Groundwater Contamination due to the Use of Agrochemicals in Sugar Cane Agroecosystems

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Soto Estrada ◽  
Cesáreo Landeros Sánchez ◽  
Juan Manuel Hernández Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Deep Wells ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Area Of Influence

Objective: Assess the risk of groundwater contamination due to the application of pesticides and the amount of nitrogen leached in agroecosystems with sugar cane in the area of influence of sugar mills, La Gloria y El Modelo, Veracruz, Mexico. Methodology: The presence of pesticides at 30 groundwater sampling points was determined by using the Mexican regulation N0M-041-SSA1-1993 and the EPA 608 and EPA 608.1 methods described by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Nitrogen (N) loss by leaching was assessed evaluating nine treatments by combining two factors: dose (250, 200 and 150 kg ha-1 of N) and application fractionated doses (2, 3 y 4). Results: Pesticides such as ?-hexachlorocyclohexane (?-HCH), heptachlor heptachloroepoxide, ?-endosulfan, ? endosulfan, sulfate-endosulfan, aldrin, dieldrin and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4.4’DDE) were found in groundwater of deep wells of agroecosystems with sugarcane. Application of low doses of N resulted in lower losses of N due to leaching. A dose of 150 kg ha-1 of N, applied in two, three, and four fractions, generated N losses between 15.40 to 18.18 kg ha-1, which means a loss of up to 12.1%. Conclusions: Groundwater contamination by agrochemicals, such as pesticides is indubitable; so, reducing such contamination should be a priority for crop growers involved. Also, nitrogen, soil and water management and conservation practices must be done. This will result in a less negative impact to the environment and public health. Water and nitrogen fertilizers management at plot level are to be improved in order to increase water irrigation and nitrogen efficiency in agricultural areas.

Yield and chlorophyll index in cabbage in function of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers and urea

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
J. J. Frazão ◽  
A. R. Silva ◽  
F. H. M. Salgado ◽  
R. A. Flores ◽  
E. P. F. Brasil
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Applied Dose ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea ◽  
N Rates ◽  
And Control

The increase of the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilization promotes reduction of the applied dose and decreases the losses of nitrogen (N) to the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield and the relative chlorophyll index (IRC) in cabbage crop under cover fertilization, using enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers, compared to urea, in variable doses. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 3x4+1 factorial scheme (three sources, four rates and control), with four replications. The N sources used were: common urea (U), urea treated with urease inhibitor NBPT® (UN) and Kimcoat® polymer coated urea (UK). The N rates used were 0, 40, 80, 160 and 320 kg ha-1, divided in two fertilizations at 20 and 40 days after transplantation. Up to 160 kg ha-1 of N, there was no difference between N sources and N rates for both yield and RCI. The enhanced-efficiency N sources (UN and UK) promoted higher averages compared to common urea, possibly due to the higher N losses from common urea. Thus, the use of urease inhibitors or polymers associated with urea is a promising strategy to improve cabbage yield, as well as reducing N losses to the environment.

scholarly journals The Impact of Brand Equity on Conversion Behavior in the Use of Personal Banking Services: Case Study of Commercial Banks in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Thi Thu Cuc Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Customer Services ◽  
The Impact

The brand equity of banks plays a crucial role in determining customer behavior of using their services. The study aims to examine the impact of brand equity on conversion behavior in the use of personal banking services at commercial banks in Vietnam. The paper uses quantitative research methods, through linear SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) analysis, with survey data including 554 samples of individual customers of commercial banks. The study’s findings show that the bank’s brand equity has a negative impact on the behavior of individual customers. In the relationship between these two factors, competitive advertising effectiveness and loyalty of customers act as intermediary factors. On that basis, the study makes a number of recommendations to preclude customers leaving and minimize business losses caused by the conversion of customers’ banks. The findings of this study have shown the importance and impact of brand equity on conversion behavior in the use of personal customer services. These are meaningful contributions both theoretically and practically to help banks get a deeper insight into brand equity and the need to pay attention to building and developing sustainable brand equity for the bank, as well as an important basis for further research.

scholarly journals Reduced Leaching Fractions Improve Irrigation Use Efficiency and Nutrient Efficacy

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen H. Tyler ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Ted E. Bilderback
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
N Losses ◽  
P Content ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Volume

Abstract An experiment with two leaching fractions (LF = volume of water leached ÷ volume of water applied) and two fertilizer rates was conducted to evaluate the effects of reduced irrigation volume in combination with reduced fertility on irrigation use efficiency, nutrient efficacy (retention), and plant growth. Rooted cuttings of Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers in a pine bark: sand substrate (8:1 by vol). Osmocote 24N-1.7P-5.8K (24-4-7) was topdressed at 3.5 g N or 1.75 g N per container at treatment initiation. The experiment, a RCBD with four replications was conducted for 100 days on a container-grown plant production area subdivided into 16 separate plots that allowed for the collection of all irrigation water leaving each plot. Twenty containers were placed in each plot. Irrigation water was applied daily to attain either a high LF of 0.4 to 0.6 or a low LF of 0.0 to 0.2. Irrigation water was applied in two cycles with a two hour rest interval between each application via pressure compensated spray stakes at a rate of 200 ml/min (0.28 in/min). Volume of effluent from each plot was measured daily and analyzed for NO3, NH4, and P. Low LF decreased irrigation volume and effluent volume by 44% and 63%, respectively, compared to high LF. Irrigation use efficiency [total plant dry weight (volume applied-volume leached)] by plants irrigated with low LF was 29% greater than high LF. Compared to high LF, low LF decreased cumulative NO3 and NH4 contents in effluent by 66% and 62%, respectively, for containers fertilized with 3.5 g N. Low LF also reduced cumulative P content in the effluent by 57% compared to high LF. Shoot and total plant dry weights produced with low LF were reduced 8% and 10%, respectively, compared to plants grown with high LF. Root dry weight was not effected by LF. Shoot, root, and total plant dry weights with 1.75 g N were reduced by 26%, 26%, and 28%, respectively compared to 3.5 g N. Nitrogen efficiency was higher when plants were fertilized with 3.5 g N regardless of LF. To maximize N absorption and minimize N losses requires a combination of maintaining an adequate N supply which is this study was 3.5 g N per 3.8 liter container in combination with a low LF.

Sugar cane straw left in the field during harvest: decomposition dynamics and composition changes

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 758 ◽  
Author(s):  
José G. de A. Sousa ◽  
Maurício R. Cherubin ◽  
Carlos E. P. Cerri ◽  
Carlos C. Cerri ◽  
Brigitte J. Feigl
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
N Losses ◽  
No Removal ◽  
Bioenergy Production ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Decomposition Dynamics ◽  
Straw Incorporation

The understanding of sugar cane straw decomposition dynamics is essential for defining a sustainable rate of straw removal for bioenergy production without jeopardising soil functioning and other ecosystem services. Thus, we conducted a field study in south-east Brazil over 360 days to evaluate sugar cane straw decomposition and changes in its composition as affected by increasing initial straw amounts and management practices. The sugar cane straw amounts tested were: (1) 3.5 Mg ha–1 (i.e. 75% removal); (2) 7.0 Mg ha–1 (i.e. 50% removal); (3) 14.0 Mg ha–1 (i.e. no removal); and (4) 21.0 Mg ha–1 (i.e. no removal plus 50% of the extra straw left on the field). In addition, two management practices were studied for the reference straw amount (14 Mg ha–1), namely straw incorporation into the soil and irrigation with vinasse. The findings showed that dry mass (DM) loss increased logarithmically as a function of the initial amount left on the soil surface. An exponential curve efficiently described straw DM and C losses, in which more readily decomposable compounds are preferably consumed, leaving compounds that are more recalcitrant in the late stages of decomposition. After 1 year of decomposition, net straw C and N losses reached approximately 70% and 23% respectively for the highest initial straw amounts. Straw incorporation in the soil significantly accelerated the decomposition process (i.e. 86% DM loss after 1 year) compared with maintenance of straw on the soil surface (65% DM loss after 1 year), whereas irrigation with vinasse had little effect on decomposition (60% DM loss after 1 year). We conclude that straw decomposition data are an essential starting point for a better understanding of the environmental effects caused by straw removal and other management practices in sugar cane fields. This information can be used in models and integrated assessments towards a more sustainable sugar cane straw management for bioenergy production.

MODELING OF MOTOR TRANSPORT EXHAUST POLLUTANT DISPERSION

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petras Vaitiekūnas ◽  
Reda Banaitytė
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Pollutant Dispersion ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Dispersion Modeling ◽  
Pollution Dispersion ◽  
Motor Transport ◽  
Pollution Modeling

Pollution is a major problem in all countries, even developed ones. It is the major environmental negative impact of anthropogenic activities affecting ecology. There are two major ways for assessment of negative impact of motor transport flow intensity and pollution level: monitoring the air or modeling pollutant dispersion. It is very important to estimate different unknown air modeling programs. In this work modeling is to be executed by the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) the so‐called “the best possible existing software for strategic environmental assessment”. That is also recommended by the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania. In this work pollution modeling was executed for the northern part of Vilnius (the network of streets Geležinis Vilkas ‐ Ozas ‐ Kalvarijos). For motor vehicle pollution mathematical modeling, it is necessary to evaluate meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity, the wind direction and speed. Modeling software can also estimate relief conditions. Pollution emission measurements were used, and pollution dispersion modeling was performed. The main target was to evaluate pollutant dispersion from motor transport in the analysed area of Vilnius. During investigation maximum hourly, daily and annual concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter were observed.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Application Efficiency on Two Local Sorghum Cultivars Sorghum bicolor L. Moench

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Abdulla A. Mohamed Muflahi ◽  
Ahmed Saleh Basuaid
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

A field experiment was carried out at El-Kod Agricultural Research Station, Abyan Delta, Abyan Governorate during the seasons 2014 and 2015 in soil sandy silt to assess four levels of nitrogen fertilizers (0, 55, 110 and 165 kg N/ha) utilizing urea fertilizer (46% N) on some crop characteristics and efficiency of nitrogen application on two local cultivars of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Split plot design was applied in four replicates. Fertilizer levels were distributed in main plots whereas, the cultivars in subplots. The results revealed significant differences between cultivars Benny and Saif in all characteristics during the two seasons. Cultivar Benny was significantly superior to cultivar Saif in all crop characteristics, except the length of spike which was significantly superior in Saif cultivar compared to cultivar Benny in both seasons. The increase in nitrogen level led to significant increase in all parameters of crop growth under study in both seasons, where the highest dose of nitrogen (165 kg N/ha) gave highest grain yield (3013 and 3201 kg/ha) in both seasons respectively, while the efficiency of nitrogen utilization declined with increased level of nitrogen application and highest value in nitrogen efficiency (12.78 kg grain/kg N). The interaction between cultivars and nitrogen fertilizer showed significant differences in terms of all studied parameters during both seasons. The cultivar Benny responded to high level of nitrogen (165 kg N/ha) and gave high grain yield (3640 and 3305 kg/ha) in both seasons respectively. The results yielded significant effect for efficiency of nitrogen application on grain yield between the cultivars, the levels of fertilizers and their interaction in the first season whereas, no significant differences were detected in the second season.

Does Widowhood or Remarriage have the Greater Impact on the Academic Achievement of Children?

2002 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Jeynes
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Small Impact ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
Downward Pressure ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
8Th Grade

Using the NELS data set from the 1988–1992 period, the results of this study indicate that how one views the relative effects of widowhood and remarriage may depend largely on two factors: 1) at what age the children are studied and 2) whether one controls for SES. First, parental widowhood and remarriage exerted a greater downward impact on academic achievement for the 8th grade cohort than the 12th grade cohort. Second, whether SES variables were used in the analysis had a small impact. Parental widowhood exerted greater downward pressure on academic achievement when SES variables were not included in the analysis than when they were included. Overall, parental remarriage had a greater negative impact on the academic achievement of children than parental widowhood did. These results are somewhat different from the results found in a similar study which examined the relative effects of divorce and remarriage following divorce (Jeynes, 1998a). The possible reasons for both of these differing effects are discussed.

scholarly journals Sugar Cane Cake and Mineral Fertilizers on Coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) Seedlings

CORD ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Luiz Gonzaga Bione Ferraz ◽  
Ademar Barros da Silva ◽  
José Nunes Filho ◽  
Antonio Raimundo de Sousa ◽  
Venézio Felipe dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
And Control

High quantities of mineral fertilizers (MF) are required for good coconut seedling production, whose up dated recommendation is 232 grams per seedling. The objective of this work was to assess the substitution of the MF by organic fertilizer as sugar-cane filter cake (SCFC) on coconut seedlings in polybag. The SCFC is an organic residue from sugar-cane manufacturing composed of various chemical elements, as for instance: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The experiment was carried out at the Itapirema Research Station, Goiana, Pernambuco State, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design, with factorial disposition 52, replicated three times, with six tall coconut seedlings per plot. The treatments were the combinations of five doses of MF (in g seedling-1): 46.25; 92.50; 138.75; 185.00 and control, using urea, simple superphosphate and potassium chloride at the proportion of 1:2:3, respectively, and five doses of SCFC (in kg polybag-1): 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and control. Eight months after young coconut seedlings replacement to the polybags the following parameters were measured: collar girth (CG), leaf area (LA), number of live leaves (NL) and plant height (PH). For leaf nutritional diagnosis and growing media chemical and physical analyses, samples were collected. There was significance for the two factors, individually, to all parameters. The trend analysis revealed linear, quadratic and cubic responses, according to the studied character. The mixture of 0.5 kg of SCFC polybag-1 plus 46.25 g of the MF was sufficient for obtaining seedlings of excellent quality and promoting a fertilizers economy around 80%. According to other results from this research, the number of seedlings per plot and the critical level of nutrients in the leaf of coconut seedlings should be reviewed.

scholarly journals Cyclic Irrigation Increases Irrigation Application Efficiency and Decreases Ammonium Losses

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen H. Tyler ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Ted E. Bilderback
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Irrigation Application ◽  
Application Efficiency ◽  
Standard Application ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Abstract Cyclic irrigation using pressure compensated drip emitters was evaluated for irrigation application efficiency, nutrient efficacy, and plant growth. The experiment, a RCBD with four replications was conducted in a simulated nursery using high volumes of irrigation which are common in container-grown ornamental nurseries in the southeastern United States. A container-grown plant production area, subdivided into 16 separate plots, allowed for the collection of all irrigation water leaving each plot. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. ‘Goldsturm’ and Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ plants were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers in a pine bark: sand substrate (8:1 by vol) and irrigated with either 900 ml (1.2 in) of water applied once a day [900 ml (1×)], 450 ml (0.62 in) applied in two cycles [450 ml (2×)], 300 ml (0.41 in) applied in three cycles [300 ml (3×)], or 150 ml (0.21 in) applied in six cycles [150 ml (6×)]. A cycle consisted of a one-hour rest interval between each irrigation allotment. At 8:00 AM daily, volume of effluent from each plot was measured and a sub-sample of the effluent was analyzed for NO3-N, NH4-N, and P. Cycled irrigation (2×, 3×, 6×) reduced volume of effluent, increased irrigation application efficiency [(irrigation volume applied-volume leached) ÷ volume applied], and decreased total NH4-N (mg) losses compared to the 900 ml (1×) application. Cycled irrigation (2×, 3×, 6×) did not differ in effluent volume or irrigation application efficiency. However, the 450 ml (2×) treatment had greater total NH4-N losses compared to 300 ml (3×) and 150 ml (6×) treatments. Irrigation treatments did not affect NO3 or P losses. Irrigation application efficiency over the course of the experiment averaged 0.52 for cyclic irrigation applications (2×, 3×, 6×), a 38% improvement over the 900 ml (1×) standard application. Depending on irrigation treatment, 89% to 104% of the 3.0 g of N applied was recovered. Nitrogen efficiency averaged 89% and 88% for cotoneaster and rudbeckia, respectively. Of the 0.34 g of P applied, 43.4% was recovered. Phosphorus efficiency averaged 29% for both species. Growth, nutrient concentration, and nutrient content of cotoneaster or rudbeckia were not affected by irrigation treatments.

scholarly journals Factors Predicting Stress among Nurses in the Situation of Unrest of the Four Southern Border Provinces of Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-284
Author(s):  
Nidarat CHOOWICHIAN ◽  
Darawan THAPINTA ◽  
Hunsa SETHABOUPPHA ◽  
Petsunee THUNGJAROENKUL
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Predicting Factors ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
High Level

Stress is a significant health problem among nurses working in areas of political unrest and war.  It can pose a negative impact on local health systems. This study aimed to explore the relationship of factors and their ability to predict stress. Factors included the severity of the situation of unrest, sense of coherence, commitment, self-efficacy, and social support that exists among nurses in these situations. The subjects were 300 nurses selected by multi-stage random sampling. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. The results indicated that the severity of the situation of unrest was positively significantly associated with stress among nurses at a high level (r = .527, p < .01) and sense of coherence (r = - .272, p < .01) was negatively significantly associated with stress among nurses at a low level.The severity of the situation of unrest, sense of coherence, and social support together predicted 32.2 % of the variance in stress among nurses. The severity of the situation of unrest was the most significant predictor of stress (27.7 %), followed by sense of coherence (3.4 %) and social support (2.1 %). Two factors associated with stress were the severity of the situation of unrest and sense of coherence, and three factors that predicted stress among nurses were the severity of the situation of unrest, sense of coherence, and social support. The findings can be used as basic data for nursing administrators to plan actions to prevent and deal with stress among nurses in situations of unrest by focusing on such predicting factors.

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