scholarly journals Global birdwatching data reveal uneven consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijie Qiao ◽  
Michael Orr ◽  
Qinmin Yang ◽  
Xiangjiang Zhan ◽  
Fumin Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
High Income ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Bird Distribution

Birdwatching is a global phenomenon involving many thousands of people. Citizen science generates data providing insights into global patterns of bird distribution across space and time, yet how the pandemic may cast a longer shadow remains unassessed. Here, we explore whether pandemic restrictions influenced observations globally from 2020-May 2021, considering also GDPc and tourism income. We analysed 10,338 bird species (93% of all bird species) and found that whilst high-income regions recover to pre-pandemic assessment rates quickly, middle and low-income regions remain at low levels. Furthermore, protected areas see huge losses in recorded richness. Whilst observer count increased overall, the number of bird species recorded dramatically decreased, especially in 2020. These trends are most marked in developing countries and regions, especially where tourism is important. Due to increased bushmeat consumption during the pandemic, some species may become more threatened, but with no data we cannot yet discern such trends.

Global Digital Divide

2011 ◽  
pp. 1664-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Kshetri ◽  
Nikhilesh Dholakia
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Technology Products ◽  
Global Digital Divide ◽  
Telecommunications Services

Despite rapidly falling costs of hardware, software and telecommunications services, a wide gap persists between rich and poor nations in terms of their capabilities of accessing, delivering, and exchanging information in digital forms (Carter and Grieco, 2000). According to a report published by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 2006, a person in a high-income country was more than 22 times likely to use the Internet than someone in a low-income country (UNCTAD, 2006). The ratios were 29 times for mobile phones and 21 times for fixed phones. An estimate suggested that more than 95% of e-commerce transactions in 2003 were industrialized countries (Tedeschi, 2003). Another estimate suggested that 99.9% of business-to-consumer e-commerce in 2003 took place in the developed regions of North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific (Computer Economics, 2000). This is a form of commercial divide (UN Chronicle, 2003). Another estimate suggests that 80 percent of the global trade in high technology products originates from Europe, the U.S., and Japan (Bowonder, 2001) and 92 % of the patents granted in the world are owned by the members of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Archibugi and Iammarino, 2000). Whereas high-income countries have income 63 times that of low-income countries, the respective ratios are 97 for PCs, 133 for mobile phones, and over 2,100 for Internet hosts (Dholakia and Kshetri, 2003). While reliable data on e-commerce transactions are not available, the ratio is likely to be even higher for e-commerce transactions since e-commerce is virtually non-existent in many developing countries. The pattern indicates that the gap between developed and developing countries is wider for more recent technologies such as PC, mobile phone, and the Internet than for technologies which were introduced earlier. This article provides an assessment of three computer networks that redefine the conventional definition of market value by allowing developing nations and communities (Brooks, 2001) reap the benefits of modern ICTs: Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) and Little Intelligent Communities (LINCOS).

Does global titling sustain informal taxation? Evidence from Ecuadorian urban slums

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-736
Author(s):  
Georgi Boichev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Broad Base ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractLow-income urban neighborhoods in developing countries receive low levels of public services, often not supplemented by community provision due to low rates of informal tax compliance. This paper presents evidence from low-income neighborhoods in Quito, Ecuador using an IV empirical strategy that the global titling of neighborhoods sustains informal taxation. The estimates reveal a sizable average effect of global titling on in-kind labor household that is drawn from a broad base. Evidence is also found which suggests that the possession of a global title provides a neighborhood organisation with tools that deter free-riding behavior even among the individually-titled residents.

Bounded rationality and the ineffectiveness of big push policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xiao ◽  
Junyi Xu
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
High Income ◽  
Poverty Trap ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Optimal Decisions ◽  
Big Push

Abstract If a poverty trap exists, can a big-push policy lift the economy out of it? This paper applies Sargent’s [Sargent, Thomas J. 1993. Bounded Rationality in Macroeconomics. New York: Oxford University Press] bounded rationality approach to study the post-policy transition of an economy from a low-income equilibrium to a high-income equilibrium. The effectiveness of the policy diminishes if individuals are adaptive learners who cannot make optimal decisions instantaneously. This paper contributes to the renewed discussion on the effectiveness of massive aid policies for developing countries from a theoretical perspective.

scholarly journals Do Business Booms Trigger Corruption?

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 195-208
Author(s):  
Kouramoudou Kéïta ◽  
Hannu Laurila
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Transitory Income

In the literature, the nexus between economic growth and corruption is well covered, but there are only few studies on cyclical variations of corruption. For example, Galbraith (1997) claims that embezzlement flourishes in business booms and withers in recessions, and Gokcekus and Suzuki (2011) support the claim by finding a positive correlation between transitory income and corruption. This paper retests the argument and produces conflicting results. It is found that corruption shrinks as transitory income increases meaning that economic booms foster integrity rather than corruption. Moreover, the negative correlation is strong in high-income countries and in those with sound rule of law which points to developed countries, whereas the effect remains relatively weak in countries with low income or poor rule of law which points to developing countries. The finding is relevant also from the perspective of the European Union.

scholarly journals Gender inequities and HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality: Findings from the United Nation countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
Mohammad Khammarnia ◽  
Nahid Hatam ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Faraji
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Gender Inequities ◽  
Hiv Morbidity ◽  
United Nation ◽  
Hiv Aids

In the last years, the prevalence Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) have increased worldwide, specifically in developing countries due to a number of causes. This study aimed was to determination the relationship between gender inequities, HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality in the United Nation countries. A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in 2013 and all the countries (187 countries) which were included in the WHO and UN Annual Reports (2012) were considered. One hundred and forty four countries were selected which had the completed indices of gender inequities (GI), HIV morbidity and AIDS mortality in the reports. The findings showed that there was direct association between the gender inequities, HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality (p=0.001). The level of GI among low-income countries (0.41) was higher than others groups, and approximately twice as much as that of high-income countries (0.19). It was noted that GI had a significant association with the AIDS mortality in the high-income countries (p=0.031). Moreover, in the upper middle income countries, the both indices (HIV morbidity and AIDS mortality) had significant positive association with the GI (p<0.05). However, the highest level of significant relationship was between being HIV/AIDS mortality and morbidity with the GI in low income countries (p<0.00l). It was observed that GI led to HIV/AIDS mortality and morbidity in all countries specifically in developing countries. Specific strategies should be implemented to decrease the gender inequities by the provision of women education and empowermen and improvement of socio-economic status to reduce HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.4(2) 2014: 51-54

SATUAN TIMBULAN DAN KOMPOSISI SAMPAH DOMESTIK KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR

Jurnal Dampak ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yommi Dewilda ◽  
Yeggi Darnas
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Data

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data timbulan dan komposisi sampah domestik di Kabupaten Tanah Datar serta dapat membandingkan perbedaan timbulan dan komposisi sampah yang dihasilkan berdasarkan tingkat pendapatan masyarakat (High income, Medium income dan Low income). Data timbulan dan komposisi sampah diperlukan dalam perencanaan dan pengembangan sistem pengelolaan sampah. Sampling timbulan dan jumlah sampling dilakukan berdasarkan SNI 19-3964-1994. Hasil penelitian timbulan sampah domestik dalam satuan berat 0,232 kg/o/h dan dalam satuan volume 3,646 l/o/h. Berdasarkan tingkat pendapatan dalam satuan berat High Income (HI) 0,308 kg/o/h, Medium Income (MI) 0,198 kg/o/h dan Low Income (LI) 0,190 kg/o/h dalam satuan volume HI 4,269 l/o/h, MI 3,835 l/o/h dan LI 2,835 l/o/h. Timbulan sampah yang dihasilkan penduduk dengan High Incame lebih besar dibandingkan dengan penduduk dengan pendapatan Medium Income dan Low Income. Komposisi sampah domestik untuk sampah basah 75,5%; sampah plastik 16,6%; sampah kertas 5,3%; sampah tekstil 0,8%; sampah kayu 0,3%; sampah kaca 0,7%; sampah logam ferrous 0,2%; sampah logam non ferrous 0,1%; dan sampah lain-lain 0,5%.Kata kunci: sampah domestik, komposisi sampah, timbulan Sampah

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disparities in Foods/Beverages and Nutrients Consumed by U.S. Adolescents When Snacking: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2018

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2530
Author(s):  
Navika Gangrade ◽  
Janet Figueroa ◽  
Tashara M. Leak
Keyword(s):  
National Health ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Income Ratio

Snacking contributes a significant portion of adolescents’ daily energy intake and is associated with poor overall diet and increased body mass index. Adolescents from low socioeconomic status (SES) households have poorer snacking behaviors than their higher-SES counterparts. However, it is unclear if the types of food/beverages and nutrients consumed during snacking differ by SES among adolescents. Therefore, this study examines SES disparities in the aforementioned snacking characteristics by analyzing the data of 7132 adolescents (12–19 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2018. Results reveal that adolescents from low-income households (poverty-to-income ratio (PIR) ≤ 1.3) have lower odds of consuming the food/beverage categories “Milk and Dairy” (aOR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.58-0.95; p = 0.007) and “Fruits” (aOR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.50–0.78; p = 0.001) as snacks and higher odds of consuming “Beverages” (aOR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.19-1.76; p = 0.001) compared to those from high-income households (PIR > 3.5). Additionally, adolescents from low- and middle-income (PIR > 1.3–3.5) households consume more added sugar (7.98 and 7.78 g vs. 6.66 g; p = 0.012, p = 0.026) and less fiber (0.78 and 0.77 g vs. 0.84 g; p = 0.044, p = 0.019) from snacks compared to their high-income counterparts. Future research is necessary to understand factors that influence snacking among adolescents, and interventions are needed, especially for adolescents from low-SES communities.

scholarly journals Vertical position can affect categorization of the rich and the poor in Chinese culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110257
Author(s):  
Qiong Li ◽  
Chen Deng ◽  
Bin Zuo ◽  
Xiaobin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Social Categorization ◽  
High Income ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

This study explored whether vertical position affects social categorization of the rich and the poor. Experiment 1 used high- and low-income occupations as stimuli, and found participants categorized high-income occupations faster when they were presented in the top vertical position compared to the bottom vertical position. In Experiment 2, participants responded using either the “up” or “down” key to categorize high- and low-income occupations, and responded faster to high-income occupations with the “up” key and low-income occupations with the “down” key. In Experiment 3, names identified as belonging to either rich or poor individuals were presented at the top or bottom of a screen, and the results were the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. These findings suggest that social categorization based on wealth involved perceptual simulations of vertical position, and that vertical position affects the social categorization of the rich and the poor.

scholarly journals The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo ◽  
Carlos Muñoz ◽  
Javier Buesa ◽  
Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz ◽  
Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Low Income ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Oral Vaccines

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute childhood gastroenteritis, responsible for more than 128,500 deaths per year, mainly in low-income countries. Although the mortality rate has dropped significantly since the introduction of the first vaccines around 2006, an estimated 83,158 deaths are still preventable. The two main vaccines currently deployed, Rotarix and RotaTeq, both live oral vaccines, have been shown to be less effective in developing countries. In addition, they have been associated with a slight risk of intussusception, and the need for cold chain maintenance limits the accessibility of these vaccines to certain areas, leaving 65% of children worldwide unvaccinated and therefore unprotected. Against this backdrop, here we review the main vaccines under development and the state of the art on potential alternatives.

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