scholarly journals Coexistence of large mammals and humans is possible in Europe’s anthropogenic landscapes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Cretois ◽  
John D C Linnell ◽  
Bram Van Moorter ◽  
Petra Kaczensky ◽  
Erlend B. Nilsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Anthropogenic Landscapes ◽  
Human Land Use ◽  
Human Footprint ◽  
Broad Scale

A critical question in the conservation of both large carnivores and wild ungulates is where they are able to live. In Europe, large mammals have persisted, and recently expanded, alongside humans for millennia, but surprisingly little quantitative data is available about large scale effects of human disturbance on their broad scale distribution. In this study, we quantify the relative importance of human land use and protected areas as opposed to biophysical constraints on large mammal distribution. We demonstrate that the broad scale distribution of most large mammals in Europe includes areas of high to very high human disturbance and is primarily driven by environmental variables rather than the human footprint or the presence of protected areas. We argue that coexistence between large mammals and humans is primarily determined by the willingness of humans to share multi-use landscapes with wildlife rather than the ability of wildlife to tolerate humans.

scholarly journals The application of science to the management of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): integration across scales

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Armstrong ◽  
James WA Grant ◽  
Harvey L Forsgren ◽  
Kurt D Fausch ◽  
Richard M DeGraaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Broad Scale ◽  
The Way

The need for integration across spatial and temporal scales in applying science to the management of Atlantic salmon is considered. The factors that are currently believed to affect the production of anadromous adult Atlantic salmon (synthesized from recent reviews) are arranged in a hierarchy in which any given process overrides those processes at lower levels. There is not a good correlation between levels in the process hierarchy and levels in hierarchies of scale. This demonstrates the importance of integrating across scales in identifying the optimum foci for targeting management action. It is not possible to generalize on the need for integration across scales within management plans. This is because of the complex ecology of salmon, the broad range of characteristics of the systems of which they are a part, and the fact that both local scale and broad scale management can have broad scale effects. Many uncertainties remain regarding the large-scale components of the ecology of salmon, the way that small-scale mechanisms interact with life histories, and the way that different factors interact to limit production of fish. When more is understood of these processes, it is likely that generalized rules might be developed to predict the management requirements for stream systems. In the meantime, it is essential that there is good integration among managers working at different scales and it is important that management systems operating at all spatial scales include high-calibre expertise to compensate for the present paucity of general rules.

scholarly journals Measuring protected-area outcomes with leech iDNA: large-scale quantification of vertebrate biodiversity in Ailaoshan reserve

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinqiu Ji ◽  
Christopher CM Baker ◽  
Viorel D Popescu ◽  
Jiaxin Wang ◽  
Chunying Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Management Effectiveness ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Occupancy Modelling ◽  
Species Occupancy ◽  
Domestic Mammal

1AbstractProtected areas are central to meeting biodiversity conservation goals, but measuring their effectiveness is challenging. We address this challenge by using DNA from leech-ingested bloodmeals to estimate vertebrate occupancies across the 677 km2 Ailaoshan reserve in Yunnan, China. 163 park rangers collected 30,468 leeches from 172 patrol areas. We identified 86 vertebrate species, including amphibians, mammals, birds, and squamates. Multi-species occupancy modelling showed that species richness increased with elevation and distance to reserve edge, including the distributions of most of the large mammals (e.g. sambar, black bear, serow, tufted deer). The exceptions were the three domestic mammal species (cows, sheep, goats) and muntjak deer, which were more common at lower elevations. Vertebrate occupancies are a granular, large-scale conservation-outcome measure that can be used to increase management effectiveness and thus to improve the contributions that protected areas make to achieving global biodiversity goals.建立自然保护区是实现生物多样性保护的核心措施, 然而如何评估其保护效率仍然是一 个难题。为了解决这一难题, 我们首次利用蚂蝗吸食血液中的DNA(iDNA)进行了一次 大规模的尝试, 对占地677平方公里的位于中国西南部云南省的哀牢山国家自然保护区进 行了一个全局的脊椎动物多样性的评估。在本研究中, 该保护区被划分成172个巡逻区, 由163位护林员在巡视过程中采集了总共30468只蚂蝗, 在这些蚂蝗的测序数据中, 我们鉴 定得到86个脊椎动物物种, 包括两栖类, 鸟类, 哺乳类, 爬行类。我们的多物种占据模型 分析结果显示:在群落水平, 物 丰富度和群落的平均分布随着海拔的升高而增加, 随着 与保护区边缘的距离的缩短而减少;而在物种水平, 三个家养动物物种(牛, 绵羊, 山 羊)和一个野生动物物种(赤麂)在海拔较低的靠近保护区边缘的地区分布更多, 而绝大 多数大型野生哺乳动物(如水鹿, 黑熊, 苏门羚, 黑麂, 野猪)则呈现相反的趋势, 在较 高海拔, 靠近保护区中央的地区分布更多。本研究的结果显示基于蚂蝗的iDNA技术可以为 评估自然保护区对脊椎动物的保护效率创建一个高效的, 可重复的, 易于被大众接受理解 的, 并且可以被审计的结果指标, 该指标可以用于评估保护区对脊椎动物多样性的保护效 率, 从而确保保护区有助于实现全球生物多样性目标。

scholarly journals Functional Connectivity of the World's Protected Areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Brennan ◽  
Robin Naidoo ◽  
Laura Greenstreet ◽  
Zia Mehrabi ◽  
Navin Ramankutty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Anthropogenic Landscapes ◽  
Global Conservation ◽  
Human Footprint ◽  
Connectivity Indices ◽  
First Time

Rapid environmental change threatens to isolate the world's wildlife populations and intensify biodiversity loss. Global policies have called for expanding and connecting the world's protected areas (PAs) to curtail the crisis, yet how well PA networks currently support wildlife movement, and where connectivity conservation or restoration is most critical, have never been mapped globally. Here, we map the functional connectivity (how animals move through landscapes) of the world's terrestrial PAs for the first time. Also, going beyond existing global connectivity indices, we quantify national PA-connectedness using an approach that meaningfully represents animal movement through anthropogenic landscapes. We find that reducing the human footprint may improve national PA-connectivity more than adding new PAs; however, both strategies are critical for improving and preserving connectivity in places where the predicted flow of animal movement is highly concentrated. We show that the majority of critical connectivity areas (CCAs) (defined as globally important areas of concentrated animal movements) remain unprotected. Of these, 72% overlap with previously-identified global conservation priority areas, while 3% of CCAs occur within moderate to heavily modified lands. Conservation and restoration of CCAs could safeguard connectivity of the world's PAs, and dovetail with previously identified global conservation priorities.

scholarly journals Large ecosystem-scale effects of restoration fail to mitigate impacts of land-use legacies in longleaf pine savannas

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (17) ◽  
pp. e2020935118
Author(s):  
Lars A. Brudvig ◽  
Nash E. Turley ◽  
Savannah L. Bartel ◽  
Lukas Bell-Dereske ◽  
Sabrie Breland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Legacy Effects ◽  
Human Land Use ◽  
History Of ◽  
Land Use Legacies ◽  
Pine Savannas

Ecological restoration is a global priority, with potential to reverse biodiversity declines and promote ecosystem functioning. Yet, successful restoration is challenged by lingering legacies of past land-use activities, which are pervasive on lands available for restoration. Although legacies can persist for centuries following cessation of human land uses such as agriculture, we currently lack understanding of how land-use legacies affect entire ecosystems, how they influence restoration outcomes, or whether restoration can mitigate legacy effects. Using a large-scale experiment, we evaluated how restoration by tree thinning and land-use legacies from prior cultivation and subsequent conversion to pine plantations affect fire-suppressed longleaf pine savannas. We evaluated 45 ecological properties across four categories: 1) abiotic attributes, 2) organism abundances, 3) species diversity, and 4) species interactions. The effects of restoration and land-use legacies were pervasive, shaping all categories of properties, with restoration effects roughly twice the magnitude of legacy effects. Restoration effects were of comparable magnitude in savannas with and without a history of intensive human land use; however, restoration did not mitigate numerous legacy effects present prior to restoration. As a result, savannas with a history of intensive human land use supported altered properties, especially related to soils, even after restoration. The signature of past human land-use activities can be remarkably persistent in the face of intensive restoration, influencing the outcome of restoration across diverse ecological properties. Understanding and mitigating land-use legacies will maximize the potential to restore degraded ecosystems.

scholarly journals Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement G. Tweh ◽  
Menladi M. Lormie ◽  
Célestin Y. Kouakou ◽  
Annika Hillers ◽  
Hjalmar S. Kühl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Pan Troglodytes Verus ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Mammal Species

AbstractLiberia has the largest blocks of continuous forest in West Africa, providing habitat for numerous wildlife species. However, there is a lack of empirical data about the status of Liberia's wildlife populations. During 2010–2012 we conducted the first nationwide survey in Liberia along c. 320 km of systematically located transect lines to estimate the abundance of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus, the diversity of large mammals and the nature and degree of anthropogenic threats. With > 7,000 chimpanzees, Liberia is home to the second largest population of West African chimpanzees and is therefore a priority for conservation of the species. Compared to the fragmented populations in other range countries the Liberian population is potentially one of the most viable. Our study revealed that the majority of chimpanzees and some of the most species-diverse mammal communities in Liberia exist outside protected areas. High hunting rates and plans for large-scale exploitation of natural resources necessitate rapid implementation of effective strategies to ensure the protection of one of West Africa's last strongholds for chimpanzees and other rare and threatened mammal species. We provide a country-wide baseline dataset that may serve as a platform for Liberian wildlife authorities, policy-makers and international conservation agencies to make informed decisions about the location and delineation of proposed protected areas, to identify conservation gaps and to devise a conservation action plan to conserve Liberia's wildlife resources.

Characterising essential breeding habitat for whales informs the development of large-scale Marine Protected Areas in the South Pacific

2016 ◽  
Vol 548 ◽  
pp. 263-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Lindsay ◽  
R Constantine ◽  
J Robbins ◽  
DK Mattila ◽  
A Tagarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
The South

(A review) Atlas of especially protected natural areas of Saint Petersburg / Ed. in chief V. N. Khramtsov, T. V. Kovaleva, N. Yu. Natsvaladze. St. Petersburg, 2013. 176 p.

2014 ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
Z. V. Karamysheva
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Natural Protected Areas ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Original Illustrations ◽  
Vegetation Maps ◽  
Protected Natural Areas

The review contains detailed description of the «Atlas of especially protected natural areas of Saint Petersburg» published in 2013. This publication presents the results of long-term studies of 12 natural protected areas made by a large research team in the years from 2002 to 2013 (see References). The Atlas contains a large number of the historical maps, new satellite images, the original illustrations, detailed texts on the nature of protected areas, summary tables of rare species of vascular plants, fungi and vertebrates recorded in these areas. Special attention is paid to the principles of thematic large-scale mapping. The landscape maps, the vegetation maps as well as the maps of natural processes in landscapes are included. Reviewed Atlas deserves the highest praise.

scholarly journals Remote Sensing Methods for the Biophysical Characterization of Protected Areas Globally: Challenges and Opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Javier Martínez-López ◽  
Bastian Bertzky ◽  
Simon Willcock ◽  
Marine Robuchon ◽  
María Almagro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Biophysical Characterization ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Scale Characterization

Protected areas (PAs) are a key strategy to reverse global biodiversity declines, but they are under increasing pressure from anthropogenic activities and concomitant effects. Thus, the heterogeneous landscapes within PAs, containing a number of different habitats and ecosystem types, are in various degrees of disturbance. Characterizing habitats and ecosystems within the global protected area network requires large-scale monitoring over long time scales. This study reviews methods for the biophysical characterization of terrestrial PAs at a global scale by means of remote sensing (RS) and provides further recommendations. To this end, we first discuss the importance of taking into account the structural and functional attributes, as well as integrating a broad spectrum of variables, to account for the different ecosystem and habitat types within PAs, considering examples at local and regional scales. We then discuss potential variables, challenges and limitations of existing global environmental stratifications, as well as the biophysical characterization of PAs, and finally offer some recommendations. Computational and interoperability issues are also discussed, as well as the potential of cloud-based platforms linked to earth observations to support large-scale characterization of PAs. Using RS to characterize PAs globally is a crucial approach to help ensure sustainable development, but it requires further work before such studies are able to inform large-scale conservation actions. This study proposes 14 recommendations in order to improve existing initiatives to biophysically characterize PAs at a global scale.

scholarly journals A non-targeted LC–MS metabolic profiling of pregnancy: longitudinal evidence from healthy and pre-eclamptic pregnancies

Metabolomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiina Jääskeläinen ◽  
◽  
Olli Kärkkäinen ◽  
Jenna Jokkala ◽  
Anton Klåvus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Maternal Metabolism

Abstract Introduction Maternal metabolism changes substantially during pregnancy. However, few studies have used metabolomics technologies to characterize changes across gestation. Objectives and methods We applied liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based non-targeted metabolomics to determine whether the metabolic profile of serum differs throughout the pregnancy between pre-eclamptic and healthy women in the FINNPEC (Finnish Genetics of Preeclampsia Consortium) Study. Serum samples were available from early and late pregnancy. Results Progression of pregnancy had large-scale effects to the serum metabolite profile. Altogether 50 identified metabolites increased and 49 metabolites decreased when samples of early pregnancy were compared to samples of late pregnancy. The metabolic signatures of pregnancy were largely shared in pre-eclamptic and healthy women, only urea, monoacylglyceride 18:1 and glycerophosphocholine were identified to be increased in the pre-eclamptic women when compared to healthy controls. Conclusions Our study highlights the need of large-scale longitudinal metabolomic studies in non-complicated pregnancies before more detailed understanding of metabolism in adverse outcomes could be provided. Our findings are one of the first steps for a broader metabolic understanding of the physiological changes caused by pregnancy per se.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Human Disturbance on the Activity of Medium–Large Mammals in Myanmar Tropical Forests

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Giacomo Cremonesi ◽  
Francesco Bisi ◽  
Lorenzo Gaffi ◽  
Thet Zaw ◽  
Hla Naing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Daily Activity ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Circular Statistics ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Human Presence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Status ◽  
Statistical Approaches

The effects of human disturbance represent one of the major threats for wildlife conservation. Many studies have shown that wildlife avoids or reduces direct contact with human activities through changes in activity patterns, and by minimizing spatiotemporal overlap. In this study, we investigated the possible effects of human presence on the temporal activity of medium-to-large mammals using two areas in Myanmar that differ in the intensity of human disturbance. We monitored temporal segregation mechanisms using camera trapping data and with two statistical approaches: daily activity overlaps between humans and wildlife and circular statistics. We did not find a significant difference in overlapping activity between areas but, thanks to circular statistics, we found that some species show changes in activity patterns, suggesting temporal avoidance. We observed that the daily activity of five species differed between areas of Myanmar, likely adopting mechanisms to reduce overlap in areas highly frequented by humans. Interestingly, these species are all threatened by hunting or poaching activities, four of which have been described in literature as “cathemeral”, or species that are active through day and night. This study suggests that some species adapt their behavior, at least partially, to avoid human presence in habitats with higher anthropic occurrence and increase our knowledge on the status of medium–large mammals in a poorly studied country as Myanmar.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document