scholarly journals The influence of long-term drinking of citric acid on the organism of F0 female rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (95) ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
U. I. Tesarivska

The influence of long-term drinking of Citric acid on the organism of female rats was studied by the investigation of morphological and biochemical indices and organ mass coefficients. The study was performed on 10 laboratory female rats F0, which were organized in groups (5 – control, 5 – experimental) 2–2.5 months aged, with body mass 110–120 g. The animals of the experimental group received aqueous solution of Citric acid (С6Н12О6 х Н2О, “ch.p.”) in the dose 0.8 mg/kg b. m. during the physiologic and puberty periods, fertilization and pregnancy. Animals of both groups had constant access to the drinking water. The received results of studies of red cells in the experimental group are comparative to the control group animals indicate the tendency to decrease the number of red blood cells by 6%, hemoglobin in the blood on 22.7%, average hemoglobin concentration in hemoglobin by 25%, average hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte on 20.9%, average hemoglobin volume on 4% against the background of an increase of hematocrit value on 5.4%. The experimental data obtained indicate a probable increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood of the experimental group of animals on 42.4%, and a tendency for a 2-folf increase in eosinophils. The results of biochemical studies of serum indicate minor differences between serum iron content (increase on 5.6%) in experimental and control animals groups. Also, the received results indicate the tendency of an increase by 3.3% of serum trasferrin on the background of decrease of total (by 3.6%) and unsaturated (by 7.6%) Fe-binding ability of blood. Animals receiving Citric acid found a tendency to increase, in terms of indicators of ALT activity – by 18.9% and alkaline phosphatase by 13.2% comparing with the control group of animals. The blood of female rats showed significantly higher urea level of 72.5% and a lower creatinine level of 19.6%. The content of average molecular weight substances in the serum of female rats of the experimental group under the influence of Citric acid is less than in animals of the control group on 2.8%. Studies of the individual organs status with the determination of their weight and mass coefficients revealed that against a background to the coefficients of the control group of female rats the weight of the liver increased likely by 16.1%. In the future, we plan to investigate the effect of long-term drinking of Citric acid on the organism of F1 rats.

Author(s):  
U. І. Теsarinska ◽  
R. S. Fedoruk ◽  
S. Ya. Маrtynyk ◽  
Т. V. Yurynec ◽  
V. А. Smuk ◽  
...  

The paper considers the effect on rats of long-term feeding of an aqueous solution of citric acid (C6H12O6 x H2O, "chemically pure.") in the amount of 8 mg/l. The study was performed on 10 laboratory female rats F1 of the Wistar line, obtained from F0 females. Two groups were set up: control and experimental, 5 animals in each. Animals were under standard conditions with natural light regime day/night, aqueous solutions of citrate, water, and feed received ad libitum. Were determined the morphological composition and biochemical parameters of the blood of female F1 rats. The results of the study indicate the absence of an unfavorable effect of citric acid on red blood cells. Concerning white blood, there is a decrease in the number of leukocytes, which may be due to the development of an adaptive response of the body to citric acid or the inhibition of citric acid's immune response to long-term adaptive action. There is a significant increase in the relative content of eosinophils in females F1, which probably may be due to the action of citric acid. The analysis of the obtained results of blood biochemical parameters indicates a certain tendency to decrease, in terms of control, the content of serum iron, as well as its total and unsaturated Fe-binding capacity. Ferrum saturation of serum transferrin was present at the level of animals in the control group. Analysis of the study results indicates no changes in control in the activity of enzymes: Alkaline phosphatase ALT and AST, also have no statistically significant confirmation of differences in the control group. The level of urea was statistically not significantly higher in terms of control. Thus, long-term watering of citric acid to female rats in the generation F0 and F1 during their physiological and sexual gestation and pregnancy reveal un-favorable effects in female rats F1. However, there was distinguished the adaptive immune-biological response of the animals organism. The immunological response was supported by a decrease in the number of leukocytes and a significant increase in the relative content of eosinophils. The results of biochemical studies of serum indicate the absence of statistically significant differences in animals of the control group.


Author(s):  
В.В. Труш ◽  
В.И. Соболев

Цель исследования - изучение с помощью стимуляционной электромиографии в экспериментах на крысах эффективности β2-адреноагониста формотерола в компенсации электрофизиологических нарушений передней большеберцовой мышцы (m. tibialis anterior), вызванных длительным введением дексаметазона. Методика. Исследования выполнены на 40 половозрелых крысах-самках в возрасте 4-5 мес массой 180-200 г. Животные были разделены на 4 группы: контрольную (К - группа, без каких-либо воздействий, n=10) и 3 экспериментальных по 10 животных в каждой. Крысы 1-й группы на протяжении 30 сут получали дексаметазон, 2-й группы - дексаметазон в комплексе с формотеролом, 3-я - получала только формотерол. Дексаметазон вводили внутрибрюшинно (0,25 мг/кг) 1 раз в 2 сут. Формотерол (1,5 мкг/кг) вводили ежедневно под кожу. Через 30 сут на наркотизированных животных (тиопентал натрия 100мг/кг внутрибрюшинно) проводили острый опыт. Изучали электрофизиологические параметры передней большеберцовой мышцы с помощью экспериментальной двухканальной установки, оба канала были связаны с регистрирующим устройством - запоминающим цифровым осциллографом Tektronix (TDS2004C). Результаты. Установлено, что формотерол в комплексе с дексаметазоном, предотвращал уменьшение количества активируемых двигательных единиц мышцы и удлинение латентного периода М-ответов. А также обусловливал существенное повышение амплитуды М-ответов (на 115% в сравнении с контролем). Вместе с тем, формотерол в комплексе с дексаметазоном не предотвращал появление полифазных М-ответов, но компенсировал снижение их амплитуды. Введение дексаметазона с формотеролом уменьшало частоту случаев сниженной надежности синаптической передачи (до 30% против 70% в группе крыс, получавших дексаметазон изолированно). Вместе с тем, в случае комплексного введения дексаметазона с формотеролом наблюдалось удлинение латентного периода М-ответов после выполнения утомляющей работы. Заключение. Полученные данные указывают на высокую эффективность β2-адреноагониста формотерола в предотвращении электрофизиологических нарушений в мышце, вызванных длительным введением дексаметазона. Вместе с тем формотерол в комплексе с дексаметазоном, хотя и снижал частоту случаев низкой надежности синаптической передачи в группе (до 30% против 70% в группе, получавших дексаметазон изолированно), в полной мере не предотвращал данного эффекта стероидной миопатии. Aim. To study efficacy of β2-adrenergic agonist formoterol (F) in compensation of electrophysiological disorders in mixed-type skeletal muscles (m. tibial anterior) induced by long-term dexamethasone (D) treatment. Methods. Experiments were performed on sexually mature female rats (180-210 g) divided into four groups: 1) control, group C (intact rats, n=10); 2) first experimental group, 30D (30-day dexamethasone treatment, n=10); 3) second experimental group, 30D+F (30-day dexamethasone plus formoterol treatment, n=10); and third experimental group, 30F (30-day formoterol treatment, n=10). Dexamethasone (KRKA, Slovenia) was administered every two days, i.p., at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg, which was equivalent to the clinical therapeutic dose. Formoterol (Foradil, Novartis, Switzerland) was administered daily at a dose of 1.5 µ/kg, s.c. On day 30, rats were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (100 mg/kg), and stimulation electromyography was performed in an acute experiment. The anterior tibial muscle was stimulated with suprathreshold electrical current via the fibular nerve, and electrophysiological parameters of the muscle were recorded. Results. Formoterol in combination with dexamethasone prevented the decrease in the number of activated muscle motor units and the prolongation of M-response latency, which were typical for the 30D group. Also, formoterol not only corrected the decreased M-response amplitude but even significantly increased it in the 30D+F group by 115% compared to the control (p<0.05). At the same time, formoterol in combination with dexamethasone did not prevent the emergence of polyphasic M-responses (as observed in 50% of animals in the 30D+F group and 40% of animals in the 30D group) but compensated for the decrease in their amplitude. Administration of F+D reduced the incidence of less reliable synaptic transmission (up to 30% in the 30D+F group vs. 70% in the 30D group) but did not completely prevent it. Formoterol administered together with dexamethasone did not prevent marked facilitation of synaptic transmission in 50% of rats at the optimal neuromuscular stimulation rate (30 imp/s). However, this combination increased the amplitude of the first M-response in a series, which indicated the absence of blocked synapses in the 30D+F group. Formoterol in combination with dexamethasone prevented the typical for D-group disorder of M-response, which was more pronounced than in control, and the decrease in the number of activated muscle motor units after performing a fatigable work. At the same time, the D+F treatment increased the M-response latency after performing the fatigable work, which was typical for the 30D group but was not characteristic of the control. This fact confirmed a lower reliability of synaptic transmission both in 30D and 30D+F groups. Conclusion. The study demonstrated a high efficacy of the β2-adrenergic agonist formoterol for preventing electrophysiological disorders in the muscle induced by long-term administration of dexamethasone, which indicated myopathic alterations. At the same time, formoterol in combination with dexamethasone, although reduced the incidence of low-reliability synaptic transmission (up to 30% vs. 70% in the group receiving dexamethasone alone), did not completely prevent this manifestation of steroid myopathy.


Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn ◽  
Mirosława Cieślicka ◽  
Hanna Dziewiecka ◽  
Sławomir Kujawski ◽  
Anita Marcinkiewicz ◽  
...  

An intensive physical exercise program could lead to a decrease in immune system function. Effects of long-term supplementation of bovine colostrum on the response of immune function on physical exercise test in athletes were examined. Twenty-seven elite female basketball players (age 16–19) were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. Eventually, n = 11 athletes completed intervention in the experimental group (3.2 g bovine colostrum orally twice a day for 24 weeks), while n = 9 athletes in the control group were given a placebo. Before the supplementation, after 3 and 6 months, subjects performed the physical exercise stress test. Before, just after, and 3 h after physical exercise testing, blood was drawn and immune system indicators were examined. Plasma interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-2, IL-10, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, creatine kinase (CK MM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and WBC, lymphocyte (LYM), monocyte (MON), and granulocyte (GRA) were measured. A statistically significant change in IL-10 in response to the exercise program during the supplementation period in both groups was observed (p = 0.01). However, the results of the rest of the comparisons were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Contrary to our initial hypothesis, there were no significant effects of bovine supplementation on the dynamics of immune system function indicators.


Author(s):  
Zdeněk Peksa ◽  
Jan Trávníček ◽  
Roman Konečný ◽  
František Jelínek ◽  
Hana Dušová ◽  
...  

In 2010 and 2011 two experiments on gimmers of Šumava mountain sheep were performed. The first experiment was carried out on 12 animals (experimental period was 11 months); control group was fed with 3 mg I*kg−1 in dry matter per day and experimental group was fed with 5 mg I*kg−1 in dry matter per day. The second experiment lasted 10 months and it was carried out on 12 animals. Feed ration for control group contained 10 mg I*kg DM−1. Feed ration for experimental group contained 10 mg I*kg DM−1 too; moreover it included rapeseed meal and 1 g of sodium nitrate. The aim of the first experiment was focused on impact of high iodine intake on structure of thyroid gland. The aim of the second experiment was to discover effect of strumigens during high iodine intake on structure of thyroid gland. The animals were slaughtered after the experiment and there was executed the dissection of thyroid gland. The samples of thyroid gland were processed during classic paraffin method and dyed with haematoxylin and eosin. For finding of histometrical parameters was used program Leica IM 500 Version 4.0. The length, the width and the area of follicles were measured. The follicles were divided into three groups after this procedure (by the length); in each group were measured 20 thyreocytes. In group with intake 5 mg I*kg DM−1 (experiment from year 2010): higher weight of thyroid (p < 0.01), significant higher (p < 0.05) proportional representation of large and medium follicles, significantly (p < 0.05) higher average size of follicles, demonstrably lower (p < 0.05) height of epithelium were found. There were not found any differences in monitored parameters between the groups from experiment which was carried out during the year 2011. After comparing results from the both experiments significantly higher percentage representation of large follicles a significantly lower representation of small follicles, distinctly higher average size and higher height of epithelium in all size categories, in groups with iodine intake 10 mg I*kg DM−1was found (from second experiment – year 2011).


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Ayed Zureigat ◽  
Osama Abdel Fattah

Background: It is well known that advancing age is accompanied by many negative feelings due to the feeling of loneliness and psychological emptiness, which leads to the individual feeling that society does not need him due to his weak physical abilities and thus this, will negatively affect healthy aging. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the effect of the leisure activities on the psychological stress among the elderly during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak. Design: To achieve this, we used the quasi-experimental approach on a sample consisting of 54, with the average age of (65.4±2.3) years. Divided into two groups 27 as a control group and 27 as the experimental group and this sample was purposively selected. Because of the home quarantine and to reduce face-to-face interaction, we used a questionnaire to measure the psychological stress level by using the Google form. The study tool consisted of 7 paragraphs associated with depression and 6 paragraphs associated with anxiety, finally 6 paragraphs associated with aggression. Before applying the experiment, the psychological stress was measured among the study sample, and then the leisure activities program was sent to the experimental group by the WhatsApp application. The researchers used means, standard deviations, paired and independent sample t-test by using SPSS version 24 with a confidence level of 95% (p<0.05). Results: The results of the study have shown that the level of the psychological stress among both groups came with a high average in the pre-measurement, as well as the anxiety domain that were the most affected in a positive way through leisure activities practicing. Additionally, there were statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurement among experiment group and favor of the post measurement. Conclusion: the leisure activities practicing among the elderly have contributed positively to reducing the level of psychological stress represented by depression, anxiety.


2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Qiao Chen ◽  
Shihong Liu

Sports can cause the consumption of energy materials in the body. The rational use of nutritional supplements can maintain the homeostasis of the organism, which plays a very important role in improving the competitive performance of sports athletes. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of nutritional supplements on basketball sports fatigue. The method of this study is as follows: first of all, 15 basketball players in our city were selected as the experimental objects, and they were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group. The members of the experimental group took nutrients. After the training, 6 days a week, 3 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the afternoon, and the rest was adjusted on Sunday. Before training, four weeks and eight weeks of training, the blood routine indexes and body functions of athletes were tested. The results showed that the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, and average hemoglobin concentration of ligustilide supplement of the athletes were at the level of 0.05 after 4 weeks and 8 weeks, and the difference was significant ( P < 0.05 ). The nutritional supplements were used in sprint (3.4 s less), long-distance running (12.8 s less), and weight lifting (6.2 kg more) to a certain extent. Nutritional supplements are used as an auxiliary means of diet to supplement the amino acids, trace elements, vitamins, minerals, etc. required by the human body. The conclusion is that nutrition supplement can effectively improve the indexes of athletes’ body in about four weeks, but the effect is not obvious after a long time. This study provides a certain method for the research of nutritional supplements in the field of sports.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Matias Felix ◽  
Marcela Mansur Alves ◽  
Mariana Teles ◽  
Laura Jamison ◽  
Hudson Golino

This paper reports the results from a three-years follow-up study to access the long-term efficacy of a cognitive training for healthy older adults and investigates the effects of booster sessions on the cognitive performance of the participants using an innovative analytical approach from information theory. Design: semi-randomized quasi-experimental controlled design. Participants: 50 healthy older adults, (M = 73.3, SD = 7.77) were assigned into an experimental (N = 25; Mean age = 73.9; SD = 8.62) and a passive control group (N = 25; mean age = 72.9; SD = 6.97). Instruments: six subtests of WAIS and two episodic memory tasks. Procedures: the participants were assessed in four occasions: after the end of the original intervention, pre-booster sessions (three years after the original intervention), immediately after the booster sessions and three months after the booster sessions. Results: the repeated measures ANOVA showed that two gains reported in the original intervention were identified in the follow-up: Coding (F(1, 44) = 11.79, MSE = 0.77, p = .001, ηˆG2 = .084) and Picture Completion (F(1, 47) = 10.01, MSE = 0.73, p = .003, ηˆG2 = .060). After the booster sessions, all variables presented a significant interaction between group and time favorable to the experimental group (moderate to high effect sizes). To compare the level of cohesion of the cognitive variables between the groups, an entropy-based metric was used. The experimental group presented a lower level of cohesion in three of the four measurement occasions, suggesting a differential impact of the intervention with immediate and short-term effects, but without long-term effects.


2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Omar H Azeez

Aspartame (ASP) is a sugar substitute. Its use rose because it has been demonstrated to have deleterious effects after being metabolized. In the presence of antioxidant vitamins C or E, the effects of ASP on reproductive hormones of adult male and female Albino Wister rats were investigated. A total of eighty male and female rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into four groups: group 1, received no treatment; group 2, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW; group 3, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW with vitamin C at 150 mg/kg BW; and group 4, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW and vitamin E at 100 mg/kg BW. All treatments were given orally by gavage needle once daily for consecutive 90 days. The levels of estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone hormone (TH) were measured after 90 days in blood plasma. In comparison with the control group, ASP treatment resulted in lower levels of E2, FSH, and LH in male and female rats. When the antioxidants vitamin C or E was given, the effects of ASP were reversed, and the levels of E2, LH, and FSH were increased. The testosterone hormone was likewise significantly increased by ASP, but testosterone hormone concentrations were decreased by vitamin C or E treatments. Long-term ASP consumption caused interfering with testicular and ovarian hormonal activity, while vitamins C and E on the other hand, overcome longstanding consumption ASP's effects.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Chunjie Wang ◽  
Yuzhao Yao ◽  
Changsong Zhou ◽  
Feiyan Chen

ABSTRACT Human learning can be understood as a network phenomenon, underpinned by the adaptive reconfiguration of modular organization. However, the plasticity of community structure (CS) in resting-state network induced by cognitive intervention has never been investigated. Here, we explored the individual difference of intrinsic CS between children with 5-year abacus-based mental calculation (AMC) training (35 subjects) and their peers without prior experience in AMC (31 subjects). Using permutation-based analysis between subjects in the two groups, we found the significant alteration of intrinsic CS, with training-attenuated individual difference. The alteration of CS focused on selective subsets of cortical regions (“core areas”), predominantly affiliated to the visual, somatomotor, and default-mode subsystems. These subsystems exhibited training-promoted cohesion with attenuated interaction between them, from the perspective of individuals’ CS. Moreover, the cohesion of visual network could predict training-improved math ability in the AMC group, but not in the control group. Finally, the whole network displayed enhanced segregation in the AMC group, including higher modularity index, more provincial hubs, lower participation coefficient, and fewer between-module links, largely due to the segregation of “core areas.” Collectively, our findings suggested that the intrinsic CS could get reconfigured toward more localized processing and segregated architecture after long-term cognitive training.


1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Trudeau ◽  
Louis Laurencelle ◽  
Janie Tremblay ◽  
Mirjana Rajic ◽  
Roy J. Shephard

The purpose of this project was to undertake a long-term follow-up of participants in the Trois-Rivières Growth and Development Study. Some 20 years after their initial involvement in the program, two groups were compared: experimental subjects (n =150) who had received 5 one-hour sessions of specialized physical education per week throughout their 6 years of primary school, and the original control group (n = 103). All subjects completed a questionnaire regarding current patterns of physical activity (PA), attitudes and beliefs about PA, and perceived barriers to PA. Principal results indicate: (a) More experimental than control women exercise 3 times or more per week, (b) experimental subjects more commonly perceived their health to be very good to excellent, (c) control subjects in general felt less psychological dependency on exercise, and (d) women in the experimental group had a lower relative risk of back problems.


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