scholarly journals Saccharification and Fermentation of Cellulolytic Agricultural Biomass to Bioethanol using Locally Isolated Aspergillus niger S48 and Kluyveromyces sp. Y2, respectively

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olumuyiwa Adeyemo ◽  
Mohammed Ja'afaru ◽  
Sani Abdulkadir ◽  
Aishatu Salihu
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Spectrometric Method ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Due to increase in demand for energy as a result of human population explosion, industrialization and environmental hazards posed by fossil fuels, there is a need to source for alternative energy sources that are cheaper and environmental friendly. Three different lignocellulosic biomasses were studied for their suitability for bioethanol production. Fungi and yeasts were isolated using serial dilution and spread plate methods. Identification of both fungi and yeasts was done using their cultural and microscopy characteristics. Saccharification of the pre-treated biomass was done with both crude cellulase and mycelia inoculant. Bioethanol was produced using batch culture fermentation. Ethanol produced was detected using spectrometric method and quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The effects of substrate concentration, pH and temperature on ethanol yield were optimized. Fifty fungal isolates were obtained from soil collected. Six yeasts, all Kluyveromyces species fermented three sugars to ethanol with isolate Kluyveromyces sp.Y2 having the shortest time. It was selected for fermentation. Aspergillus niger S48 had highest cellulase activity measured in a zone of hydrolysis of 26.0 mm. It had the highest glucanase activity, endoglucanase (0.462 U/mL) and exoglucanase (0.431 U/mL). The outcome of this study indicated that crude cellulase produced by Aspergillus niger S48 hydrolyzed the pre-treated rice chaff with 1.07 mg/mL of fermentable sugars higher than 0.87 mg/mL when the mycelia of the fungus was inoculated to pretreated rice chaff for hydrolysis. Ethanol was optimally produced at 12 % substrate concentration using rice chaff, at a temperature of 35 °C and pH 5.0.

scholarly journals Improvement of Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose-Containing Raw Materials Using Aspergillus niger

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1360
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Budenkova ◽  
Stanislav Sukhikh ◽  
Svetlana Ivanova ◽  
Olga Babich ◽  
Vyacheslav Dolganyuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose-containing raw materials, using Aspergillus niger, were studied. Filter paper, secondary cellulose-containing or starch-containing raw materials, miscanthus cellulose after alkaline or acid pretreatment, and wood chip cellulose, were used as substrates. The study focused on a wild A. niger strain, treated, or not (control), by ultraviolet (UV) irradiations for 45, 60, or 120 min (UV45, UV60, or UV120), or by UV irradiation for 120 min followed by a chemical treatment with NaN3 + ItBr for 30 min or 80 min (UV120 + CH30 or UV120 + CH80). A mixture of all the A. niger strains (MIX) was also tested. A citrate buffer, at 50 mM, wasthe most suitable for enzymatic hydrolysis. As the UV exposure time increased to 2 h, the cellulase activity of the surviving culturewas increased (r = 0.706; p < 0.05). The enzymatic activities of the obtained strains, towards miscanthus cellulose, wood chips, and filter paper, were inferior to those obtained with commercial enzymes (8.6 versus 9.1 IU), in some cases. Under stationary hydrolysis at 37 °C, pH = 4.7, the enzymatic activity of A. niger UV120 + CH30 was 24.9 IU. The enzymatic hydrolysis of secondary raw materials, using treated A. niger strains, was themost effective at 37 °C. Similarly, the most effective treatment of miscanthus cellulose and wood chips occurred at 50 °C. The maximum conversion of cellulose to glucose was observed using miscanthus cellulose (with alkaline pretreatment), and the minimum conversion was observed when using wood chips. The greatest value of cellulase activity was evidenced in the starch-containing raw materials, indicating that A. niger can ferment not only through cellulase activity, but also via an amylolytic one.

Power Generation for the Near Future

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kau-Fui Vincent Wong ◽  
Guillermo Amador
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
The Us ◽  
Near Future

As society continues advancing into the future, more energy is required to supply the increasing population and energy demands. Unfortunately, traditional forms of energy production through the burning of carbon-based fuels are dumping harmful pollutants into the environment, resulting in detrimental, and possibly irreversible, effects on our planet. The burning of coal and fossil fuels provides energy at the least monetary cost for countries like the US, but the price being paid through their negative impact of our atmosphere is difficult to quantify. A rapid shift to clean, alternative energy sources is critical in order to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. For alternative energy sources to replace traditional energy sources that produce greenhouse gases, they must be capable of providing energy at equal or greater rates and efficiencies, while still functioning at competitive prices. The main factors hindering the pursuit of alternative sources are their high initial costs and, for some, intermittency. The creation of electrical energy from natural sources like wind, water, and solar is very desirable since it produces no greenhouse gases and makes use of renewable sources—unlike fossil fuels. However, the planning and technology required to tap into these sources and transfer energy at the rate and consistency needed to supply our society comes at a higher price than traditional methods. These high costs are a result of the large-scale implementation of the state-of-the-art technologies behind the devices required for energy cultivation and delivery from these unorthodox sources. On the other hand, as fossil fuel sources become scarcer, the rising fuel costs drive overall costs up and make traditional methods less cost effective. The growing scarcity of fossil fuels and resulting pollutants stimulate the necessity to transition away from traditional energy production methods. Currently, the most common alternative energy technologies are solar photovoltaics (PVs), concentrated solar power (CSP), wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, tidal, wave, and nuclear. Because of government intervention in countries like the US and the absence of the need to restructure the electricity transmission system (due to the similarity in geographical requirements and consistency in power outputs for nuclear and traditional plants), nuclear energy is the most cost competitive energy technology that does not produce greenhouse gases. Through the proper use of nuclear fission electricity at high efficiencies could be produced without polluting our atmosphere. However, the initial capital required to erect nuclear plants dictates a higher cost over traditional methods. Therefore, the government is providing help with the high initial costs through loan guarantees, in order to stimulate the growth of low-emission energy production. This paper analyzes the proposal for the use of nuclear power as an intermediate step before an eventual transition to greater dependence on energy from wind, water, and solar (WWS) sources. Complete dependence on WWS cannot be achieved in the near future, within 20 years, because of the unavoidable variability of these sources and the required overhaul of the electricity transmission system. Therefore, we look to nuclear power in the time being to help provide predictable power as a means to reduce carbon emissions, while the other technologies are refined and gradually implemented in order to meet energy demand on a consistent basis.

scholarly journals Production of Bio-ethanol from Solid Waste Paper Using Biological Activation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynu Shamil Awol ◽  
Rezika Tofike Abate
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Dilute Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Waste Office Paper

Abstract Biomass energy is renewable energy source that comes from the material of plants and animals. Forms of biomass energy are bio-ethanol, bio methanol, and biodiesel. Bio-ethanol is one of the most important alternative energy sources that substitute the fossil fuels. The focus of this research is to produce bio-ethanol from waste office paper. Five laboratory experiments were conducted to produce bio-ethanol from wastepaper. The wastepaper was dried in oven and cut in to pieces. Then it passed through dilute acid hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation process respectively. High amount of ethanol was observed at 20 ml/g (liquid to solid ratio) and at the time of 2hr. Cost and economic analysis for ethanol production from wastepaper was performed. Results from the analysis indicated a paper to ethanol plant was feasible from the economic point of view with rate of return (RR) 38.61% and the payback period of 2.2 years.

scholarly journals CFD researched on rice husk gasification in a pilot fixed bed up-draft system

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-109
Author(s):  
Phung Thi Kim Le ◽  
Viet Tan Tran ◽  
Thien Luu Minh Nguyen ◽  
Viet Vuong Pham ◽  
Truc Thanh Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Gasification Process

Finding alternative energy sources for fossil fuels was a global matter of concern, especially in developing countries. Rice husk, an abundant biomass in Viet Nam, was used to partially replace fossil fuels by gasification process. The study was conducted on the pilot plant fixed bed up-draft gasifier with two kind of gasification agents, pure air and air-steam mixture. Mathematical modeling and computer simulations were also used to describe and optimize the gasification processes. Mathematical modeling was based on Computational Fluid Dynamics method and simulation was carried by using Ansys Fluent software. Changes in outlet composition of syngas components (CO, CO2, CH4, H2O, H2) and temperature of process, in relation with ratio of steam in gasification agents, were presented. Obtained results indicated concentration of CH4, H2 in outlet was increased significantly when using air-steam gasification agents than pure air. The discrepancies among the gasification agents were determined to improve the actual process.

scholarly journals Bioethanol Production from Biomass of Selected Sorghum Varieties Cultivated as Main and Second Crop

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6291
Author(s):  
Jolanta Batog ◽  
Jakub Frankowski ◽  
Aleksandra Wawro ◽  
Agnieszka Łacka
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Detailed Statistical Analysis ◽  
Second Year ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

In recent years, there has been a dynamic development of alternative energy sources and the use of plant biomass for the production of bioenergy is one of the possibilities of improving the energy mix. Therefore, it is worth reaching for new, less popular and perspective solutions, which certainly include sorghum, a drought-resistant plant with a high yielding potential and various applications in the bioeconomy. The aim of the research was to determine the amount of bioethanol obtained from the biomass of three sorghum varieties (Rona 1, Santos, Sucrosorgo 506) grown in the main and second crop for three years in the temperate climate typical of Central and Eastern Europe. The yields of sorghum cultivars grown as main and second crops, chemical components of sorghum biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and the amount of ethanol per a ton of dry matter of straw and ethanol yield per hectare were evaluated. The experiments and research carried out show, especially in the second year, that the Sucrosorgo 506 variety can be recommended for the cultivation of biomass and its use for the production of lignocellulosic ethanol is effective, both in main and second crop cultivation. The discussed results were confirmed by detailed statistical analysis, incl. principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. To sum up, the production of bioethanol from sorghum biomass is possible in temperate climate and it does not compete with the production of food due to the possibility of growing sorghum after rye.

scholarly journals Use of biogas to power diesel engines with common rail fuel systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 01018
Author(s):  
Sławomir Wierzbicki ◽  
Michał Śmieja
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Common Rail ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Study Results

The limited resources of fossil fuels, as well as the search for a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide and other toxic compounds to the atmosphere have prompted the search for new, alternative energy sources. One of the potential fuels which may be widely used in the future as a fuel is biogas which can be obtained from various types of raw materials. The article presents selected results as regards the effects of the proportion of biogas of various compositions on the course of combustion in a dual-fuel diesel engine with a Common Rail fuel system. The presented study results indicate the possibility for the use of fuels of this type in diesel engines; although changes are necessary in the manner of controlling liquid fuel injection.

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE DURING THE ENERGY TRANSITION

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard van der Meijden ◽  
Sjak Smulders
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Nonrenewable Resource ◽  
Alternative Energy Source ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Speed Up

The energy transition from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources has important consequences for technological change and resource extraction. We examine these consequences by incorporating a nonrenewable resource and an alternative energy source in a market economy model of endogenous growth through expanding varieties. During the energy transition, technological progress is nonmonotonic over time: It declines initially, starts increasing when the economy approaches the regime shift, and jumps down once the resource stock is exhausted. A moment of peak-oil does no longer necessarily occur, and simultaneous use of the resource and the alternative energy source will take place if the return to innovation becomes too low. Subsidies to research and development (R&D) and to renewables production speed up the energy transition, whereas a tax on fossil fuels postpones the switch to renewable energy.

Global Potential of Biomass: Heat, Electricity and Liquid and Gaseous Fuels Markets

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jude Iyinbor ◽  
Ogunrinde Abayomi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
Market Factors

Negative environmental effects, diminishing fossil fuel sources and soaring oil prices are some of the pertinent factors militating against the long term usage of fossil fuels. These make the introduction of alternative energy sources an integral part of our global energy plan. On the contrary, established fossil fuel infrastructures, flexibility of fossil fuels and economic gains from the oil sector are a few reasons why there is a global attitude of ‘drill the last drop before developing sustainable alternatives’. There are various energy sources that have little environmental effects and are sustainable (e.g. wind, geothermal, solar, hydro, biomass, e.t.c.), but the potentials they do have when it comes to the major energy utilization forms (heat, electricity and liquid and gaseous fuels) will be a key determinant of how alternative energy sources will be able to match the seemingly invincible presence of fossil fuels. The biomass option is examined in this report considering its potential with respect to heat, electricity and liquid and gaseous fuels market. Factors that may favour or hinder its potential and suitable solutions on how the potential can be increased are also discussed.

scholarly journals Parameter Biokinetika dari Degradasi Limbah Kol dan Tomat Menggunakan Sistem Bioreaktor Anaerobik

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Maya Sarah ◽  
Erni Misran ◽  
Seri Maulina ◽  
Ika Pertiwi ◽  
Nahlionny Ritman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Feed Concentration ◽  
Free Oxygen ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Tomato Waste ◽  
Start Up

The world's energy supply is very dependent on non-renewable energy in the form of fossil fuels. This causes fossil fuels depletion and the need for alternative energy sources such as biogas. Biogas is produced from the fermentation process of organic matter with the help of anaerobic bacteria in free oxygen absence. This study aims to produce biogas from cabbage and tomato waste separately. Biogas production was carried out by varying feed concentrations of 100 g/L, 200 g/L, and 300 g/L for cabbage waste and 81.6 g/L; 215 g/L; and 237 g/L for tomato waste. This study consisted of 10 days seeding and acclimatization process, followed by a start-up stage using insulated anaerobic bioreactors. The largest methane from cabbage and tomato waste was 60% at a feed concentration of 200 g/L and 50% at a feed concentration of 237 g/L, respectively. The maximum growth rates (µm) for biogas from cabbage and tomato waste were 0.122 day-1 and 0.121 day-1, respectively.

scholarly journals VARIASI SUDUT PANCAR BURNER CUP UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERFORMA PEMBAKARAN PADA KOMPOR BERBAHAN BAKAR BIOGAS MENUJU DESA MANDIRI ENERGI DI YOGYAKARTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Kris Hariyanto ◽  
Benedictus Mardwianta
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Flame Stability ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Household Activities

Biogas is an alternative energy sources as a substitute for fossil fuels in household activities daily, but there are obstacles in the use of biogas, namely the difficulty of arranging a flame that is stable and fuel consumption relatively less efficient biogas. So it takes a design development system that will produce a burning stove produces biogas-fueled stove fits the purpose of research, on the other hand biogas stove should be simple, cheap production price, maximum efficiency and safe to use. Stages in the study include: desk assessment, creation of objective requirements design, manufacture conceptual and basic design, manufacture real stove. As for knowing the performance of the stove carried stove performance tests are: test flame stability and efficiency. The results showed that the efficiency of the biogas stove design results in only 31 percent higher than the efficiency of biogas stoves old design, while the fuel consumption of biogas stoves new design is 16 percent lower when compared with fuel consumption of biogas stoves old design. In terms of manufacture and ease of repair and maintenance of gas cookers new design is more easily repaired and easy to make and simple in form compared with the old design biogas stoves.

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