scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE NATIONAL ARCHITECTURAL SCHOOLS OF CHINA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (161) ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
Wu Changzhi
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Chinese Architecture ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
Stylistic Elements ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
National Trends ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Architecture

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the national architectural Chinese schools. The numerous studies’ results indicate the necessary number’s lack of theoretical achievements in the analysis of national architectural schools. And their inseparable connection with the specifics of certain Chinese territories. A thorough analysis of national religious and artistic works allows us to predict stylistic national trends. Architectural and artistic processes are presented, which are inclined to study by many scientists. The purpose of this article is to identify the architectural schools` features in China through the relationship between the uses of individual stylistic elements. These elements are correlated with the geographical location of the territory and religious beliefs. The article describes the problem of artistic architectural schools` trends and the regions in which they are located. The concept of style in relation to Chinese arts has been clarified. The main differences between the style of the northern and southern architectural school are described. Their manifestation both in planning, and in a decorative and finishing look of buildings and constructions. It is indicated that buildings, even in adjacent regions, may be denoted by different terms. The preconditions for this phenomenon are the historical feature of the development of China's national architecture and urban planning. It has also had a significant impact on the development of East and South-East Asia. The steady tendency of interrelation between a philosophical and architectural component of a cultural heritage is described. The Chinese tendency to create eastern analogues of European ideal cities due to the work of philosophical and religious currents and their synthesis has been revealed. This approach allowed us to interpret the provisions of Confucianism, Taoism and the Feng Shui system in the formation of historical canons, which became the basis of the entire Chinese tradition architectural schools. In this case, the main elements complement and interdependent on each other. The basic Chinese architects’ rules, which are interrelated with the laws of natural harmony, are indicated. A number of materials used in the buildings’ design and structures in China have been identified. The article provides an example of globalization’s impact on the development of the Chinese architectural school and its gradual return to its origins. The conclusion of the article states that throughout history, the unity of man and nature in religious architecture has been a fundamental philosophical thought of the National Chinese Architecture`s School. And the use of traditional Chinese architectural schools` ideas will allow in modern construction of the XXI century to achieve the unity of the architectural object with the natural landscape.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Exploration of Landscape Preferences Based on Naturalness and Visual Openness for College Students With Different Moods

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kankan Li ◽  
Yang Zhai ◽  
Long Dou ◽  
Jianjun Liu
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Profile Of Mood States ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Second Gradient ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Future Landscape

The interaction between man and nature causes people to have different preferences for their surrounding environment, and pleasant landscapes can bring both physical and mental benefits to people. Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between moods and landscape preferences, and this study sought to explore the landscape preferences of college students under different moods. A total of 1,034 students participated in the survey, recovering 1,022 valid questionnaires. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale was used to evaluate the mental status of each respondent. The study on landscape characteristics proceeded in two steps (comprising four gradients): landscape naturalness and landscape visual openness. The research results show that under natural landscape conditions, college students in a fatigued state have a greater preference for the second-gradient (higher naturalness) landscape environment; under the conditions of landscape visual openness, college students in an indignant state have a greater preference for the second-gradient (relatively private) landscapes. These findings have significance for exploring the rehabilitation function of landscape architecture and have a guiding role for future landscape design.

The (Mis) Education of Immigrant Children in Today’s America

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Gabriela E. Gui
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Immigrant Students ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Immigrant Children ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Survey Interviews ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
General Education Classrooms

In today’s America, not every child starts on a level playing field, and very few children move ahead based solely on hard work or talent. Generational poverty and a lack of cultural capital hold many students back, robbing them of the opportunity to move up professionally and socially. Children of immigrants are especially at-risk because, in addition to facing poverty, race, geographical location or economic disadvantages, they are also confronted with failure due to their limited or non-existent English proficiency. This study focuses on the degree to which teachers in a mid-sized urban school district take into consideration the individual needs of immigrant children in the process of their education. The study also examines the preparation teachers have had to equip them with knowledge of best practices in teaching immigrant children, and the relationship between teachers’ practices, beliefs, and their demographic and personal characteristics (age, gender, years of experience, level of education, etc.). Quantitative data was collected via a survey. Interviews with teachers and one central office administrator provided data for the qualitative section of the study. The findings revealed that teachers, in general, appeared to lack knowledge of specific policies for mainstreaming immigrant students into general education classrooms; their use of effective teaching practices for working with immigrant children were limited; and most of the teachers had not participated actively in professional development that focused on teaching immigrant children.

Die Konstruktion von Natur – Central Park neu besichtigt | The Construction of Nature – Central Park Revisited

2005 ◽  
Vol 156 (8) ◽  
pp. 288-296
Author(s):  
Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Hudson River ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Park ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
Hudson River School ◽  
The North ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

In the first half of the 19th century scientific philosophers in the United States, such as Emerson and Thoreau, began to pursue the relationship between man and nature. Painters from the Hudson River School discovered the rural spaces to the north of New York and began to celebrate the American landscape in their paintings. In many places at this time garden societies were founded, which generated widespread support for the creation of park enclosures While the first such were cemeteries with the character of parks, housing developments on the peripheries of towns were later set in generous park landscapes. However, the centres of the growing American cities also need green spaces and the so-called «park movement»reached a first high point with New York's Central Park. It was not only an experimental field for modern urban elements, but even today is a force of social cohesion.

PIOPLE. INFORMATION. DEGRADATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Andrey Varlamov ◽  
Vladimir Rimshin
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Building Models ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nature And Society ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Link Information ◽  
The Relationship

Considered the issues of interaction between man and nature. Noted that this interaction is fundamental in the existence of modern civilization. The question of possible impact on nature and society with the aim of preserving the existence of human civilization. It is shown that the study of this issue goes towards the crea-tion of models of interaction between nature and man. Determining when building models is information about the interaction of man and nature. Considered information theory from the viewpoint of interaction between nature and man. Noted that currently information theory developed mainly as a mathematical theory. The issues of interaction of man and nature, the availability and existence of information in the material sys-tem is not studied. Indicates the link information with the energy terms control large flows of energy. For con-sideration of the interaction of man and nature proposed to use the theory of degradation. Graphs are pre-sented of the information in the history of human development. Reviewed charts of population growth. As a prediction it is proposed to use the simplest based on the theory of degradation. Consideration of the behav-ior of these dependencies led to the conclusion about the existence of communication energy and information as a feature of the degradation of energy. It justifies the existence of border life ( including humanity) at the point with maximum information. Shows the relationship of energy and time using potential energy.

scholarly journals Correlation between Defects and Technical Wear of Materials Used in Traditional Construction

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2482
Author(s):  
Jarosław Konior ◽  
Mariusz Rejment
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Water Penetration ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Wear Process ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Traditional Construction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Measurable Property

The degree of technical wear of old buildings, which are made of basic materials (cement, concrete, steel, timber, plaster, brick) using traditional technology, is expressed by the size and intensity of damage to their elements. The topic of the research concerns old residential buildings from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, which are located in the downtown district of Wroclaw, Poland. The descriptive analysis and the analysis of the definitions of defects that occur in the elements of residential buildings, which were performed as random analyzes, do not allow defects to be considered as measurable variables at a level of visual investigation. The major drawback of the method that is used by experts when assessing the technical condition of civil engineering buildings is that it does not numerically express the magnitude (strength) of the defects. Therefore, an attempt was made to numerically express the relationship (if such a relationship exists) between the occurred defects of buildings and the extent of their technical wear process. When calculating the strength of this relationship, the method of determining the point biserial correlation coefficient for the measurable property and the dichotomous property was used. It was found that the direction of the relation is right-hand for all the tested building elements, but the strength of the correlation between the detected defects and technical wear shows a considerable span and depends on the conditions of the apartment house’s maintenance. As a rule, damage caused by water penetration and moisture penetration always shows correlations of at least moderate strength.

Trans Fat Information on Food Labels: Consumer Use and Interpretation

2010 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya Ellis ◽  
N. Theresa Glanville
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Food Labels ◽  
Trans Fat ◽  
Food Label ◽  
Nutrition Facts Panel ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: Consumers’ use and interpretation of trans fat information on food labels were explored. Methods: Consumers completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire in one of three grocery stores selected purposively to represent geographical location. Data analysis involved examining the relationship of age, gender, grocery shopping habits, household size, and source of nutrition information with awareness, use, and interpretation of trans fat information. Results: Ninety-eight percent (n=239) of participants were aware of trans fat, and most knew of the relationship between trans fat intake and cardiovascular disease. Although the majority of shoppers were aware of the “0 trans fat” nutrition claim on food packages (95%), they were more likely to use the Nutrition Facts panel (60%) to reduce trans fat intake. Men and consumers under age 40 were least likely to be aware of food label information. While most consumers (75%) correctly interpreted the “0 trans fat” nutrition claim and thought foods with this claim could be healthy choices (64%), only 51% purchased these foods to reduce trans fat intake. Conclusions: Nutrition professionals should target messages to reduce trans fat intake at men and consumers under age 40. While general knowledge was good, further education is required to help consumers interpret trans fat information.

On Important Role of the View of Harmony between Man and Nature in Modern Art Designing - Taking Environmental Design as an Example

2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Gang Lv
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Modern Design ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
People Orientation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Art Designing

This paper mainly discusses the important role of the Chinese ancient view –“harmony between man and nature” in modern design. It focuses on the analysis of popular concepts of “environment orientation” and “people orientation” in environmental design, and holds the view that the concept of “harmony of man and nature” makes up for the deficiencies of the first two. In dealing with the relationship between man and himself or nature, the concept of “harmony between man and nature” offers a good theoretical basis which will surely become new ethics and standard in design.

Pots on mats: mat-impressed salt-extraction pottery at Chalcolithic Provadia-Solnitsata, Bulgaria

Antiquity ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mila Andonova ◽  
Vassil Nikolov
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Salt Production ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Late Chalcolithic ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Relationship

Evidence for both basket weaving and salt production is often elusive in the prehistoric archaeological record. An assemblage of Middle–Late Chalcolithic pottery from Provadia-Solnitsata in Bulgaria provides insight into these two different technologies and the relationship between them. The authors analyse sherds from vessels used in large-scale salt production, the bases of which bear the impression of woven mats. This analysis reveals the possible raw materials used in mat weaving at Provadia-Solnitsata and allows interpretation of the role of these mats in salt production at the site. The results illustrate how it is possible to see the ‘invisible’ material culture of prehistoric south-eastern Europe and its importance for production and consumption.

scholarly journals Thiruvalluvar’s Concept of Cultural Ecology

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Rajeswari G
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

Thirukkural, global literature does not only talk about human behaviours which are to be glorified. It also proposes bright cut ideas about the relationship between humans and nature. The attention of the modern world is on environmental issues. The fast developments due to science and technology resulted in destroying nature. Due to industrial-based products and for the sake of the sophisticated life of the modern man, we left the nature for destruction. And now humanity faces the consequences. It is a general truth that the literature reflects the social issues of that time of its outcome. One can notice that the recent creative literature of Tamil talks about environmental aspects of the globe and the local areas. Thirukkural also deals with the issues of nature and it proposes the ideal relationship between man and nature, which is the concern of this paper. Thiruvalluvar says that the whole world depends on water. All the activities in the world cannot be possible if the rain fails. All the activities of living creatures, including humans, depend on water. Start with food production and leading to every activity are depends on rain. So Tiruvalluvar concludes that the relationship between humans and nature depends on water i.e. is rain. The paper concludes that the concept of Thiukkural towards nature is the dependency of humanity.

scholarly journals Sandhills, sandbanks, waterways, canals and sacred lakes at Sais in the Nile Delta

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-143
Author(s):  
Penelope Wilson ◽  
Hosni Ghazala
Keyword(s):  
Nile Delta ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Era

Abstract. The paper explores the relationship between the archaeological zones of the ancient city of Sais at Sa el-Hagar, Egypt, and the natural landscape of the western central Nile Delta and, in particular, the extent to which the dynamic form of the landscape was an element in the choice of settlement location. Furthermore, settlement at Sais has been determined to have existed at several locations in the immediate environs of the current archaeological zones from the Neolithic period, around 4000 BCE (Before Common Era), to the modern day, suggesting that the local environment was conducive to sustainable settlement, culminating in the establishment of a capital city in the 7th century BCE. The nature of the settlement, its immediate environs and waterway systems will, thus, be described, based on correlation of geological, geophysical, remote sensing and archaeological data, in order to establish if and when human interactions in the landscape can be determined to be reactive or proactive.

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