scholarly journals A Review of Eco-Friendly Preservative and Bio-Tannin Materials Using Powdered Barks of Local Plants for the Processing of Goatskin

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Franco John Unango ◽  
Ramesh Duraisamy ◽  
Karthikeyan M Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Local Plants ◽  
Vegetable Tanning ◽  
Chromium Salt ◽  
Salt Preservation

Skin is a raw material which is considered as the heart of leather making process. Skin falls vulnerable upon the flayed of the animals and is seriously invaded by bacteria if it is not well protected. Curing and preservation of raw stock resist putrefaction and reserve leather quality. Worldwide, most commonly used skin preservation is by using table salt which is accused of polluting the environment by increasing soil salinity, affecting water body, releasing more than 40% dissolved solids and 55% chlorides etc. Further, on the side of leather tanning, 80-90% of all leathers is manufactured by tanning with basic chromium (III) salt, because of its excellent features and is also solemnly accused that; its safety record is cautionary, uncontrolled emission of chromium (VI) and it is a limited natural resources. Pollution control authorities of many countries are imposed severe restrictions on both salt preservation and chrome tanning forcing the tanners and researchers to look for possible alternative ways that are naturally abundant, easily obtainable, low priced, eco-friendly and offer competitive with existing tanned leather performances. The critical reviewed was targeting the recent alternatives trends to skin/hides salt preservation as well as vegetable tanning as a possible way to replace the use of basic chromium salt for the sustainability of leather industry and to further suggest another preservative and vegetable plant to be used in future studies.

scholarly journals Current trends in leather science

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. Covington ◽  
William R. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Vegetable Tanning ◽  
Sulfide Species

Abstract In preparing the second edition of ‘Tanning Chemistry. The Science of Leather.’, the literature was updated and the content was revised and reviewed. Here, the new findings are presented and discussed. Notable developments include the necessary rethinking of the mechanism of sulfide unhairing because of new understanding of the aqueous chemistry of sulfide species. Revision upwards of the value of the second pKa for sulfide species ionisation means that S2− cannot exist in an aqueous medium, so the unhairing species in hair burn reactions is HS−. Although the technology remains the same, this means the mechanisms of associated reactions such as immunisation must be revised. Rawstock preservation has benefitted from studies of the potential role of materials from plants which accumulate salt, but which also contribute terpene compounds. There is also further discussion on the continuing issue of chromium (VI) in the leather industry. The application to processing of new solvents, ionic liquids and deep eutectics, is the coming technology, which offers transforming options for new chemistries and products. Renewed interest in vegetable tanning and methods of wet white processing are current trends. Also, within the topic of reagent delivery is processing in a solid medium of plastic beads. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Prospects and Challenges of Chrome Tanning: Approach a Greener Technology in Leather Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
MD. Dipu Ahmed ◽  
Kazi Madina Maraz ◽  
Ruhul Amin Khan
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Vegetable Tanning ◽  
Harmful Effects

The leather industry is one of the heavy-polluting and hazardous industries that is creating toxic and harmful effects on the environment and human health by producing waste chemicals, tannery effluents, and various pollutants. Moreover, Tanning is the required stage to convert raw skin to durable and sustainable skin but most of the chemicals, salts, organic and inorganic toxic pollutants are produced. In commercial practices, Chrome tanning is the highly employed approach that uses a large number of basic chromium salts that becomes the major source of chromium pollutant in the environment. Chromium salt is not only harmful to the environment and ecology but also harms the human body such as causing respiratory problems, infertility and birth defects, skin and lung cancer of the workers. This article has presented two alternatives eco-friendly greener approaches of chrome tanning and waste management technique to reduce the toxic effect on the environment and human health. Firstly, to get rid of these harmful effects, the possible remedy of environmental and human health problems may be considered the vegetable tanning process. Vegetable tanning uses tannins (a class of polyphenol astringent chemicals), which occur naturally in the bark and leaves of many plants. Secondly, chrome tanning associate with ultrasound having a frequency range of 20–100 kHz is commonly employed for enhancing the physical processes and for performing chemical reactions. The basic principle associated with the process is an ultrasonic cavitation in dissolved media. Ultrasound decreases the consumption of conventional water and chemicals because it can also function as a physical activator resulting reduction in environmental pollution which is a prime concern nowadays to approach greener leather technology and eco-friendly leather processing. Furthermore, the possible waste management technique of chrome tanning helps to prevent pollution and ensure eco-friendly green technology of leather processing. Therefore, vegetable tanning and chrome tanning associated with ultrasound having proper waste management will be the viable and sustainable options for the tanners in the forthcoming future.

scholarly journals Pre-treatments of pre-consumer cotton-based textile waste for production of textile fibres in the cold NaOH(aq) and cellulose carbamate processes

Cellulose ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjo Määttänen ◽  
Maria Gunnarsson ◽  
Helena Wedin ◽  
Sara Stibing ◽  
Carina Olsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Textile Waste ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Degree Of Polymerisation ◽  
Textile Fibres ◽  
Cellulose Carbamate ◽  
Regenerated Fibres ◽  
Inorganic Content

AbstractRecycling of textiles is of importance due to the large amount of waste generated from the increasing consumption and use worldwide. Cotton-rich pre-consumer textiles are considered as potential raw material for production of man-made regenerated fibres, but demands purification from the blends with synthetic fibres as well as the dyes and finishing chemicals. In this study we explore the use of different pre-treatments of pre-consumer textiles to meet specific parameters for production of fibres in the cold NaOH(aq) or cellulose carbamate process. The pre-treatments consisted of different bleaching sequences and were performed on both uncoloured and coloured pre-consumer textiles. For the uncoloured textile, degree of polymerisation and amount of inorganic content was efficiently reduced making the material suitable for both the cold NaOH(aq) and the cellulose carbamate process. In case of the coloured textile, the pre-treatments were able to remove the dye and decrease the inorganic content as well as reduce the degree of polymerisation but only sufficiently enough for production of fibres in the cellulose carbamate process. The work was able to prove a fibre-to-fibre concept while further optimisation of the regeneration steps is expected to improve the mechanical properties of the produced fibres in future studies.

Can genius be taught? Debates in Portuguese music education (1868–1930)

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luísa Fernandes Paz
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Discursive Space ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Democratic Schooling ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Musical Practices ◽  
Nature And Nurture ◽  
Portuguese Music

This paper examines how the idea of musical genius, a mythical notion used as a device for musical practices, facilitates a split between the genius of an innate learner and that of an apprentice, thus creating an ambiguous discursive space. Genius was firstly a matter of nature, but also most discussed under the topic of nurture, that is, education. In order to understand how this nature and nurture ambiguousness developed in specific terms for the musical genius I focussed on analysing historical documents on the main resources for genius-building. In this article, these resources are considered the raw material for the embodying of the genius in every single person. What I discovered about the term ‘genius’ and its contradictory uses to support both elitist and democratic schooling made me realise that it is treated as an argument to advocate the merits of music and to take concrete steps in implementing educational excellence. The term ‘genius’ can serve any pedagogical purpose and encompass contradictory ideas, potentially serving unlimited purposes. Genius can be applied to the best of students, but equally to virtually anyone. In future studies the question will be whether this reading fits the scenario in other European countries.

scholarly journals Pennisetum sinese: A Potential Phytoremediation Plant for Chromium Deletion from Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3651
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Chen ◽  
Jianhua Tong ◽  
Yi Su ◽  
Langtao Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chromium Removal ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Plantlet Growth ◽  
Mushroom Culture ◽  
High Concentrations

Chromium is one of the major pollutants in water and soil. Thus, it is urgent to develop a new method for chromium removal from the environment. Phytoremediation is a promising approach for heavy metal pollution recovery. As a perennial giant grass with a fast growth rate, Pennisetum sinese has been widely used as livestock feed, mushroom culture medium and biomass energy raw material. Interestingly, we have found a high adsorption capacity of P. sinese for chromium. P. sinese was treated with different concentrations of chromium for 15 days. Results showed that P. sinese plantlets grew well under low concentrations (less than 500 μM) of chromium (VI). The plantlet growth was inhibited when treated with high concentrations of chromium (more than 1000 μM). Up to 150.99 and 979.03 mg·kg−1 DW of chromium accumulated in the aerial part and root, respectively, under a treatment of 2000 μM Cr. The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) of P. sinese varied from 10.87 to 17.56, and reached a maximum value at the concentration of 500 μM. The results indicated that P. sinese showed strong tolerance and high accumulation capability under Cr stress. Therefore, the chromium removal potential of P. sinese has a great application prospect in phytoremediation.

scholarly journals The bank of swimming organisms at the micron scale (BOSO-Micro)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252291
Author(s):  
Marcos F. Velho Rodrigues ◽  
Maciej Lisicki ◽  
Eric Lauga
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Biophysical Models ◽  
Aqueous Environments ◽  
Dynamical Parameters ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Surrounding Fluid

Unicellular microscopic organisms living in aqueous environments outnumber all other creatures on Earth. A large proportion of them are able to self-propel in fluids with a vast diversity of swimming gaits and motility patterns. In this paper we present a biophysical survey of the available experimental data produced to date on the characteristics of motile behaviour in unicellular microswimmers. We assemble from the available literature empirical data on the motility of four broad categories of organisms: bacteria (and archaea), flagellated eukaryotes, spermatozoa and ciliates. Whenever possible, we gather the following biological, morphological, kinematic and dynamical parameters: species, geometry and size of the organisms, swimming speeds, actuation frequencies, actuation amplitudes, number of flagella and properties of the surrounding fluid. We then organise the data using the established fluid mechanics principles for propulsion at low Reynolds number. Specifically, we use theoretical biophysical models for the locomotion of cells within the same taxonomic groups of organisms as a means of rationalising the raw material we have assembled, while demonstrating the variability for organisms of different species within the same group. The material gathered in our work is an attempt to summarise the available experimental data in the field, providing a convenient and practical reference point for future studies.

scholarly journals Sustainable products in the leather industry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Ballus ◽  
Anna Bacardit
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Material Content ◽  
Sustainable Products ◽  
Short Lifespan ◽  
Renewable Raw Material ◽  
Lower Carbon

Protecting the environment is one of the three objectives of sustainability. One way to achieve this is to preserve natural resources by using renewable or residual raw materials. These products have a shorter lifespan and a lower carbon footprint, are highly biodegradable, and are therefore considered to be sustainable products. In this paper, three retanning agents and two oils classified as sustainable products were studied. First, biobased carbon content (an indicator of renewable raw material content) was determined. Then, the physical and organoleptic properties of the leathers treated with each product (degree of softness, firmness and fullness) were evaluated. The COD of residual baths was also determined in oils. The products presented in this paper meet the sustainability requirements, i.e., high renewable raw material content, short lifespan, and low carbon footprint. In addition, these products show high fixation and therefore have a low COD in residual baths, thus also contributing to their sustainability.

scholarly journals A PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY ON THE STEM BARK OF DEVADARU (Cedrus deodara Roxb. Loud.G.Don)

2021 ◽  
Vol p5 (02) ◽  
pp. 2696-2704
Author(s):  
Amrita Sharma ◽  
Chander Shekhar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cedrus Deodara ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Human Care ◽  
Scientific System ◽  
Indian Medicine

Ayurveda is the ancient knowledge of scientific system of Indian medicine. This medicinal system incorpo-rates the use of Dravyas –medicinal plants, which proved to be an effective means of human care in the pre and post Vedic periods. One among many such plants is Devadaru. Etymologically the word ‘Devada-ru’ itself personify the plant as ‘Devta’ or divine tree, because it provides environment with solitude and its medicinal values. To explore more about Devadaru pharmacognostical study of stem bark was conducted. To authenticate the sample of Devadaru, comparison of organoleptic characteristics of stem bark and its powder was done which reveals that stem bark has some aromatic compounds. Based on organoleptic characteristics obtained and microscopic observations, genuineness of the raw material was authenticated. The microscopic study of cut sections and powder of stem bark was done. The observations could be con-sidered to be the reference standards in future studies and will be of immense help in standardization of Ayurvedic medicines to meet the international parameters.

Management of tannery wastewaters: treatment of spent chrome tanning bath and vegetable tanning effluents

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (22-24) ◽  
pp. 4467-4477 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tahiri ◽  
J. Hassoune ◽  
S. Alami Younssi ◽  
M. El Krati ◽  
A. Albizane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Wastewaters Treatment ◽  
Vegetable Tanning

Metal-Free Combination Tanning with Replenishable Polyphenols and Marine Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. John Sundar ◽  
C. Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Raw Fish ◽  
Vegetable Tanning ◽  
Vegetable Tannins

In line with the resurgence of natural products in the global manufacturing industry, the leather industry is also relooking the increased use of organic materials. To exploit the benefits of the vegetable tanning materials and to couple with suitable organic material for overcoming the inherent shortcomings of vegetable tanning materials, studies were undertaken. Tanning materials like raw fish oil have advantageous properties to impart on leather such as softness, lightweight, and washability characteristics. Hence studies were undertaken on polyphenol-fish oil combination tannages. The quantities of wattle and fish oil and process conditions were standardized. The study indicated that the oxidation of fish oil could take place in the presence of vegetable tannins. The leathers tanned by this combination tanning system could be converted into garment leathers of rich shades and possessed good strength and physical properties. Propelled by encouraging results, investigations were also made on the nature of interaction between vegetable tannins and fish oil with collagen. It was also observed that the vegetable tannins probably do not hinder the oxidation of oil. To sum up, the study leads to the development of a viable, versatile organic tanning system to gain eco-acceptability for the leather manufacturing process.

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