scholarly journals Production of Bio-ethanol from Solid Waste Paper Using Biological Activation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynu Shamil Awol ◽  
Rezika Tofike Abate
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Dilute Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Waste Office Paper

Abstract Biomass energy is renewable energy source that comes from the material of plants and animals. Forms of biomass energy are bio-ethanol, bio methanol, and biodiesel. Bio-ethanol is one of the most important alternative energy sources that substitute the fossil fuels. The focus of this research is to produce bio-ethanol from waste office paper. Five laboratory experiments were conducted to produce bio-ethanol from wastepaper. The wastepaper was dried in oven and cut in to pieces. Then it passed through dilute acid hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation process respectively. High amount of ethanol was observed at 20 ml/g (liquid to solid ratio) and at the time of 2hr. Cost and economic analysis for ethanol production from wastepaper was performed. Results from the analysis indicated a paper to ethanol plant was feasible from the economic point of view with rate of return (RR) 38.61% and the payback period of 2.2 years.

scholarly journals Biomass Potential of Kayseri Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatıma Zumra Kahya ◽  
Nafiz Kahraman
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Biogas Energy ◽  
Biomass Potential ◽  
Alternative Sources

Today the decrease of fossil fuels, which are used nearly in every area from heating to manufacture and transportation, and the environmental pollution, and external dependency in energy sector, has increased the studies about alternative energy sources not only in Turkey but also throughout the world. Among these alternative sources, biomass has a significant importance. In this study biomass potential of Kayseri province was examined. The aim of this study is to set forth the electric and biogas energy potential of the biomass sources found in the Kayseri city. In this context potential biomass and biogas calculations were realized. In the result of the calculations made, the biomass energy value obtained from the sources in hand is 5,41TW/year. Similarly the biogas energy value is 85, 97 million meter cube/year.

scholarly journals Design and Tuning of Photoswitches for Solar Energy Storage

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3796
Author(s):  
Raul Losantos ◽  
Diego Sampedro
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Energy Difference ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Improved Performance

Current energy demand makes it compulsory to explore alternative energy sources beyond fossil fuels. Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems have been proposed as a suitable technology for the use and storage of solar energy. Compounds used for this application need to fulfil a long series of requirements, being the absorption of sunlight and the energy stored some of the most critical. In this paper, we study different families of well-known molecular photoswitches from the point of view of their potential use as MOST. Starting from basic structures, we use density functional theory (DFT) computational modelling to propose two different strategies to increase the energy difference between isomers and to tune the absorption spectrum. The inclusion of a mechanical lock in the structure, via an alkyl chain and the presence of a hydrogen bonding are shown to directly influence the energy difference and the absorption spectra. Results shown here prove that these two approaches could be relevant for the design of new compounds with improved performance for MOST applications.

Power Generation for the Near Future

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kau-Fui Vincent Wong ◽  
Guillermo Amador
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
The Us ◽  
Near Future

As society continues advancing into the future, more energy is required to supply the increasing population and energy demands. Unfortunately, traditional forms of energy production through the burning of carbon-based fuels are dumping harmful pollutants into the environment, resulting in detrimental, and possibly irreversible, effects on our planet. The burning of coal and fossil fuels provides energy at the least monetary cost for countries like the US, but the price being paid through their negative impact of our atmosphere is difficult to quantify. A rapid shift to clean, alternative energy sources is critical in order to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. For alternative energy sources to replace traditional energy sources that produce greenhouse gases, they must be capable of providing energy at equal or greater rates and efficiencies, while still functioning at competitive prices. The main factors hindering the pursuit of alternative sources are their high initial costs and, for some, intermittency. The creation of electrical energy from natural sources like wind, water, and solar is very desirable since it produces no greenhouse gases and makes use of renewable sources—unlike fossil fuels. However, the planning and technology required to tap into these sources and transfer energy at the rate and consistency needed to supply our society comes at a higher price than traditional methods. These high costs are a result of the large-scale implementation of the state-of-the-art technologies behind the devices required for energy cultivation and delivery from these unorthodox sources. On the other hand, as fossil fuel sources become scarcer, the rising fuel costs drive overall costs up and make traditional methods less cost effective. The growing scarcity of fossil fuels and resulting pollutants stimulate the necessity to transition away from traditional energy production methods. Currently, the most common alternative energy technologies are solar photovoltaics (PVs), concentrated solar power (CSP), wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, tidal, wave, and nuclear. Because of government intervention in countries like the US and the absence of the need to restructure the electricity transmission system (due to the similarity in geographical requirements and consistency in power outputs for nuclear and traditional plants), nuclear energy is the most cost competitive energy technology that does not produce greenhouse gases. Through the proper use of nuclear fission electricity at high efficiencies could be produced without polluting our atmosphere. However, the initial capital required to erect nuclear plants dictates a higher cost over traditional methods. Therefore, the government is providing help with the high initial costs through loan guarantees, in order to stimulate the growth of low-emission energy production. This paper analyzes the proposal for the use of nuclear power as an intermediate step before an eventual transition to greater dependence on energy from wind, water, and solar (WWS) sources. Complete dependence on WWS cannot be achieved in the near future, within 20 years, because of the unavoidable variability of these sources and the required overhaul of the electricity transmission system. Therefore, we look to nuclear power in the time being to help provide predictable power as a means to reduce carbon emissions, while the other technologies are refined and gradually implemented in order to meet energy demand on a consistent basis.

scholarly journals CFD researched on rice husk gasification in a pilot fixed bed up-draft system

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-109
Author(s):  
Phung Thi Kim Le ◽  
Viet Tan Tran ◽  
Thien Luu Minh Nguyen ◽  
Viet Vuong Pham ◽  
Truc Thanh Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Gasification Process

Finding alternative energy sources for fossil fuels was a global matter of concern, especially in developing countries. Rice husk, an abundant biomass in Viet Nam, was used to partially replace fossil fuels by gasification process. The study was conducted on the pilot plant fixed bed up-draft gasifier with two kind of gasification agents, pure air and air-steam mixture. Mathematical modeling and computer simulations were also used to describe and optimize the gasification processes. Mathematical modeling was based on Computational Fluid Dynamics method and simulation was carried by using Ansys Fluent software. Changes in outlet composition of syngas components (CO, CO2, CH4, H2O, H2) and temperature of process, in relation with ratio of steam in gasification agents, were presented. Obtained results indicated concentration of CH4, H2 in outlet was increased significantly when using air-steam gasification agents than pure air. The discrepancies among the gasification agents were determined to improve the actual process.

scholarly journals Use of biogas to power diesel engines with common rail fuel systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 01018
Author(s):  
Sławomir Wierzbicki ◽  
Michał Śmieja
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Common Rail ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Study Results

The limited resources of fossil fuels, as well as the search for a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide and other toxic compounds to the atmosphere have prompted the search for new, alternative energy sources. One of the potential fuels which may be widely used in the future as a fuel is biogas which can be obtained from various types of raw materials. The article presents selected results as regards the effects of the proportion of biogas of various compositions on the course of combustion in a dual-fuel diesel engine with a Common Rail fuel system. The presented study results indicate the possibility for the use of fuels of this type in diesel engines; although changes are necessary in the manner of controlling liquid fuel injection.

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE DURING THE ENERGY TRANSITION

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard van der Meijden ◽  
Sjak Smulders
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Nonrenewable Resource ◽  
Alternative Energy Source ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Speed Up

The energy transition from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources has important consequences for technological change and resource extraction. We examine these consequences by incorporating a nonrenewable resource and an alternative energy source in a market economy model of endogenous growth through expanding varieties. During the energy transition, technological progress is nonmonotonic over time: It declines initially, starts increasing when the economy approaches the regime shift, and jumps down once the resource stock is exhausted. A moment of peak-oil does no longer necessarily occur, and simultaneous use of the resource and the alternative energy source will take place if the return to innovation becomes too low. Subsidies to research and development (R&D) and to renewables production speed up the energy transition, whereas a tax on fossil fuels postpones the switch to renewable energy.

Emission Distribution and Regulation of Local Heat Source

2012 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 330-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Valíček ◽  
Jana Müllerová ◽  
Vlastimil Kuběna ◽  
Pavel Koštial ◽  
Marta Harničárová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Wide Range

Pollutants can be classified according to their chemical composition, harmfulness, hazardousness, risk rate and toxicity. The most monitored pollutants are particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), organic substances which are in the form of gaseous phase in waste gases expressed as total organic carbon, dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans [1-3]. Other pollutants are divided into several groups and subgroups, such as substances with carcinogenic effects (asbestos, Co, Cd, Be, Ni, As, Cr, dioxins, etc.), solid inorganic contaminants (He, Se, animony, and others) and inorganic pollutants in the form of gases (HCl, HF, ammonia, etc.), organic gases and vapours (phenol, toluene, acetone and many others) and gases causing the greenhouse effect (CO2, methane, N2O, hydrofluorocarbons, etc.). The term particulate matter, or suspended matter refers to the emissions of a wide range of wind drift solids and liquid particles of material in size from several nanometres up to 0.5 mm, which stay in the air for some time. This is a major component of atmospheric pollution, which contributes to harmful effects not only on human health but also on intensity of materials degradation. Into the atmosphere, where we can meet them, regardless of particle size and chemical composition, in the form of a complex heterogeneous mixture, they are released from burning fossil fuels and also from burning biomass-based fuels, while domestic heating accounts for about 16% of the total production of particulate matter [4,5,6]. This percentage represents a degree of imperfect combustion of fuels used in local heating. Emissions from incomplete combustion are undesirable from the point of view of human health as well as from the economic point of view, because this leads to the degradation of materials. Nevertheless, since fuel combustion is necessary for the society, emissions are still produced. This paper presents an automated method of perfect combustion control in local heating in order to minimize emissions being produced.

Global Potential of Biomass: Heat, Electricity and Liquid and Gaseous Fuels Markets

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jude Iyinbor ◽  
Ogunrinde Abayomi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
Market Factors

Negative environmental effects, diminishing fossil fuel sources and soaring oil prices are some of the pertinent factors militating against the long term usage of fossil fuels. These make the introduction of alternative energy sources an integral part of our global energy plan. On the contrary, established fossil fuel infrastructures, flexibility of fossil fuels and economic gains from the oil sector are a few reasons why there is a global attitude of ‘drill the last drop before developing sustainable alternatives’. There are various energy sources that have little environmental effects and are sustainable (e.g. wind, geothermal, solar, hydro, biomass, e.t.c.), but the potentials they do have when it comes to the major energy utilization forms (heat, electricity and liquid and gaseous fuels) will be a key determinant of how alternative energy sources will be able to match the seemingly invincible presence of fossil fuels. The biomass option is examined in this report considering its potential with respect to heat, electricity and liquid and gaseous fuels market. Factors that may favour or hinder its potential and suitable solutions on how the potential can be increased are also discussed.

scholarly journals FIRE EXTINGUISHING AND OTHER URGENT WORK IN ELECTRIC CARS

Fire Safety ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
O. V. Lazarenko ◽  
O. D. Synelnikov ◽  
I. M. Bykov ◽  
A. S. Kuskovets
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Emergency Rescue ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Scientific Results

The development of modern technologies simultaneously with the improvement of the conditions of human existence creates additional risks that had been solved to ensure the safety and comfortable conditions of people's stay. One of these areas of human development is the gradual transition to alternative energy sources and modes of transport, including electric vehicles. Modern versions of electric vehicles, by their tactical and technical characteristics, practically do not concede cars with engines of internal combustion, but the research shows that from the point of view of fire safety and tactics of firefighting, the batteries of electric cars require some other approaches and algorithms for carrying out of emergency rescue works. Considering the modern experience and experimental results of research on the tactics of firefighting of electric vehicles, it turned out that the normative intensity of water supply (aqueous solutions) should be increased and make not less than 1,2 l/(c·m2). An increase in the normative intensity of water supply requires the fire-extinguishing chief to ensure in advance the uninterrupted supply of the extinguishing agent to the fire brigade, necessarily installing a tanker truck on a fire hydrant or reservoir. The specificity of the extinguishing of electric cars also shows the ineffectiveness of the use of a fire-extinguishing agent of air-mechanical foam and the necessity of compulsory dismantling of the battery pack of an electric vehicle after the elimination of the fire. The main results of the work are summarized in the general list of the algorithm of actions of the fireextinguishing chief after his arrival at the place of the emergency related to the ignition of electric vehicles. Compliance by the fire-extinguishing chief of the given algorithm of action will minimize the risks for the personnel of the rescue unit and accelerate the elimination of the fire. Accordingly, to the analysis and scientific results, the future directions of scientific research should be aimed: at improving the algorithm of action and tactics of elimination the fire of electric cars, the development of technical devices for extinguishing the battery of electric cars, the development of automatic fire extinguishing of electric cars, the development of more effective fire extinguishing means for extinguishing the rechargeable battery of electric cars.

scholarly journals Parameter Biokinetika dari Degradasi Limbah Kol dan Tomat Menggunakan Sistem Bioreaktor Anaerobik

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Maya Sarah ◽  
Erni Misran ◽  
Seri Maulina ◽  
Ika Pertiwi ◽  
Nahlionny Ritman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Feed Concentration ◽  
Free Oxygen ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Tomato Waste ◽  
Start Up

The world's energy supply is very dependent on non-renewable energy in the form of fossil fuels. This causes fossil fuels depletion and the need for alternative energy sources such as biogas. Biogas is produced from the fermentation process of organic matter with the help of anaerobic bacteria in free oxygen absence. This study aims to produce biogas from cabbage and tomato waste separately. Biogas production was carried out by varying feed concentrations of 100 g/L, 200 g/L, and 300 g/L for cabbage waste and 81.6 g/L; 215 g/L; and 237 g/L for tomato waste. This study consisted of 10 days seeding and acclimatization process, followed by a start-up stage using insulated anaerobic bioreactors. The largest methane from cabbage and tomato waste was 60% at a feed concentration of 200 g/L and 50% at a feed concentration of 237 g/L, respectively. The maximum growth rates (µm) for biogas from cabbage and tomato waste were 0.122 day-1 and 0.121 day-1, respectively.

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