a living matter of carbon, allocating oxygen in the surrounding space. This process of photosynthesis proceeds due to the energy of sunlight only in the light time of day. The penetration of oxygen in the atmosphere contributes to wind, flow, precipitation, sharp changes in temperature and other reasons that increase the mixing of water layers. In reservoirs, strongly contaminated organic substances, the water in addition to the rich salts of sulfuric acid (sulfates) may appear poisonous for fish and other aqueous animals gaz – hydrogen sulfide. It occurs only in the absence of oxygen with the participation of special bacteria. Carbon dioxide is accumulated as a result of breathing aquatic organisms, and most importantly - as a result of oxidation of organic matter. Therefore, the excess of carbon dioxide indicates a significant contamination of reservoirs by organic substances. In itself, the increase in water oxidation is safe for fish, and even useful to the known limits, since it usually increases the productivity of reservoirs. Organic substances that are formed in the reservoir itself, or industries from fields from fields, farmsteads, or stand out by birds, animals, human, contain some elements and compounds necessary for the development of all living creatures. Among such elements are primarily nitrogen and phosphorus. The abundance of organic substances containing these elements provides for the development of aquatic animals and plants. But when organic substances accumulate too much, then the oxygen regime of the reservoir deteriorates sharply until the conditions of the order. Classic methods and controls of biota parameters of fresh reservoirs have a row of substantial defects to that belong: systematic uncharacter of control of informatively important parameters; subzero exactness of parameters control; large volume of hand operations; necessity of knowledge of mathematical bases of method; bad interpretation of results; need to use support staff. The shortcomings of known methods can be corrected with an automated way of obtaining and processing the informative parameters of fresh water biota. A structural scheme of the process of obtaining the selected parameters of the biota and the preferential algorithm of their processing have been developed. It is shown that the most convenient for collecting mass material about the content of dissolved oxygen in the reservoir is the optical method. Comparison of synchronous measurements by optical and electrochemical sensors showed a significant underestimation of the dissolved oxygen content by an electrochemical sensor compared to the optical one. The optical method of measuring the content of oxygen dissolved in water is based on finding the time and intensity of fluorescence of the sensitive membrane by empirical ratio. Molecules of dissolved oxygen reduce the time and the intensity of membrane fluorescence, created from carefully selected chemical elements. An absolute concentration can be determined after linearization and thermocompensation, which is performed with the help of a built-in water temperature sensor.

scholarly journals The influence of hydro-meteorological conditions on the spread of chicken cestodiasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Bogach ◽  
A. P. Paliy ◽  
L. V. Perotsʼka ◽  
І. V. Pyvovarova ◽  
V. Y. Stoyanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
The South ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Raillietina Echinobothrida ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Selyaninov Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Poultry Farming

Today one of the important problems in poultry farming and bird keeping both in homesteads and on farms is the spread of endoparasites, which cause a significant decrease in productivity and significant economic damage. Raillietinosis and daveniosis are natural focal tape helminthiases that parasitize in the small intestine of poultry. The research on chicken cestodiasis was carried out on poultry farms in the south of Odessa Region of Ukraine during 2017 and 2019. 4219 chickens of different age groups were examined, which used walking areas, with 1965 chickens – in 2017 and 2254 – in 2019. To assess the wet and dry periods with daily average temperatures above 10 °C, that is the period of active vegetation, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient (SHC) was used (1937), according to which the spread of chicken cestodiasis was determined. In the south of Odessa Region, the moderate and severe period increased from four to seven months, at which the hydrothermal coefficient amounted to 0.4–0.8. The period of sufficient moisture at a hydrothermal coefficient of 1.0–1.5 decreased from three months of 2017 to two months of 2019 and the hydrothermal coefficient was not calculated for five and three months, respectively. In 2017, the hatching of cestode eggs with bird manure was recorded for nine months: from March (10.1%) to November (5.8%) with high rates in June (27.2%) and September (37.1%), while in 2019, cestode eggs were recorded in February (12.7%) and up to December (2.4%), that is, for 11 months, with the highest rates in May (41.8%) and September (43.9%). The species composition of chicken cestodes is represented by four species: Raillietina echinobothrida (74.2%), which dominates due to a longer low hydrothermal coefficient, as well as R. tetragona (9.8%), R. cesticillus (10.8%) and Davainea proglottina (5.2%). The invasion of ants with cysticercoid R. echinobothrida in 2017 amounted to 19.6%, and in 2019 – 25.9% with an intensity of 1 to 4 specimens.

scholarly journals The Chemical Space from Which the Periodic System Arose

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilmer Leal ◽  
Eugenio J. Llanos ◽  
Peter F. Stadler ◽  
Juergen Jost ◽  
Guillermo Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chemical Space ◽  
Organometallic Compounds ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Molecular Fragments

Mendeleev came across with his first attempt to a periodic system by classifying and ordering the known elements by 1869. Order and similarity were based on knowledge of chemical compounds, which gathered together constitute the chemical space by 1869. Despite its importance, very little is known about the size and diversity of this space and even less is known about its influence upon Mendeleev's periodic system. Here we show, by analysing 11.484 substances reported in the scientific literature up to 1869 and stored in Reaxys database, that 80\% of the space was accounted by 12 elements, oxygen and hydrogen being those with most compounds. We found that the space included more than 2,000 combinations of elements, of which 5\%, made of organogenic elements, gathered half of the substances of the space. By exploring the temporal report of compounds containing typical molecular fragments, we found that Meyer's and Mendeleev's available chemical space had a balance of organic, inorganic and organometallic compounds, which was, after 1830, drastically overpopulated by organic substances. The size and diversity of the space show that knowledge of organogenic elements sufficed to have a panoramic idea of the space. We determined similarities among the 60 elements known by 1869 taking into account the resemblance of their combinations and we found that Meyer's and Mendeleev's similarities for the chemical elements agree to a large extent with the similarities allowed by the chemical space.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document