Research on Starvation in the Warsaw Ghetto – Ethical Problems

2010 ◽  
pp. 439-450
Author(s):  
Marta Janczewska
Keyword(s):  
Research Team ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Warsaw Ghetto ◽  
Dying Patients ◽  
To Receive

Research team of physicians and lab technicians under Izrael Milejkowski’s direction undertook the effort to carry out a series of clinical and biochemical experiments on patients dying of starvation in the Warsaw ghetto so as to receive the fullest possible picture of hunger disease. The research was carried out according to all the rigors of strict scientific discipline, and the authors during their work on academic articles, published it after the war entitled: „Starvation disease: hunger research carried out in the Warsaw ghetto in 1942,” according to their own words, they “supplemented the gap in accordance with the progress of knowledge.” The article is devoted to the reflections over ethical dilemmas of the research team, who were forced in their work to perform numerous medical treatments of experimental nature on extremely exhausted patients. The ill, according to Dr Fajgenblat’s words,“demonstrated negativism toward the research and treatment, which extremely hindered the work, and sometimes even frustrated it.” The article attempts to look at the monumental research work of the Warsaw ghetto doctors as a special kind of response of the medical profession to the feeling of helplessness to the dying patients. The article analyzes the situation of Warsaw ghetto doctors, who undertook the research without support of any outer authority, which could settle their possible ethical dilemmas (Polish deontological codes, European discussions on the conditions of the admissibility of medical research on patients, etc.).

Informed Consent in the Military: Fighting a Losing Battle Against the Anthrax Vaccine

2002 ◽  
Vol 28 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 325-343
Author(s):  
Ruth K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Service Member ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Employment History ◽  
Receive Treatment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Military ◽  
To Receive

In civilian life, an individual has the right to refuse medical treatment in almost any circumstance. While a patient who refuses treatment may face adverse consequences such as prolonged illness, our society recognizes the importance of individual choice in health matters. Members of the military, however, enjoy no such right. Service members are required to submit to certain medical treatments as a part of their employment contract. Refusing such treatments is disobeying an order, and the service member then faces the prospect of a dishonorable or “other than honorable” discharge, and even imprisonment. Disobeying an order to receive treatment can thus result in the equivalent of a felony conviction on the individual's employment history forever.

The Boundaries of “Good Behavior” and Judicial Competence: Exploring Responsibilities and Authority Limitations of Cognitive Specialists in the Regulation of Incapacitated Judges

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 514-520
Author(s):  
Brandon Hamm ◽  
Bryn S. Esplin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Severe Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Administration Of Justice

Both law and medicine rely on self-regulation and codes of professionalism to ensure duties are performed in a competent, ethical manner. Unlike physicians, however, judges are lawyers themselves, so judicial oversight is also self-regulation. As previous literature has highlighted, the hesitation to report a cognitively-compromised judge has resulted in an “opensecret” amongst lawyers who face numerous conflicts of interest.Through a case study involving a senior judge with severe cognitive impairment, this article considers the unique ethical dilemmas that cognitive specialists may encounter when navigating duties to patient, society, and the medical profession, without clear legal guidance.Systemic self-regulatory inadequacies in the legal profession are addressed, as well as challenges that arise when trying to preserve the trust and dignity of an incapacitated patient who must fulfill special duties to society.Ultimately, because of their unique neurological expertise and impartial assessments, we submit that allowing cognitive specialists to submit their assessments to an internal judiciary board may act as an additional check and balance to ensure the fair and competent administration of justice.

Berufsordnungen im Rahmen der Verfassung

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Krekeler
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Employment Law ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Medical Law ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Considerable Impact

Although the medical employment law addresses only the medical profession immediately, it does have a considerable impact on third-party rights. The statutory prohibitions of the medically assisted suicide are relevant in regard to the legal status of patients as well as in regard to the long-standing prohibition to perform reproductive medical treatments for women in homosexual relationships. This impact provides an opportunity to closely focus on the constitutional boundaries of the setting of norms regarding the functional self-administration Subsequently, these findings are applied to the regulations of the employment law. This work does not only focus on medical law but also discusses basic constitutional doctrines.

Female Pilgrimage to the Middle East during Global Transformation, or How Lost Female Pilgrims in the Holy Land Fell in the Sphere of Soviet Interests

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8 (106)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Belyakova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Women ◽  
Marginal Group ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
To Receive

The research focuses on establishing and personifying the rather shady and marginal group of “Russian female pilgrims” that decided to stay in the Holy Land in 1910—1920’s and caught the attention of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs after the formation of the state of Israel. In our research, we are introducing previously unpublished documents that give us the opportunity to examine this marginal group of elderly, religious women, who unexpectedly became acting figures in the Soviet-Israeli diplomatic relations and the Soviet struggle for Russian property in Palestine. The interest of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs in attaining property that previously belonged to institutions and representatives of the Russian Empire in Palestine naturally sparked the USSR’s keen interest in Russian nuns and female pilgrims in the region. The condition under which these women were granted Soviet citizenship was the recognition of Patriarch Alexius I of Moscow, which in itself is an expression of the new role, played by the Russian Orthodox Church under Stalinist leadership in the international (namely — Middle Eastern) arena. In this research paper we will demonstrate the mechanism of discussion and decision-making within the Soviet institutions, which pertained to the granting of a special kind of citizenship, one that officially forbade the entrance to the USSR. Among the documents published is the list of the female pilgrims, who lived in the Holy Land in 1952 and who were willing to receive Soviet citizenship.

scholarly journals Astrophysics research at DAP

2020 ◽  
Vol 240 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
P.N. Diep ◽  
D.T. Hoai ◽  
P.T. Nhung ◽  
N.T. Phuong ◽  
T.T. Thai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Team ◽  
High Redshift ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
High Redshift Galaxies ◽  
National Space ◽  
Training Team ◽  
And Training ◽  
Redshift Galaxies

The research and training team of the Department of Astrophysics (DAP), Vietnam National Space Center, is some twenty years old. Currently, we work in the fields of stellar physics and high-redshift galaxies using mm/sub-mm data observed by world-leading radio interferometers such as ALMA and NOEMA. In this report, we present the research team and its activities and give illustrations of the research work with emphasis on the use of archival data.

scholarly journals Enhanced Recommendation System in Community–Question-Answering Websites using Splay-Tree Methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1305-1310
Keyword(s):  
Recommendation System ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Community Question Answering ◽  
Splay Tree ◽  
Ranking Systems ◽  
Long Time ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Period Performance ◽  
Question And Answering

In community-driven ranking systems participants with superior scores acquire strong reputation than low scored participants. The community-question-aswering websites, like stackexchange network, participants with unreciprocated or unnoticed questions for a long time get a badge called tumbleweed without taking into account of their earlier period performance. The user-driven question and answering website considers this reward as a consolation prize and discourages them instead of encouraging. Mostly, the users who ask unnoticed questions are either a new or less scored participants. The center of attention of this research work is to propose a recommendation system that prevents unnoticed questions from the participants who are about to receive a tumbleweed badge. A splay-tree is a tree with a self-balancing ability which brings the newly accessed node to the apex of the tree. In this paper, the splay-tree correspond to participants’ ranks and the highlight of the work is to raise average or beneath average scorer to apex without disturbing existing toppers

scholarly journals The metalinguistic use of vague predicates in conditionals

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Stefan Hinterwimmer
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
Selection Function ◽  
Indicative Conditionals ◽  
Epistemic Modal ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
To Receive

This paper deals with an at first sight surprising reading that indicative conditionals whose antecedents contain vague predicates receive under certain conditions. I argue that the existence of this reading can be explained if indicative conditionals are allowed to receive a special kind of metalinguistic interpretation. According to this reading, the worlds quantified over do not (possibly) differ from the world of evaluation with respect to some extralinguistic state of affairs, but only with respect to the standards according to which the vague predicates in the antecedents are interpreted. I show that the availability of the metalinguistic reading can be accounted for if both the epistemic modal bases and the selection function relative to which the worlds quantified over are determined are allowed to operate in a more flexible way than is standardly assumed.

Medical Ethical and Policy Issues Arising from RIA

2008 ◽  
pp. 324-332
Author(s):  
Jimmie L. Joseph ◽  
David P. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Care Technology ◽  
Social Upheaval

New technologies can lead to social upheaval and ethical dilemmas which are unrecognized at the time of their introduction. Medical care technology has advanced rapidly over the course of the past two decades and has frequently been accompanied by unforeseen consequences for individuals, the medical profession and government budgets, with concomitant implications for society and public policy (Magner, 1992; Marti-Ibanez, 1962). Advances in information technology (IT) during the last decade and a half are now impacting the medical profession, and the delivery of medical advances, in ways that will impact public policy debates for the foreseeable future. The World Wide Web (Web) makes information that was once the eminent domain of medical professionals available to average citizens who are increasingly demanding medical treatments from the leading edge of medical technology. For example, CenterWatch (www.centerwatch. com) provides a wealth of information concerning clinical trials and offers a conduit by which patients can become involved in such studies. The availability of such information has also led to patients suffering from life-threatening diseases not part of such clinical trials to request special access to potentially life-saving therapies. As a result, the Web is increasing the complexity of answering public policy questions surrounding what medical technologies to make available to the public, who will be eligible to receive new medical treatments, and at what cost.

Research E-Journaling to Enhance Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research

2015 ◽  
pp. 673-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalin Hai-Jew
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Electronic Version ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Research Journal

In qualitative and mixed methods research, the researcher and/or research team are critical elements in the research. Given perceptual, cognitive, and memory limitations, human researchers can often bring these shortcomings to their research and decision-making. To combat such tendencies, researcher reflection, self-awareness, and self-critique are seen as some research controls, as are various standardizations in research to control for bias and to provide for multiple points-of-view. One tool that has long been used for researcher reflection to promote research quality has been the research journal. Research journals are field texts created by the researcher or a research team to make sense of the research work; these are professional forms of narrative analyses or narrative inquiries to enhance researcher self-consciousness of their work, their reasoning, their decision-making, and their conclusions. A contemporaneous electronic version of the qualitative or mixed methods research journal is multimedia-based (including visuals, audio, and video) and may be built in data management software programs, shared cloud-based work sites, or simple folders or digital objects. Guided research e-journals may be structured for the elicitation and capture of specific information to ensure researcher attentiveness, awareness, mindfulness, and thoroughness. Guided electronic journaling (used prior to, during, and post-research) may be used to enhance research quality. This chapter proposes a partial typology of guided structures for research journaling and suggests channels for publishing and distributing research e-journals.

scholarly journals Bioceramics: from bone substitutes to nanoparticles for drug delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Vallet-Regí
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Bone Substitutes ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Smart Drug ◽  
Smart Drug Delivery

Abstract Since the second half of the 20th century, bioceramics are used for bone repair and regeneration. Inspired by bones and teeth, and aimed at mimicking their structure and composition, several artificial bioceramics were developed for biomedical applications. And nowadays, in the 21st century, with the increasing prominence of nanoscience and nanotechnology, certain bioceramics are being used to build smart drug delivery systems, among other applications. This minireview will mainly describe both tendencies through the research work carried out by the research team of María Vallet-Regí.

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