A Cause of Force of Gravity between Bodies

An isolated electric charge, in the form of an indestructible spherical shell of radius a, has its straight and radial electric fields pulling the surface charge equally outwards, directed from the center, to maintain an equilibrium. Any imbalance in the field lines of force causes the charge to move, with acceleration, in the direction of the resultant force. The field lines of adjacent charges become curved to make for the force of repulsion or attraction. It is proposed that the electric field lines from a charge open out slightly, on encountering a like charge in space, thereby reducing the force of repulsion. The field lines close in slightly, against an unlike charge, to increase the force of attraction. Thus, there is a net force of attraction between two neutral bodies composed of equal numbers of positive and negative charges. For a neutral body, the strong electrical forces of repulsion and attraction, proportional to the magnitude of a charge, in accordance with Coulomb’s law, cancel out everywhere. The weak gravitational forces of attraction, proportional to the mass of a charge, which is also proportional to the square of magnitude of a charge, in accordance with Newton’s law, remain and add up. It is shown that gravity is a pulling force of attraction and an electrical property emanating from a body, not a result of curvature of empty space surrounding the body, as envisaged by the theory of general relativity.

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Millimeter (MM) wave and microwave frequency radiation produce deeply penetrating effects: the biology and the physics

Reviews on Environmental Health ◽

10.1515/reveh-2020-0165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Martin L. Pall

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Fields ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Cardiac Activity ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Voltage Sensor ◽

The Body ◽

Time Varying ◽

The Brain ◽

Mm Waves

Abstract Millimeter wave (MM-wave) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are predicted to not produce penetrating effects in the body. The electric but not magnetic part of MM-EMFs are almost completely absorbed within the outer 1 mm of the body. Rodents are reported to have penetrating MM-wave impacts on the brain, the myocardium, liver, kidney and bone marrow. MM-waves produce electromagnetic sensitivity-like changes in rodent, frog and skate tissues. In humans, MM-waves have penetrating effects including impacts on the brain, producing EEG changes and other neurological/neuropsychiatric changes, increases in apparent electromagnetic hypersensitivity and produce changes on ulcers and cardiac activity. This review focuses on several issues required to understand penetrating effects of MM-waves and microwaves: 1. Electronically generated EMFs are coherent, producing much higher electrical and magnetic forces then do natural incoherent EMFs. 2. The fixed relationship between electrical and magnetic fields found in EMFs in a vacuum or highly permeable medium such as air, predicted by Maxwell’s equations, breaks down in other materials. Specifically, MM-wave electrical fields are almost completely absorbed in the outer 1 mm of the body due to the high dielectric constant of biological aqueous phases. However, the magnetic fields are very highly penetrating. 3. Time-varying magnetic fields have central roles in producing highly penetrating effects. The primary mechanism of EMF action is voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation with the EMFs acting via their forces on the voltage sensor, rather than by depolarization of the plasma membrane. Two distinct mechanisms, an indirect and a direct mechanism, are consistent with and predicted by the physics, to explain penetrating MM-wave VGCC activation via the voltage sensor. Time-varying coherent magnetic fields, as predicted by the Maxwell–Faraday version of Faraday’s law of induction, can put forces on ions dissolved in aqueous phases deep within the body, regenerating coherent electric fields which activate the VGCC voltage sensor. In addition, time-varying magnetic fields can directly put forces on the 20 charges in the VGCC voltage sensor. There are three very important findings here which are rarely recognized in the EMF scientific literature: coherence of electronically generated EMFs; the key role of time-varying magnetic fields in generating highly penetrating effects; the key role of both modulating and pure EMF pulses in greatly increasing very short term high level time-variation of magnetic and electric fields. It is probable that genuine safety guidelines must keep nanosecond timescale-variation of coherent electric and magnetic fields below some maximum level in order to produce genuine safety. These findings have important implications with regard to 5G radiation.

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The vibration of electrified water drops

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.1971.0082 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 322 (1551) ◽

pp. 523-534 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Keyword(s):

Electric Field ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Axial Ratio ◽

Uniform Electric Field ◽

Interferometric Technique ◽

Photographic Analysis ◽

Wide Range ◽

Water Drops ◽

Strength And Deformation ◽

A Charge

Pressure has been used as the principal parameter in calculations of the fundamental vibrational frequencies of spherical drops of radius R , density ρ, and surface tension T carrying a charge Q or uncharged spheroidal drops of axial ratio a / b situated in a uniform electric field of strength E . Freely vibrating charged drops have a frequency f = f 0 ( 1 - Q 2 /16π R 3 T ) ½ , as shown previously by Rayleigh (1882) using energy considerations; f 0 is the vibrational frequency of non-electrified drops (Rayleigh 1879). The fundamental frequency of an uncharged drop in an electric field will decrease with increasing field strength and deformation a / b and will equal zero when E ( R )/ T ) ½ = 1.625 and a / b = 1.86; these critical values correspond to the disintegration conditions derived by Taylor (1964). An interferometric technique involving a laser confirmed the accuracy of the calculations concerned with charged drops. The vibration of water drops of radius around 2 mm was studied over a wide range of temperatures as they fell through electric fields either by suspending them in a vertical wind tunnel or allowing them to fall between a pair of vertical electrodes. Photographic analysis of the vibrations revealed good agreement between theory and experiment over the entire range of conditions studied even though the larger drops were not accurately spheroidal and the amplitude of the vibrations was large.

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RF-Carpets that Compress Ions to High Density Beams

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927615013185 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (S4) ◽

pp. 84-89

Author(s):

H. Wollnik ◽

F. Arai ◽

Y. Ito ◽

P. Schury ◽

M. Wada

Keyword(s):

Phase Space ◽

Electric Field ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Ion Beams ◽

High Density ◽

Ion Density ◽

Field Lines

AbstractIons that are moved by electric fields in gases follow quite exactly the electric field lines since these ions have substantially lost their kinetic energies in collisions with gas atoms or molecules and so carry no momenta. Shaping the electric fields appropriately the phase space such ion beams occupy can be reduced and correspondingly the ion density of beams be increased.

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Photorefractive Materials

MRS Bulletin ◽

10.1557/s0883769400039658 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 29-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F. Agulló-López

Keyword(s):

Electric Fields ◽

Communication Technologies ◽

Third Order ◽

Nonlinear Materials ◽

Light Pattern ◽

Alternating Electric Fields ◽

Beam Coupling ◽

Photorefractive Materials ◽

A Charge ◽

Electrooptic Devices

There is a growing demand for nonlinear optical materials for a variety of applications—lasers and coherent sources, electrooptic devices, communication technologies, and optical processors and computers. Nonlinear optics is a vast field requiring materials with diverse performance features. Photorefractive (PR) materials, which experience a change in the refractive index under the effect of inhomogeneous illumination, constitute a relevant branch of the field. They behave as third-order nonlinear materials, which can be considered, in general, as photorefractive. However, the materials more commonly designated as photorefractives involve a charge-transport-induced nonlinearity, and it is these materials which are the object of this issue of the MRS Bulletin.At variance with conventional (often designated as Kerr) nonlinear materials, photorefractives are sensitive not to the local light intensity but to its spatial variation; i.e., they are nonlocal materials. This feature makes them more complicated to deal with than their conventional counterparts, since a χ(3) susceptibility cannot be properly defined (except as a k-dependent function). On the other hand, this sensitivity gives them some unique and interesting features. In particular, an interference light pattern illuminating the crystal and the generated index grating are phase-shifted, leading to remarkable beam coupling and amplification effects. The coupling gain can be markedly enhanced by applying alternating electric fields or by oscillating the interference fringes with a piezoelectric mirror. Efficient image amplifiers have been made using this effect.

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Mapping of steady-state electric fields and convective drifts in geomagnetic fields – Part 1: Elementary models

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-34-55-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 55-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. D. M. Walker ◽

G. J. Sofko

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Steady State ◽

Electric Field ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Magnetic Field Line ◽

Geomagnetic Field ◽

Geomagnetic Field Models ◽

Spatial Derivatives ◽

Field Lines ◽

The Magnetic Field

Abstract. When studying magnetospheric convection, it is often necessary to map the steady-state electric field, measured at some point on a magnetic field line, to a magnetically conjugate point in the other hemisphere, or the equatorial plane, or at the position of a satellite. Such mapping is relatively easy in a dipole field although the appropriate formulae are not easily accessible. They are derived and reviewed here with some examples. It is not possible to derive such formulae in more realistic geomagnetic field models. A new method is described in this paper for accurate mapping of electric fields along field lines, which can be used for any field model in which the magnetic field and its spatial derivatives can be computed. From the spatial derivatives of the magnetic field three first order differential equations are derived for the components of the normalized element of separation of two closely spaced field lines. These can be integrated along with the magnetic field tracing equations and Faraday's law used to obtain the electric field as a function of distance measured along the magnetic field line. The method is tested in a simple model consisting of a dipole field plus a magnetotail model. The method is shown to be accurate, convenient, and suitable for use with more realistic geomagnetic field models.

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Effects of solar eclipse on the electrodynamical processes of the equatorial ionosphere: a case study during 11 August 1999 dusk time total solar eclipse over India

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-20-1977-2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 1977-1985 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

R. Sridharan ◽

C. V. Devasia ◽

N. Jyoti ◽

Diwakar Tiwari ◽

K. S. Viswanathan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Fields ◽

Solar Eclipse ◽

Equatorial Ionosphere ◽

Hf Radar ◽

F Region ◽

Large Enhancement ◽

Temporal Structures ◽

E Region ◽

Field Lines ◽

Electric Fields And Currents

Abstract. The effects on the electrodynamics of the equatorial E- and F-regions of the ionosphere, due to the occurrence of the solar eclipse during sunset hours on 11 August 1999, were investigated in a unique observational campaign involving ground based ionosondes, VHF and HF radars from the equatorial location of Trivandrum (8.5° N; 77° E; dip lat. 0.5° N), India. The study revealed the nature of changes brought about by the eclipse in the evening time E- and F-regions in terms of (i) the sudden intensification of a weak blanketing ES-layer and the associated large enhancement of the VHF backscattered returns, (ii) significant increase in h' F immediately following the eclipse and (iii) distinctly different spatial and temporal structures in the spread-F irregularity drift velocities as observed by the HF radar. The significantly large enhancement of the backscattered returns from the E-region coincident with the onset of the eclipse is attributed to the generation of steep electron density gradients associated with the blanketing ES , possibly triggered by the eclipse phenomena. The increase in F-region base height immediately after the eclipse is explained as due to the reduction in the conductivity of the conjugate E-region in the path of totality connected to the F-region over the equator along the magnetic field lines, and this, with the peculiar local and regional conditions, seems to have reduced the E-region loading of the F-region dynamo, resulting in a larger post sunset F-region height (h' F) rise. These aspects of E-and F-region behaviour on the eclipse day are discussed in relation to those observed on the control day.Key words. Ionosphere (electric fields and currents; equatorial ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities)

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Espaços deslocados: poéticas de interação entre arte e tecnologia

REPERTÓRIO ◽

10.9771/r.v0i28.25012 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 298

Author(s):

Regina Miranda

Keyword(s):

Performing Arts ◽

Empty Space ◽

Scenic Design ◽

The Body ◽

Theoretical Contribution ◽

Art And Technology ◽

Geometric Configurations ◽

The Creation ◽

New Interactions ◽

The Relationship

Resumo:Ao tomar como contexto teórico as pesquisas em Harmonias Espaciais desenvolvidas pelo teórico de movimento Rudolf Laban na primeira metade do século XX, este artigo considera o longo predomínio da visão de um alguém que habitava um espaço vazio separado do corpo e aponta perspectivas contemporâneas, que tornaram o espaço entre/em ambos mais fluido e plástico. A contribuição teórica aqui apresentada indicou a necessidade da inclusão de configurações geométricas mais instáveis no campo Labaniano e também a criação de percursos para a encarnação de conceitos, que pudessem representar essas novas interações. Como um dos territórios da pesquisa artística que fundamenta esta narrativa, o encontro com a tecnologia foi explorado, inicialmente, como uma forma de ampliar a experiência corpo-espacial dos atuantes formais e informais de uma performance, oferecendo a possibilidade de um desenho cênico que incluía a articulação entre espaços físicos e virtuais e de conexões espaciais de livre escolha. Mais recentemente, a relação se ampliou em uma experiência interdisciplinar de criação cênica e coreográfica em interatividade com processos computacionais. Nos exemplos apontados, o que rege a escolha das tecnologias é o interesse artístico e conceitual de investigar como cada tecnologia pode colaborar na criação, deslocamento e distorção de espaços performáticos.Palavras-chave: Arte e tecnologia. Artes cênicas. Campo labaniano. Corpo-espaço. Performance imersiva. SHIFTING SPACES: POETICS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN ART AND TECHNOLOGYAbstract:Embracing as theoretical context the Space Harmonies’ research developed by movement theorist Rudolf Laban during the first half of the 20th century, this paper considers the long predominance of the vision of someone who inhabited an empty space separated from the body, and points toward contemporary perspectives, which have made the space between/in both more fluid and plastic. The theoretical contribution presented here indicated the need to include more unstable geometric configurations in the Labanian field and the creation of paths for the incarnation of concepts, which could represent these new interactions. As one of the areas of artistic research that underlies this narrative, the encounter with technology was initially explored as a way to broaden the body-space experience of the formal and informal participants of a performance. It offered the possibility of a scenic design that included the articulation between physical and virtual spaces and free-choice spatial connections. More recently, the relationship expanded in an interdisciplinary experience of scenic and choreographic creation in interactivity with computational processes. In the mentioned examples, what defines the choice of the technologies is the artistic and conceptual interest to investigate how each technology can collaborate in the creation, displacement and distortion of performative spaces.Keywords: Art and technology. Performing arts. Labanian field. Body-space. Immersive performance.

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Plane Symmetric Solutions of a Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravitation

Australian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1071/ph770109 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 109 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

DRK Reddy

Keyword(s):

General Relativity ◽

Empty Space ◽

Scalar Fields ◽

Scalar Tensor Theory ◽

Field Equations ◽

Plane Symmetric ◽

Zero Mass ◽

Tensor Theory ◽

Special Cases ◽

Theory Of Gravitation

Plane symmetric solutions of a scalar-tensor theory proposed by Dunn have been obtained. These solutions are observed to be similar to the plane symmetric solutions of the field equations corresponding to zero mass scalar fields obtained by Patel. It is found that the empty space-times of general relativity discussed by Taub and by Bera are obtained as special cases.

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Magnetic field configuration and field-aligned acceleration of energetic ions during substorm onsets

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-19-1089-2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 1089-1094 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Korth ◽

Z. Y. Pu

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Plasma Sheet ◽

Field Configuration ◽

Local Magnetic Field ◽

Magnetospheric Configuration And Dynamics ◽

Night Side ◽

Field Lines ◽

Synchronous Orbit ◽

Substorm Onsets

Abstract. In this paper, we present an interpretation of the observed field-aligned acceleration events measured by GEOS-2 near the night-side synchronous orbit at substorm onsets (Chen et al., 2000). We show that field-aligned acceleration of ions (with pitch angle asymmetry) is closely related to strong short-lived electric fields in the Ey direction. The acceleration is associated with either rapid dipolarization or further stretching of local magnetic field lines. Theoretical analysis suggests that a centrifugal mechanism is a likely candidate for the parallel energization. Equatorward or anti-equatorward energization occurs when the tail current sheet is thinner tailward or earthward of the spacecraft, respectively. The magnetic field topology leading to anti-equatorward energization corresponds to a situation where the near-Earth tail undergoes further compression and the inner edge of the plasma sheet extends inwards as close as the night-side geosynchronous altitudes.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics; plasma sheet; storms and sub-storms)

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Electroreception in Gymnotus carapo: pre-receptor processing and the distribution of electroreceptor types

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.203.21.3279 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 203 (21) ◽

pp. 3279-3287 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M.E. Castello ◽

P.A. Aguilera ◽

O. Trujillo-Cenoz ◽

A.A. Caputi

Keyword(s):

Electric Fields ◽

Electric Fish ◽

Fish Tissue ◽

Field Vector ◽

The Body ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Field Patterns ◽

Different Types ◽

Very High

This paper describes the peripheral mechanisms involved in signal processing of self- and conspecific-generated electric fields by the electric fish Gymnotus carapo. The distribution of the different types of tuberous electroreceptor and the occurrence of particular electric field patterns close to the body of the fish were studied. The density of tuberous electroreceptors was found to be maximal on the jaw (foveal region) and very high on the dorsal region of the snout (parafoveal region), decaying caudally. Tuberous type II electroreceptors were much more abundant than type I electroreceptors. Type I electroreceptors occurred exclusively on the head and rostral trunk regions, while type II electroreceptors were found along as much as 90 % of the fish. Electrophysiological data indicated that conspecific- and self-generated electric currents are ‘funnelled’ by the high conductivity and geometry of the body of the fish. These currents are concentrated at the peri-oral zone, where most electroreceptors are located. Moreover, within this region, field vector directions were collimated, constituting the most efficient stimulus for electroreceptors. It can be concluded that the passive properties of the fish tissue represent a pre-receptor device that enhances exafferent and reafferent electrical signals at the fovea-parafoveal region.

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