National infrastructure of phytosociological data storage of Ukraine: theoretical aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
Iemelianova S.M. ◽  
Vynokurov D.S.
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Species List ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Other Information ◽  
The One ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
National Infrastructure

The article describes the role and prospects of using modern phytosociological databases for complex geobotanical researches. Based on the analysis of foreign and national experience in creating such information resources, the need for their development and standardization by forming a national infrastructure for the input, accumulation, and storage of phytosociological data of Ukraine is substantiated. Such infrastructure provides the development and implementation of unified technical protocols and normative-methodical rules of digitalization, compilation, management, and the use of phytosociological data for complex meta-analyses. Within the one software technical protocols should combine a single taxonomic list to enter data about the species composition of phytocoenoses, as well as a unified form of header data to add other information on plant communities. Based on the analysis of the existing floristic lists used by Ukrainian phytosociologists, the need to create a new most complete species list with current taxonomic data, which will be periodically updated, is provided. Such a list should unite all taxa of vascular plants and cryptogams known from the territory of Ukraine, be as complete and correct as possible. A standard metadata structure has been developed to enter information on the vertical and horizontal structure of phytocoenoses, ecological and physical-geographical conditions, sozological value, as well as habitat and syntaxonomic affiliation of each geobotanical relevé. A communication system is proposed to obtain phytosociological information necessary for specific research, as well as possible forms of control over the move and use of information protected by copyright. Forms of access to data, mechanisms for obtaining them, and a list of rules for regulating compliance with copyright and scientific ethics in the use of data in the analysis process have been developed. Keywords: data bases, phytosociology, vegetation, Ukraine

scholarly journals Challenges in data analyses and data storage for metabarcoding

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Fontaneto ◽  
Alain Franc
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cost Action ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

The working group of the DNAquanet COST Action dealing with data analyses and data storage for the use of metabarcoding approaches in biodiversity assessment, namely Working Group 4, had two main goals. On the one hand the comparison of the available analytical pipelines, while keeping track of new advances in bioinformatics, and on the other hand to deal with potential issues in data storage and sharing in the era of big data. Such activities were carried out through discussions at meetings of the COST Action, organisations of workshops, online surveys, and meta-analyses.The main achievements of the first line of activity, comparing pipelines, will be summarised in the first of the talks of the session, dealing with differences in clustering algorithms to obtain clusters of sequences that are then used for subsequent analyses and inference. The other talks in the session will introduce different pipelines and approaches that are currently developed to improve the way biological monitoring can be performed.The main achievement of the second line of activity, on data storage and sharing, will be summarised in the first flash talk of the session, dealing with the current scenario and potential pitfalls related to sharing the raw data from massive sequencing.The other flash talks in the session will provide examples on the applications of different approaches to analyse biodiversity using DNA sequence data.We are confident that the pluralism in approaches and applications that will be presented in the session will provide supporting discussions and interactions for a convergence towards the optimisation of the pipelines and the best use of data from metabarcoding.

Zur Entstehung und Entwicklung des begriffes „Konzept“ in der kognitiven Semantik

2021 ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
Nedas Jurgaitis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Cognitive Semantics ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The One ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Linguistic Units

The present article deals with the genesis of the notion “concept” in German cognitive semantics. The aim of the study is to present the origin and development of the notion “concept” from a diachronic perspective. The genesis of the notion “concept” in linguistics, particularly cognitive semantics, is an object of discussion. It reveals a connection between ancient ideas about word meaning and trends in modern linguistics. The roots of the notion can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophy – the concept debuts as a primal notion of mental experiences in Aristotle’s writings. However, the controversial translation of ancient works leaves room for scientific discussion regarding the prototype of the notion. In the Middle Ages, the word concept originated in European languages from Latin, later establishing itself in scientific discourse through the influence of Neo-Scholasticism, Frege’s conception of logic and the semiotic triangle, as well as the principle of the arbitrariness of linguistic signs. Finally, the notion concept gains importance in the transition from objective to the subjective perception of the meaning of linguistic units (the shift from structuralism to cognitivism) and becomes under the influence of cognitive psychology, the central term in cognitive linguistics in the 1970s and 1980s. The unconventional use of the notion in linguistic studies, on the one hand, makes meta-analyses of the semantics of certain concepts more difficult; on the other hand, it favours disciplinary and methodological diversity in today’s linguistic research.

scholarly journals Streamlining Data and Service Centers for Easier Access to Data and Analytical Services: The Strategy of ODATIS as the Gateway to French Marine Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Schmidt ◽  
Gilbert Maudire ◽  
Cécile Nys ◽  
Joël Sudre ◽  
Valérie Harscoat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Availability ◽  
Research Infrastructure ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Frequency Monitoring ◽  
Fair Principles ◽  
Marine Data ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Analytical Services ◽  
Induced Changes

The past few decades have seen a marked acceleration in the amount of marine observation data derived using both in situ and remote sensing measurements. For example, high-frequency monitoring of key physical-chemical parameters has become an essential tool for assessing natural and human-induced changes in coastal waters as well as their consequences on society. The number and variety of data acquisition techniques require efficient methods of improving data availability. The challenge is to make ocean data available via interoperable portals, which facilitate data sharing according to Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) principles for producers and users. Ocean DAta Information and Services (ODATIS) aims to become a unique gateway to all French marine data, regardless of the discipline (e.g., physics, chemistry, biogeochemistry, biology, sedimentology). ODATIS is the ocean cluster of the Data Terra research infrastructure for Earth data, which relies on a network of data and service centers (DSC) supported by the major French oceanic research organizations (CNRS, CNES, Ifremer, IRD, SHOM; Marine Universities). ODATIS, through its components, is involved in European and international initiatives such as Copernicus, SeaDataCloud, and EMODnet. The first challenge of ODATIS is to catalog all open ocean and coastal data and facilitate data collection and access (discovery, visualization, extraction) through its web portal. A specific task is to develop tools for handling large amounts of data and generate products for policymakers, practitioners, and academics. This study presents the strategy used by ODATIS to implement the FAIR and CoreTrustSeal requirements in each of its DSCs and promote adherence within the scientific community (the main data producer) regarding the upload and/or use of data and suggestion of new products. A second challenge is to cover the end-user needs ranging from proximity to the producer to cross-analysis of data from all Earth compartments. This involves defining and organizing a classification of DSCs in the network, which will be developed within the framework of the French Data Terra research infrastructure, the only framework capable of providing the necessary IT and human resources.

scholarly journals Parliamentary Open Data in Scandinavia

Computers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Berntzen ◽  
Marius Johannessen ◽  
Kim Andersen ◽  
Jonathan Crusoe
Keyword(s):  
Open Data ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Access To Data

This article presents a case study on the use of open data in the Scandinavian parliaments (Norway, Sweden, and Denmark). While the three countries have all opened the gates and provided access to data—for example, on the voting in parliament, debates, and notes from meetings in committees—the uptake and use of data outside the parliaments is limited. While journalists and academia are users of the open data, hackathons and third-party portals are at an explorative level. Still, there are indicators that hackathons can enhance democracy, and parliamentary data can increase political transparency.

scholarly journals Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a systematic review

Pneumonia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Shoar ◽  
Daniel M. Musher
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
English Language ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Coinfection ◽  
The One ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has evolved since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Recent guidelines encourage immediate empiric antibiotic treatment once a diagnosis of CAP is made. Concerns about treatment recommendations, on the one hand, and antibiotic stewardship, on the other, motivated this review of the medical literature on the etiology of CAP. Methods We conducted a systematic review of English-language literature on the etiology of CAP using methods defined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched PubMed using a combination of the keywords ‘pneumonia’, ‘CAP’, ‘etiology’, ‘microbiology’, ‘bacteriology’, and ‘pathogen’. We examined articles on antibiotics that were develop to treat pneumonia. We reviewed all ‘related articles’ as well as studies referenced by those that came up in the search. After we excluded articles that did not give sufficient microbiological data or failed to meet other predetermined criteria, 146 studies remained. Data were stratified into diagnostic categories according to the microbiologic studies that were done; results are presented as the percentage in each category of all cases in which an etiology was established. Results Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common cause of CAP although declining in incidence; this decline has been greater in the US than elsewhere. Haemophilus influenzae is the second most common cause of CAP, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative bacilli. The incidence of all bacteria as causes of CAP has declined because, with routine use of PCR for viruses, the denominator, cases with an established etiology, has increased. Viruses were reported on average in about 10% of cases, but recent PCR-based studies identified a respiratory virus in about 30% of cases of CAP, with substantial rates of viral/bacterial coinfection. Conclusion The results of this study justify current guidelines for initial empiric treatment of CAP. With pneumococcus and Haemophilus continuing to predominate, efforts at antibiotic stewardship might be enhanced by greater attention to the routine use of sputum Gram stain and culture. Because viral/bacterial coinfection is relatively common, the identification of a virus by PCR does not, by itself, allow for discontinuation of the antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Could Questions on Activities of Daily Living Estimate Grip Strength of Older Adults Living Independently in the Community?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Simard ◽  
Maude Chalifoux ◽  
Véronique Fortin ◽  
Maude Jeanson Archambault ◽  
Anne St-Cerny-Gosselin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Manual Tasks ◽  
The One ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

The aim of this study was to identify questions that could estimate grip strength. Twenty-six questions about the degree of perceived difficulty performing manual tasks as well as two questions concerning self-rated grip strength were developed and completed by 123 community-dwelling older adults, followed by grip strength measurements using a Martin vigorimeter. Multiple regression analyses with all of the participants revealed that the question about the difficulty of opening a jar (question 4) was most associated with grip strength. When analyses were done by gender, the same question showed the best correlation for women, whereas the one for men was self-rated grip strength compared with people the same age (question 28). For the women, age and question 4 together explained 54% of the variance in their grip strength and for the men, age and question 28 explained 46%. Further studies are needed to identify other information that could help to better estimate grip strength for use in epidemiological surveys.

Data-Based Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Carter ◽  
Jennifer Stephenson ◽  
Sarah Carlon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Classroom Use ◽  
Data Based Decision Making

The term data-based decision-making can refer to a wide range of practices from formative classroom use of monitoring in order to improve instruction to system-wide use of “big” data to guide educational policy. Within the context of special education, a primary focus has been on the formative classroom use of data to guide teachers in improving instruction for individual students. For teachers, this typically involves the capacity to (1) determine what data need to be collected to appropriately monitor the skill being taught, (2) collect that data, (3) interpret the data and make appropriate decisions, and (4) implement changes as needed. A number of approaches to such data-based decision-making have evolved, including precision teaching, curriculum-based assessment, and curriculum-based measurement. Evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicates instruction incorporating data-based decision-making has positive effects on outcomes for students with special education needs although the size of these effects has been variable. While the extent of the research base is modest, there are indications that some specific factors may be related to this variability. For example, the use of decision-making rules and graphic display of data appears to improve student outcomes and the frequency of data collection may differentially affect improvement. The presence and frequency of support offered to teachers may also be important to student outcomes. There is a need to increase our research base examining data-based decision-making and, more specifically, a need to more clearly define and characterize moderators that contribute to its effectiveness. In addition, there is a case for research on the wider use of data on student outcomes to inform broader policy and practice.

scholarly journals The Role of DNA Degradation in the Estimation of Post-Mortem Interval: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Tozzo ◽  
Salvatore Scrivano ◽  
Matteo Sanavio ◽  
Luciana Caenazzo
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Dna Degradation ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Post Mortem Interval ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Meta Analyses

The determination of the post-mortal interval (PMI) is an extremely discussed topic in the literature and of deep forensic interest, for which various types of methods have been proposed. The aim of the manuscript is to provide a review of the studies on the post-mortem DNA degradation used for estimating PMI. This review has been performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the PRISMA Guidelines. Several analytical techniques have been proposed to analyse the post-mortem DNA degradation in order to use it to estimate the PMI. Studies focused mainly on animal models and on particular tissues. The results have been mixed: while on the one hand literature data in this field have confirmed that in the post-mortem several degradation processes involve nucleic acids, on the other hand some fundamental aspects are still little explored: the influence of ante and post-mortem factors on DNA degradation, the feasibility and applicability of a multiparametric mathematical model that takes into account DNA degradation and the definition of one or more target organs in order to standardize the results on human cases under standard conditions.

United States and United Kingdom Sign the First Bilateral Agreement Pursuant to the CLOUD Act, Facilitating Cross-Border Access to Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-128
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Majority Vote ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Data Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Bilateral Agreement ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Access To Data

On October 3, 2019, the United States and the United Kingdom reached a bilateral agreement to facilitate more efficient data access between the two countries for law enforcement purposes. The Agreement on Access to Electronic Data for the Purpose of Countering Serious Crime (U.S.-UK Data Access Agreement) was signed by U.S. Attorney General William Barr and UK Home Secretary Priti Patel. This is the first such agreement made by the United States after the passage of the 2018 Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data (CLOUD) Act, which authorizes and structures future bilateral agreements on data sharing. Pursuant to the CLOUD Act, Congress has 180 days following receipt of a notification regarding the U.S.-UK Data Access Agreement to block its entry into force via a joint resolution, which would require a majority vote in both houses of Congress and either presidential signature or a subsequent congressional override of a presidential veto.

The Palaearctic Titmouse Species (Aves: Paridae: Parus sensu lato) — A current survey*

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1325 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIEGFRIED ECK
Keyword(s):  
Tail Length ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Species List ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Status ◽  
Current Survey ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
The One

Within the Palaearctic taxa belonging to the genus Parus s.l. there are sympatric species at all levels of similarity. However, during the entire 20th Century no other sympatric cryptospecies were discovered, despite the progressive refinement of comparative methods. All the taxonomic changes introduced were related to determining the status of allopatric and parapatric taxa, in particular with respect to either 1. the subspecies or species status or, more rarely, 2. direct systematic relationships in the cases of Parus superciliosus, P. lugubris hyrcanus and P. davidi. This taxonomic survey of Palaearctic titmouse species aims at a synthesis of the results of both classical morphological methods on the one hand and the more recent bioacoustic and molecular studies on the other. Under the assumptions of the biospecies concept 22 Palaearctic titmouse species are distinguished, which at a higher taxonomic level belong to fourteen geospecies. Most species embrace different “population groups”, which represent the smallest bundling of taxa on a morphological-geographical basis. Within Palaearctic Paridae each of the 44 population groups presented in this paper is distinguished by a distinct morphological character set. Mean values of several morphometric measurements, such as wing length, tail length and relative tail length are provided for each population group in the species list (Section VI).

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