scholarly journals PENGARUH WAKTU POLIMERISASI PADA PROSES PEMBUATAN POLIESTER DARI ASAM LEMAK SAWIT DISTILAT (ALSD)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Ahmad Rozi Tanjung ◽  
Ida Ayuningrum ◽  
Renita Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Iodine Value ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Reactant Ratio ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) can be used as raw material for synthesis polyester. The aim of this research is to synthesis of polyester and to determine the effect of reaction time on  polymerization methyl ester PFAD. The esterification stage was done at temperature 70oC, reactiontime 120 minute, reactant ratio 1:8 (PFAD:methanol), concentration of catalyst (H2SO4) 1% (w/w) PFAD;polymerization stage was done at temperature 126-132°C, concentration ofcatalyst (BF3-diethyl etherate) 9.2 % (w/w), variation of polymerization reaction time3, 4, and 5 hours; and polyesterification stage was done at temperature 175-200 oC,reactant ratios (w/w) 1:1 (polymerized ME : ethylene glycol), reaction time 4 hours and all ofstage was stirred at 150 rpm. The results showed, in the esterification stage wasobtained methyl ester with iodine value 77.29 g I2/100 g, viscosity 6.90 cP,density 859.91 kg/m3 and analysis byusing GC-MS showed that the purity of methyl ester was 82.23% andmolecular weight 267.97 g/mol. Decreasing in iodine value from 77.294 I2 g/100 g to 63.45-61.14 gI2/100 g indicated that the polymerization process had takenplace. In polyesterification stage wasobtained gel polyester, viscous, dark brown colored solid at room temperature with acid value from13.13 to 21.65 mg KOH/g, viscosity from 14.3 to 19.1 P, and molecular weight 995.03 to 1,522.07g/mol which is more suitable for application of modified polyester. Analysis by using GC showed that the purity of polyester is equal to 65.49%.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN METIL ESTER DARI MINYAK KEMIRI SUNAN DENGAN KEBERADAAN CO-SOLVENT ASETON DAN KATALIS HETEROGEN NATRIUM SILIKAT TERKALSINASI

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yusuf Ritonga ◽  
Mangunsong Ruben Reinhard Giovani
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Yield Condition ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Homogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

Methyl ester can be produced from vegetable oil or animal oil through transesterification process. The problem that often arises in the transesterification process is the long reaction time because of oil and alcohol are not mutually dissolve and also separation and purification catalysts are difficult to homogeneous catalysts. The addition of co-solvent may assist the mixing of the reactants and the use of heterogeneous catalysts can overcome the problem of homogeneous catalysts. Sunan candlenut oil contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 9.1517% so it needs to be pretreated by esterification so that the raw material has a 1.0538% FFA.  The product  from  this stage  was subjected  to produce methylester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables were investigated. The propertiesof methyl ester like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, iodine value, acid value, the content of methyl ester,  triglycride(TG), diglyceride(DG) and monoglyceride (MG) was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI) and European strandart (EN). On this work the best yield condition , was obtain  by using amount of catalyst 3% at 40oC, for reaction time 30 minute in presence of 20% co-solvent of the 96,1493 yield methyl ester. The result of this work showed that sunan candlenut oli is very suitable as the feedstock of methyl ester.

scholarly journals Optimization and blends study of heterogeneous acid catalyst-assisted esterification of palm oil industry by-product for biodiesel production

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 191592
Author(s):  
Shehu-Ibrahim Akinfalabi ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Imededdine Arbi Nehdi ◽  
Thomas Shean Yaw Choong ◽  
Hassen Mohamed Sbihi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Iodine Value ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

The optimum conditions to produce palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)-derived-methyl esters via esterification have been demonstrated with the aid of the response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite rotatable design in the presence of heterogeneous acid catalyst. The effect of four reaction variables, reaction time (30–110 min), reaction temperature (30–70°C), catalyst concentration (1–3 wt.%) and methanol : PFAD molar ratio (3 : 1–11 : 1), were investigated. The reaction time had the most influence on the yield response, while the interaction between the reaction time and the catalyst concentration, with an F -value of 95.61, contributed the most to the esterification reaction. The model had an R 2 -value of 0.9855, suggesting a fit model, which gave a maximum yield of 95%. The fuel properties of produced PFAD methyl ester were appraised based on the acid value, iodine value, cloud and pour points, flash point, kinematic viscosity, density, ash and water contents and were compared with biodiesel EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751 standard limits. The PFAD methyl ester was further blended with petro-diesel from B0, B3, B5, B10, B20 and B100, on a volumetric basis. The blends were characterized by TGA, DTG and FTIR. With an acid value of 0.42 (mg KOH g −1 ), iodine value of 63 (g.I 2 /100 g), kinematic viscosity of 4.31 (mm 2 s −1 ), the PFAD methyl ester has shown good fuel potential, as all of its fuel properties were within the permissible international standards for biodiesel.

Study on the Preparation of Chitosan-Based Resin

2010 ◽  
Vol 160-162 ◽  
pp. 1810-1815
Author(s):  
Jing Xian Li ◽  
Juan Qin Xue ◽  
Ming Wu ◽  
Yu Jie Wang ◽  
Wei Bo Mao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Reactant Ratio ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Stirring Rate ◽  
Formaldehyde Crosslinking ◽  
New Type

With chitosan as the raw material, a new type of resin material is synthesized through formaldehyde crosslinking. The effects of the reactant ratio, the reaction temperature, the reaction time, the stirring rate and the system pH on the cross-linking rate are studied in detail. The resin material is then characterized by means of IR. The experimental results show that the reaction occurs mainly on the amino and the hydroxyl of chitosan. The chitosan-based resin material with good properties of sphericity and acidresistivity can be prepared under the optimal experimental conditions, which are found to be 1:5 for the ratio of chitosan and formaldehyde, 60°C for the temperature, 1 h for the reaction time, 440r/min for the stirring rate and 10 for the pH.

Two-Step Preparation of Bio-Diesel from the Used Bleaching Clay

2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 1774-1777
Author(s):  
Su Xi Wu ◽  
Shuai Hang Yan ◽  
Hui Cai
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Optimal Reaction Condition ◽  
Optimal Reaction

with the shortage of the raw material oil for producing bio-diesel in China, the oil, recovered from the used bleaching clay which often be discarded by vegetable oil factory, was used to prepare bio-diesel in this trial. Two-step catalyzed process was adopted to produce biodiesel from the oil. The effect of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, alkaline catalyst quantity, reaction temperature and reaction time on the preesterification and transesterification reaction was investigated through orthogonal experiments. Thus the optimal reaction condition came out. Firstly, the optimal pre-esterification condition, under which the end acid value of the product was minimum (i.e. 1.88 mgKOH/g),was to react for 40 h at 60°C,with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1, and by adding alkali catalyst 4% based on the oil weight. Secondly，the optimal transesterification condition, under which the maximum yield of bio-diesel can reach up to 98.2%, was to react for 2.5 h at 60°C,with the methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 7:1, and by adding catalyst 1.25% based on the oil weight.

scholarly journals Preparation of Renewable Bio-Polyols from Two Species of Colliguaja for Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Abril-Milán ◽  
Oscar Valdés ◽  
Yaneris Mirabal-Gallardo ◽  
Alexander F. de la Torre ◽  
Carlos Bustamante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Value ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydroxyl Number ◽  
Single Step Reaction

In this study, we investigated the potential of two non-edible oil extracts from seeds of Colliguaja integerrima (CIO) and Colliguaja salicifolia (CSO) to use as a renewable source for polyols and, eventually, polyurethane foams or biodiesel. For this purpose, two novel polyols from the aforementioned oils were obtained in a one-single step reaction using a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. The polyol derivatives obtained from the two studied oils were characterized by spectral (FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR), physicochemical (e.g., chromatographic analysis, acid value, oxidizability values, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification number, kinematic viscosity, density, theorical molecular weight, hydroxyl number, and hydroxyl functionality) and thermal (TGA) analyses according to standard methods. Physicochemical results revealed that all parameters, with the exception of the iodine value, were higher for bio-polyols (CSP and CIP) compared to the starting oils. The NMR, TGA, and FTIR analyses demonstrated the formation of polyols. Finally, the OH functionality values for CIP and CSP were 4.50 and 5.00, respectively. This result indicated the possible used of CIP and CSP as a raw material for the preparation of polyurethane rigid foams.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystal Extraction From Pennisetum hydridum Fertilized by Municipal Sewage Sludge via Sulfuric Acid Hydrolysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshan Yu ◽  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Qitang Wu ◽  
Zebin Wei ◽  
Xianke Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Type I

This research focuses on the preparation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from Pennisetum hydridum fertilized by municipal sewage sludge (MSS) through sulfuric acid hydrolysis in different acid concentrations (40–65%), temperature (room temperature ∼55°C), and reaction time (50–120 min). The results showed that the obtained CNC possessed stable dispersion in water. The length of CNCs reached 272.5 nm under the condition of room temperature (RT), 65% acid concentration, and 120 min reaction time, and the diameter was within 10 nm. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) showed that the CNC still kept the cellulose type I structure. The crystallinity of CNCs increased to the maximum by 18.34% compared with that of delignified Pennisetum hydridum fibers. Thermogravimetry (TG) illustrated the thermal stability of CNCs was lower than that of delignified Pennisetum hydridum fibers due to the introduction of sulfate groups in the cellulose. This study demonstrated that Pennisetum hydridum fertilized by MSS might be a suitable raw material for CNCs. This implies meaningful resource utilization of MSS and Pennisetum hydridum.

Production of biodiesel from chicken wastes by various alcohol-catalyst combinations

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Wei Lin ◽  
Shuo-Wen Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Sodium Ethoxide ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Short Reaction Time

An environmentally friendly biorefinery process for producing biodiesel from chicken wastes was performed for this study. Low acid value (0.13±0.01 mg KOH/g) chicken oil was obtained by preparing chicken wastes with moderate heating and filtration processes that minimized damage to the lipids and thus facilitated subsequent reactions. Methanol-lipids in a molar ratio of 6:1 and a methanol-ethanol-lipids mixture in a molar ratio of 3:3:1 were both reacted with 1% KOH catalyst for transesterfication. Furthermore, ethanol-lipids in a molar ration of 6:1 were analogously transesterified with 1% sodium ethoxide. The amounts of biodiesel were 771.54 mg/mL±15.28, 722.98 mg/mL±37.38, and 714.86 mg/ mL±29.99 from methanol, eth-anol, and a mixture of methanol/ethanol (3:3), respectively, after transesterification. The total amount of ethyl ester was comparable with the total amount of methyl ester. In addition, ethanol is a renewable resource and a biorefinery concept can be contributed for biodiesel production. Further-more, transesterification of chicken oil with a mixture of methanol/ethanol (3:3) only needed a relatively short reaction time of an hour. Densities, viscosities, sulphur contents, acid values, and flash points of all esters were within the specifications of CNS 15072 and EN 14214. The transesterification system for chicken oil in ethanol and mixed methanol/ethanol (3:3) demonstrated in this study is a potential candidate for biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Preparation of Renewable Bio-Polyols from Two Species of Colliguaja for Rigid Polyurethane Foams

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Abril-Milán ◽  
Oscar Valdés ◽  
Yaneris Mirabal-Gallardo ◽  
Alexander F. de la Torre ◽  
Carlos Bustamante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Value ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydroxyl Number ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Single Step Reaction

In this study we investigated the potential of two non-edible oil extracts from seeds of Colliguaya Integerrima (CIO) and Colliguaja Salicifolia (CSO) to use as a renewable source for polyols and eventually polyurethane foams or biodiesel. For this purpose, two novel polyols from the aforementioned oils were obtained in a one-single step reaction using a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. The polyol derivatives obtained from the two studied oils were characterized by spectral (FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR), physico-chemical (e.g. chromatographic analysis, acid value, oxidizability values, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification number, kinematic viscosity, theorical molecular weights, density, hydroxyl number and hydroxyl functionality) and thermal (TGA) analyses according to standard methods. Physico-chemical results revealed that all parameters, with the exception of the iodine value, were higher for bio-polyols (CSP and CIP polyols) compared to the starting oils. The NMR, TGA and FT-IR analyses demonstrated the formation of polyols. Finally, the OH functionality values for CIP and CSP polyols were 4.50 and 5.00, respectively. This result indicated the possible used of CIP and CSP polyols as a raw material for the preparation of polyurethane rigid foams.

scholarly journals An environmentally friendly acylation reaction of 2-methylnaphthalene in solvent-free condition in a micro-channel reactor

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 474-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenpeng Li ◽  
Haibo Jin ◽  
Suohe Yang ◽  
Xiaoyan Guo ◽  
Guangxiang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Reactant Ratio ◽  
Micro Channel ◽  
Channel Reactor ◽  
Acylation Reaction ◽  
Solvent Free Condition

Abstract An efficient and solvent-free acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN) is presented using acid chloride as both the acylating agent and solvent in a micro channel reactor. The effect of the catalyst, reactant ratio, mixing temperature, reaction temperature and reaction time on the product yield and selectivity was investigated. At room temperature with a reaction time of only 15 min, the target product, 2-methyl-6-propionylnaphthalene (2,6-MPN), was obtained in 72.3% yield with 73.8% selectivity, and 2-methyl-6-acetylnaphthalene (2,6-MAN) was obtained in 54.1% yield with 55.4% selectivity. The route of synthesis provides a more environmentally friendly and efficient method to prepare 2,6-MPN with no other toxic solvents and efficient mass transfer and heat transfer.

A New Kind of Catalyst for Enhancing the Conversion Rate of Fe2+ to Fe3+

2012 ◽  
Vol 178-181 ◽  
pp. 454-457
Author(s):  
Xiao Qing Niu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Pyrite Cinder ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Sulfate Production

In poly ferric sulfate production process with pyrite cinder as the main raw material, the sodium nitrite as catalyst is too toxic to be used largely. By orthogonal experiment and single factor experiments, the best reaction conditions were studied for the sodium nitrite as the catalyst, the amount of catalyst is 0.8%, the reaction temperature is 50°C and the reaction time is 60 minutes. According these conditions, the catalyst (CH-2) was used to promote the oxidation-polymerization reaction. Results showed that the use of this non-sodium nitrite catalyst could not eliminate the product toxicity that would be caused by using sodium nitrite catalyst but also make the toxicity of PFS was eliminated and the performance was better.

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