scholarly journals Neuropsychology and differential diagnosis in cognitive declines and demoralprocesses in the elderly

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-54
Author(s):  
Maria Luzinete Alves Vanzeler
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Neuropsychological Evaluation ◽  
Mixed Dementia ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Occupational Activities ◽  
Different Types

In order to review the literature on cognitive decline in aging, normal and pathological and the role of neuropsychological evaluation in the differential diagnosis of these declines, a search was conducted in specialized textbooks, neuropsychological evaluation manuals and indexed scientific articles (in capes, lilacs, pubmed, mediline and scielo and academic Google journals), the review was conducted in November and December 2019. The study gathered information about cognitive deficits in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (CLC) and different types of dementia, such as: Alzheimer's disease (AD); Frontotemporal dementia (FTD); Dementia with Lewy corpuscles (DCL); Vascular dementia (DV); Mixed dementia (AD/dv); dementias associated with other neurodegenerative disorders; infectious dementias and reversible dementias. The importance of neuropsychological evaluation was verified as a diagnostic tool, using resources such as: interviews, behavioral observations, batteries of screenings and specific tests (exclusive use of the psychologist). Neuropsychological evaluation characterizes dementia as a progressive deficit in cognitive function, with impaired memory from the initial phase, which impairs social and occupational activities. In addition, neuropsychological evaluation can identify situations in which there is the possibility of reversal, primary and sequelal conditions and also guide therapy and indicate prognosis.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence Applied to Chest X-ray for Differential Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 530
Author(s):  
Christian Salvatore ◽  
Matteo Interlenghi ◽  
Caterina B. Monti ◽  
Davide Ippolito ◽  
Davide Capra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Validation Dataset ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

We assessed the role of artificial intelligence applied to chest X-rays (CXRs) in supporting the diagnosis of COVID-19. We trained and cross-validated a model with an ensemble of 10 convolutional neural networks with CXRs of 98 COVID-19 patients, 88 community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients, and 98 subjects without either COVID-19 or CAP, collected in two Italian hospitals. The system was tested on two independent cohorts, namely, 148 patients (COVID-19, CAP, or negative) collected by one of the two hospitals (independent testing I) and 820 COVID-19 patients collected by a multicenter study (independent testing II). On the training and cross-validation dataset, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were 0.91, 0.87, and 0.93 for COVID-19 versus negative subjects, 0.85, 0.82, and 0.94 for COVID-19 versus CAP. On the independent testing I, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 0.98, 0.88, and 0.98 for COVID-19 versus negative subjects, 0.97, 0.96, and 0.98 for COVID-19 versus CAP. On the independent testing II, the system correctly diagnosed 652 COVID-19 patients versus negative subjects (0.80 sensitivity) and correctly differentiated 674 COVID-19 versus CAP patients (0.82 sensitivity). This system appears promising for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of COVID-19, showing its potential as a second opinion tool in conditions of the variable prevalence of different types of infectious pneumonia.

scholarly journals AMYLOIDOSIS HEART IN ELDERLY

2015 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
L. I. Dvoretsky ◽  
O. Yu. Karpova ◽  
E. N. Alexandrova ◽  
S. Yu. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Different Types

The data on the incidence, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods amyloidosis of the heart in different types of amyloidosis. The features of the current heart amyloidosis, highlights the difficulty of diagnosis and differential diagnosis in the elderly. As an illustration, describes a clinical case of amyloidosis of the heart in 83-year-old patient, the main manifestation of which was congestive heart failure.

Challenges to Oral Healthcare for Older People in Domiciliary Settings in the Next 20 Years: A General Dental Practitioner's Perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol os19 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
Joseph Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
Homes For The Elderly ◽  
General Dental Practitioner ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Provision Of Care

This ‘In my opinion’ paper has been written by a general dental practitioner who, prior to his recent retirement, had a particular interest in the provision of domiciliary oral healthcare. The paper describes the rapid rise in the number of elderly people with mental illness and the increasingly dentate older population who pose new challenges for dentists and carers. It considers the different types of care homes for the elderly, challenges, barriers to care and the provision of care in homes for the elderly and those with dementia. It goes on to reflect on the need for training carers, the role of technicians, and costs. It suggests that there is a need to review treatment planning for those in the early stages of mental illness and improve the availability of domiciliary care. There is a need also to review training and support for carers in the maintenance of oral health. Its final suggestion is that all of these issues are pressing and will become more so over the next 20 years as the population ages.

scholarly journals Role of Exercise Therapy in Prevention of Decline in Aging Muscle Function: Glucocorticoid Myopathy and Unloading

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teet Seene ◽  
Priit Kaasik
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Exercise Therapy ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aging Muscle ◽  
Muscle Unloading ◽  
Muscle Contractile

Changes in skeletal muscle quantity and quality lead to disability in the aging population. Physiological changes in aging skeletal muscle are associated with a decline in mass, strength, and inability to maintain balance. Glucocorticoids, which are in wide exploitation in various clinical scenarios, lead to the loss of the myofibrillar apparatus, changes in the extracellular matrix, and a decrease in muscle strength and motor activity, particularly in the elderly. Exercise therapy has shown to be a useful tool for the prevention of different diseases, including glucocorticoid myopathy and muscle unloading in the elderly. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the possibilities of using exercise therapy in the prevention of glucocorticoid caused myopathy and unloading in the elderly and to describe relationships between the muscle contractile apparatus and the extracellular matrix in different types of aging muscles.

scholarly journals Cognitive deficits associated with optic aphasia: Neuropsychological contribution to a differential diagnosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa de Almeida Rodrigues ◽  
Carla Cristina Adda ◽  
Mara Cristina de Souza Lucia ◽  
Milberto Scaff ◽  
Eliane Correa Miotto
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Posterior Cerebral Artery ◽  
Neuropsychological Evaluation ◽  
Occipital Region ◽  
Diagnostic Investigation ◽  
Neuropsychological Disorders ◽  
Acute Infarction ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Temporal Lesion

Abstract Optic aphasia is characterized by a deficit in naming objects presented visually, as a result of left occipito-temporal lesion. It differs from other neuropsychological disorders due to the nature of the deficits and impairment of cognitive function. A 52 year-old patient, admitted after an episode of sub-acute infarction in the territory of the left posterior cerebral artery involving the temporo-occipital region, was submitted to neuropsychological evaluation as part of a diagnostic investigation and presented specific characteristics of this disorder, as well as impairment to episodic memory. The relevance of the present case is justified not only due to the rarity of the disorder, but also because it highlights the importance of differential diagnosis in the treatment of patients.

Cognitive Deficit in the Depressed Elderly: A Review of Some Basic Unresolved Issues

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Jorm
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Senile Dementia ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Motivational Effect ◽  
Methodological Problems

Research relating to three interrelated issues concerning cognitive deficit in the depressed elderly is reviewed. The issues are: the role of ageing in cognitive deficit associated with depression; whether the cognitive deficit is intrinsic to depression in the elderly or a secondary motivational effect; and the possibility of qualitative differences between the cognitive deficits seen in the depressed elderly and in senile dementia. Despite their fundamental importance, only the most tentative conclusions can be drawn with respect to any of these issues because researchers have either failed to recognise them or failed to appreciate the methodological problems involved in researching them.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

Prospective Memory Development Across the Lifespan

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Zuber ◽  
Matthias Kliegel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Integrative Framework

Abstract. Prospective Memory (PM; i.e., the ability to remember to perform planned tasks) represents a key proxy of healthy aging, as it relates to older adults’ everyday functioning, autonomy, and personal well-being. The current review illustrates how PM performance develops across the lifespan and how multiple cognitive and non-cognitive factors influence this trajectory. Further, a new, integrative framework is presented, detailing how those processes interplay in retrieving and executing delayed intentions. Specifically, while most previous models have focused on memory processes, the present model focuses on the role of executive functioning in PM and its development across the lifespan. Finally, a practical outlook is presented, suggesting how the current knowledge can be applied in geriatrics and geropsychology to promote healthy aging by maintaining prospective abilities in the elderly.

The Diagnosis of Lupus Anticoagulants by the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time - The Central Role of Phosphatidyl Serine

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (02) ◽  
pp. 172-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Kelsey ◽  
K J Stevenson ◽  
L Poller
Keyword(s):  
Screening Method ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Phosphatidyl Serine ◽  
Test System ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Constant Composition ◽  
Lupus Anticoagulants ◽  
Different Types

SummaryLiposomes of pure phospholipids were used in a modified APTT test system and the role of phosphatidyl serine (PS) in determining the sensitivity of the test system to the presence of lupus anticoagulants was assessed. Six consecutive patients with lupus anticoagulants and seven haemophiliacs with anticoagulants directed at specific coagulation factors, were studied. Increasing the concentration of phospholipid in the test system markedly reduced the sensitivity to lupus anticoagulants but had marginal effect on the specific factor inhibitors. The same effect was achieved when the content of PS alone was increased in a vehicle liposome of constant composition.The results suggest that the lupus anticoagulants can best be detected by a screening method using an APTT test with a reagent of low PS content. The use of a reagent rich in PS will largely abolish the lupus anticoagulant’s effect on the APTT. An approach using the two different types of reagent may facilitate differentiation of lupus inhibitors from other types of anticoagulant.

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