Catalytic Transesterification of Used Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Effect of Oil-Methanol Molar Ratio and Reaction Time

Used cooking oil has the potential as biodiesel so that it can reduce environmental pollution. Transesterification of triglycerides in used cooking oil with an alcohol to form methyl esters of fatty acids or biodiesel and glycerol. The type of catalyst is one of the determinants of the transesterification reaction and coal fly ash has the potential to be used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of the oil-methanol ratio and the time of the transesterification of used cooking oil to the yield of biodiesel produced using an alkali-activated fly ash catalyst. Transesterification is carried out at 60 °C, the stirring speed is 700 rpm, and the amount of catalyst load is 4%. The result, the highest yield of biodiesel reached almost 89%. This biodiesel consists of 48.86% methyl oleate and 33.86% methyl palmitate and has a density that meets the Indonesian National Standard, which is 0.85 - 0.90 g/cm3. Finally, the BET test on the fly ash catalyst shows a catalyst surface area of around 104.106 m2/g.

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Synthesis and characterization of coal fly ash supported zinc oxide catalyst for biodiesel production using used cooking oil as feed

Renewable Energy ◽

10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 170 ◽

pp. 302-314

Author(s):

Adeyinka S. Yusuff ◽

Aman K. Bhonsle ◽

Jayati Trivedi ◽

Dinesh P. Bangwal ◽

Lok P. Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Oxide Catalyst ◽

Coal Fly Ash ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Synthesis And Characterization ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

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Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using KCL/CaO as Catalyst

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.259 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1044-1045 ◽

pp. 259-262

Author(s):

Si Yi Yu ◽

Xin You Han ◽

Jun Mi

Keyword(s):

Methyl Esters ◽

Uniform Design ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

National Standard ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Wet Impregnation ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Wet Impregnation Method

A KCl-doped CaO solid alkali catalyst was obtained in a wet impregnation method and treated under microwave irradiation to obtain enhanced stability and activity. Then the catalyst was successfully used in the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. A uniform design experimentation U7 (74) and regression analysis by DPS software were used to obtain the optimum conditions of transesterification at the lowest cost. Temperature 338K, catalyst amount 4.5% (wt./wt.oil) and methanol/oil molar ratio 9:1, after 90 min reaction, the fatty acid methyl esters yield reached 91.28% and the purity was over 99%, which was up to the national standard for B-100 biodiesel.

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Hybrid Response Surface Method-African Buffalo Optimization Technique for Ultrasonic Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil using Li doped CaO Nanocatalyst

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.e2930.039520 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1938-1947

Keyword(s):

Response Surface ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Optimization Technique ◽

Research Work ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

African Buffalo ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

In the current era, there is an increasing emphasis on green fuels for a clean environment. Authors in this work have tried to devise an innovative method to optimize ultrasonic production of biodiesel from used cooking oil, using composite technique combining Response surface Methodology and African Buffalo optimization. In this research work, heterogeneous catalyst Lithium doped CaO has been obtained from a new natural source by high-temperature thermal decomposition of Musa Balbisiana root ash and tested its Conversion efficiency for conversion of waste cooking oil into methyl esters. It was observed that the catalyst is really effective for the production of biodiesel from even high Free Fatty Acid waste cooking oil. For optimization of production parameters authors have used ABO complemented with RSM to maximize the biodiesel production yield. The maximum biodiesel yield of 96.67% was achieved using ABO which is about 15% higher than provided by RSM which is 81.01%. The highest biodiesel yield of 96.67 % is obtained at 15:1 Molar Ratio with 3.5% catalyst wt. percent, 60 Degree C Temp. in 45 Minutes with an error of 2.5 % in yield prediction by ABO. The work may be utilized by industries and researchers to use ultrasonic reactors optimally to extract better biodiesel volume in very short time instead of presently used slow mechanical stirring tank reactors.

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PEMANFAATAN ABU CANGKANG KERANG DARAH (ANADARA GRANOSA) SEBAGAI KATALIS DALAM PEMBUATAN METIL ESTER DARI MINYAK JELANTAH

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v4i2.1465 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 13-19

Author(s):

Bernandus Petrus ◽

Andika Prasetyo Sembiring ◽

Mersi Suriani Sinaga

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Clam Shell ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Blood Clam ◽

Anadara Granosa

Transesterification is the reaction to produce methyl esters in which this reaction’s involves catalyst of blood clam shell ashes of combustion at temperatures of 900 ° C for 3 hours and the amount of ash that is used by 8%, 10%, 12% (w / w). Ash used in dissolved in methanol with a molar ratio of methanol: oil of 9: 1, 12: 1 (n / n) to obtain a compound of calcium methoxide. Used cooking oil is filtered and then esterified with catalyst 3.0% (w / w) H2SO4 98% and methanol: oil TG (6: 1) to reduce the FFA to <1%. Transesterification reaction is carried out at a reaction temperature of 65 ° C for 3 hours, and keep stirring 700 rpm. Quantitatively, the optimum yield of methyl ester in the amount of ash produced is 12% (w / w) and the molar ratio of methanol: oil at 12: 1 (n / n) of 56.51% with specification methyl esters such as density, kinematic viscosity and purity methyl ester biodiesel in accordance with SNI 04-7182-2006, based on the analysis of GC (Gas Chromatography), the purity of the resulting methyl ester was 98.79%.

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Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14123703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3703

Author(s):

Ming-Chien Hsiao ◽

Wei-Ting Lin ◽

Wei-Cheng Chiu ◽

Shuhn-Shyurng Hou

Keyword(s):

Acid Value ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Two Stage ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

High Acid ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Stage Process ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

In this study, ultrasound was used to accelerate two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil, which originally had a high acid value (4.35 mg KOH/g). In the first stage, acid-catalyzed esterification reaction conditions were developed with a 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid dosage at 2 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. Under ultrasound irradiation for 40 min, the acid value was effectively decreased from 4.35 to 1.67 mg KOH/g, which was decreased to a sufficient level (<2 mg KOH/g) to avoid the saponification problem for the subsequent transesterification reaction. In the following stage, base-catalyzed transesterification reactions were carried out with a 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, a sodium hydroxide dosage of 1 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. Under ultrasound-assisted transesterification for 40 min, the conversion rate of biodiesel reached 97.05%, which met the requirement of EN 14214 standard, i.e., 96.5% minimum. In order to evaluate and explore the improvement of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) process in shortening the reaction time, additional two-stage biodiesel synthesis experiments using the traditional mechanical stirring method under the optimal conditions were further carried out in this study. It was found that, under the same optimal conditions, using the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process, the total reaction time was significantly reduced to only 80 min, which was much shorter than the total time required by the conventional method of 140 min. It is worth noting that compared with the traditional method without ultrasound, the intensification of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process significantly shortened the total time from 140 min to 80 min, which is a reduction of 42.9%. It was concluded that the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic process is an effective and time-saving method for synthesizing biodiesel from used cooking oil with a high acid value.

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Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Produksi Biodiesel dari Minyak Sawit Mentah Menggunakan Katalis Padat Kalsium Karbonat yang Dipijarkan

Jurnal Natur Indonesia ◽

10.31258/jnat.11.2.129-134 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 129 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amir Awaluddin ◽

Saryono ' ◽

Sri Nelvia ◽

Wahyuni '

Keyword(s):

Methyl Esters ◽

National Standard ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

High Price ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

World Population ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Acid Catalyzed ◽

Edible Type

The demand for petroleum has increased recently due to the increase of world population, industries andtransportation. Biodiesel (fatty acids methyl esters) has become attractive because of high price of petroleum,limited recourses of crude oil, and environmental concerns. Most biodiesel is produced by transesterification oftriglycerides of refined/edible type oils using methanol and homogeneous catalyst such NaOH and KOH. The useof heterogeneous calcined CaCO3 catalyst, has advantages such as the ease of phase separation betweencatalyst and biodiesel. This paper presents factors affecting the synthesis of biodiesel from crude palm using thecalcined CaCO3 catalyst . The synthesis is carried out by two steps, the acid-catalyzed pre-esterification of free-fatty acid and followed by base-catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides. A study of optimizing the reactioncondition of the esterification followed by transesterification of crude palm oil (CPO) is performed to obtainmaximum production of biodiesel. Under conditions of catalyst calcination temperature of 9000C, reactor time of1.5 hours, catalyst dosage of 1,5%, reaction temperature of 700C and methanol/oil molar ratio of 9 : 1, the oilconversion is 74,6%. The as-synthesized biodiesel meets the requirements of Indonesian National Standard (SNI)for biodiesel.

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The Optimization of Ozonolysis Reaction For Synthesis of Biopolyol From Used Palm Cooking Oil

ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.22146/ajche.49711 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Edy Purwanto ◽

Lieke Riadi ◽

Nathania Tamara I. ◽

Mellisha Ika K.

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Response Surface ◽

Ozone Concentration ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimal Operating ◽

Optimal Operating Condition ◽

Hydroxyl Value ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

Biopolyol is a raw material for synthesis of polyurethanes which is used as thermoset and thermoplastic materials, adhesives, rigid or non-rigid foams and also for coating. The utilization of waste edible oil as feedstock for synthesis of biopolyol has attracted some researchers. However, there is little attention focused on the application of ozone technology for synthesis of biopolyol from used cooking oil through ozonolysis reaction. Response surface methodology was performed to determine the optimal operating condition in the synthesis of biopolyol using ozone and sorbitol as a hydroxyl group source. The influence of input variables such as temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of oil to sorbitol and ozone concentration on hydroxyl value quantified was studied. The optimal condition was determined by high amount of hydroxyl value resulted from response surface method which used the experimental data. The ozonolysis reaction was conducted in a batch reactor equipped with agitator, tube sparger, thermocouple, reflux condenser and potassium iodide trap. Central composite design with four independent variables and one response variable was performed to determine the influence of independent variables on output variable of hydroxyl value of biopolyol. The hydroxyl value of polyol is a quadratic function of molar ratio of oil to methanol and a linear function of reaction temperature. The optimal operating condition was achieved at a temperature of 25℃, a reaction time of 5 hours, molar ratio of used cooking oil to sorbitol is 1:7 and ozone concentration about 4.8%.Keywords: Ozonolysis; Biopolyol; Hydroxyl value; Used cooking oil; Palm oil

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Pengaruh Temperatur, Konsentrasi Katalis Dan Rasio Molar Metanol-Minyak Terhadap Yield Biodisel Dari Minyak Goreng Bekas Melalui Proses Netralisasi-Transesterifikasi

METANA ◽

10.14710/metana.v13i1.11340 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Antonius Prihanto ◽

T.A. Bambang Irawan

Keyword(s):

Temperature Variation ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Process Condition ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Concentration Variation ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pembuatan biodisel dari minyak goreng bekas melalui proses netralisasi-transesterifikasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pengaruh temperatur terhadap yield biodiesel, pengaruh konsentrasi katalis terhadap yield biodiesel dan pengaruh rasio molar methanol-minyak goreng bekas terhadap yield biodiesel melalui proses netralisasi dan transesterifikasi. Untuk mendapatkan kondisi proses transesterifikasi terbaik, maka dikaji pengaruh variasi suhu (30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC, 70 oC), variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH (0,75 %, 1 %, 1,25 %, 1,5 %, 1,75 %) dan rasio molar metanol-minyak (6:1; 7:1; 8:1; 9:1; 10:1) terhadap yield biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari minyak goreng bekas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada rasio 6 : 1, konsentrasi katalis KOH 1 % pada suhu 60 oC mengahasilkan yield biodiesel maksimal sebesar 87,3 %. Effect of Temperature, Catalyst Concentration and Methanol-Oil Molar Ratio Against Biodiesel Yield from Used Cooking Oil Through Neutralization Transesterification ProcessA research has been conducted on the making of biodiesel from used cooking oil through a neutralization-transesterification process. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of temperature on biodiesel yield, the effect of catalyst concentration on biodiesel yield and the effect of molar ratio of methanol to used biodiesel yield through neutralization and transesterification process. To obtain the best transesterification process condition, the effect of temperature variation (30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC, 70 oC), KOH catalyst concentration variation (0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1,5 %, 1.75%) and the molar ratio of methanol-oil (6: 1; 7: 1; 8: 1; 9: 1; 10: 1) to the yield of biodiesel produced from used cooking oil. The results showed at a ratio of 6: 1, the concentration of 1% KOH catalyst at 60 ° C resulted in a maximum biodiesel yield of 87.3%.

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Alumina Extraction from Coal Fly Ash via Low-Temperature Potassium Bisulfate Calcination

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min9100585 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 585 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chunbin Guo ◽

Jingjing Zou ◽

Shuhua Ma ◽

Jianlin Yang ◽

Kehan Wang

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Coal Fly Ash ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

Technology Effects ◽

Best Fit

Owing to the depletion of bauxite and increasing demand for alumina, calcination methods for extracting alumina from coal fly ash (CFA) were developed. However, these methods have disadvantages such as the need for high temperatures and the emission of toxic gases. Hence, in this study, Al2O3 was extracted from CFA via low-temperature potassium bisulfate calcination technology. Effects of the potassium bisulfate amount, calcination temperature, and calcination time on the alumina extraction efficiency were investigated using X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. It was found that this technique could recover alumina efficiently, and potassium bisulfate significantly contributed to the degradation of mullite and corundum phases. Al2O3 in CFA was converted into soluble K3Al(SO4)3. With a KHSO4/Al2O3 molar ratio of 7:1, calcining temperature of 230 °C, and calcining time of 3 h, the alumina extraction efficiency reached a maximum of 92.8%. The Avrami–Erofeev equation showed the best fit with the kinetic data for the low-temperature calcination of CFA with KHSO4. The activation energy was 28.36 kJ/mol.

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Alternative Raw Materials to Produce Biodiesel through Alkaline Heterogeneous Catalysis

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9080690 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 690 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Edgar M. Sánchez Faba ◽

Gabriel O. Ferrero ◽

Joana M. Dias ◽

Griselda A. Eimer

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Absolute Methanol ◽

Solid Catalyst ◽

Oil Refineries ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

Recent research focuses on new biodiesel production and purification technologies that seek a carbon-neutral footprint, as well as cheap, renewable and abundant raw materials that do not compete with the demand for food. Then, many attractive alternatives arise due to their availability or low-cost, such as used cooking oil, Jatropha oil (non-edible) or byproducts of vegetable oil refineries. Due to their composition and the presence of moisture, these oils may need a pretreatment to reach the established conditions to be used in the biodiesel production process so that the final product complies with the international quality standards. In this work, a solid catalyst based on 10 wt % sodium oxide supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15, was employed in the transesterification of different feedstocks (commercial sunflower and soybean oil, used cooking oil, acid oil from soapstock and Jatropha hieronymi oil) with absolute methanol in the following reaction conditions—2–8 wt % catalyst, 14:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 60 °C, vigorous magnetic stirring and 5 h of reaction. In this way, first- and second-generation biodiesel was obtained through heterogeneous catalysis with methyl ester yields between 52 and 97 wt %, depending on the free fatty acid content and the moisture content of the oils.

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