scholarly journals IFLA Statement on Net Neutrality and Zero-rating: At the backstage of the problem

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Savitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Network Neutrality ◽  
Net Neutrality ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Market Rate ◽  
Library Community ◽  
Public Resource

The article analyzes the IFLA Statement on Network Neutrality and Zero-rating adopted on August 15, 2016 at the meeting of the World Library and Information Congress of the 82nd IFLA Conference inColumbus,USA, its importance for the international library community, as well as the socio-economic and cultural context, which was due to its adoption. Speaking in defense of network neutrality and against the practice of the zero-rating, IFLA designated a zone of latent for that period conflict of commercial interests of Internet providers and rules of equal access of the user to all types of content without speed and additional fee. Conflict this year later, in 2017, became public in the period of active struggle against the abolition of the principle of network neutrality in theUnited States.The market rate of traffic, the green light of which was opened as a result of the cancellation of network neutrality in theUnited Stateson December 14, 2017 by the Federal Communications Commission, is particularly sensitive for libraries with limited funding, unable to pay for high-speed Internet. In addition to paid access to broadband Internet, the obvious danger for libraries is the practice of zero rating, providing free and unlimited traffic in the framework of popular social networks or package tariff plans from large corporations, which leads to the monopolization of the information market by the largest IT corporations and the further marginalization of libraries.The displacement of cultural and educational institutions as a non-profitable sector on the roadside negatively affects libraries as providers of access and as creators of Internet content; strikes both on the acquisition of funds, and on the maintenance of readers of high-quality noncommercial information. As natural opponents of progressing monetization, the Library's networks favor the interpretation of the Internet as a public service, a publicly available public resource with a transparent and stable tariff, legislatively protected from attempts by providers to receive super-profits.

scholarly journals Electroluminescence and photo-response of inorganic halide perovskite bi-functional diodes

Nanophotonics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1981-1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Li ◽  
Ying Suet Lau ◽  
Yanqin Miao ◽  
Furong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Forward Bias ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Photo Response ◽  
Halide Perovskite

AbstractIn this work, we report our efforts to develop a novel inorganic halide perovskite-based bi-functional light-emitting and photo-detecting diode. The bi-functional diode is capable of emitting a uniform green light, with a peak wavelength of 520 nm, at a forward bias of >2 V, achieving a high luminance of >103 cd/m2 at 7 V. It becomes an efficient photodetector when the bi-functional diode is operated at a reverse bias, exhibiting sensitivity over a broadband wavelength range from ultraviolet to visible light. The bi-functional diode possesses very fast transient electroluminescence (EL) and photo-response characteristics, e.g. with a short EL rising time of ~6 μS and a photo-response time of ~150 μS. In addition, the bi-functional diode also is sensitive to 520 nm, the wavelength of its peak EL emission. The ability of the bi-functional diodes for application in high speed visible light communication was analyzed and demonstrated using two identical bi-functional diodes, one performed as the signal generator and the other acted as a signal receiver. The dual functions of light emission and light detection capability, enabled by bi-functional diodes, are very attractive for different applications in under water communication and visible light telecommunications.

scholarly journals Broadband Internet and Income Inequality

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges V. Houngbonon ◽  
Julienne Liang
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Instrumental Variable Estimation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Digital technologies like the Internet can affect income inequality through increased demand for employment in manual and abstract jobs and reduced demand for employment in routine jobs. In this paper, we combine city-level income distribution and jobs data with broadband data from France to investigate the impact of broadband Internet access on income inequality. Using an instrumental variable estimation strategy, we find that broadband Internet reduces income inequality through increased employment in manual jobs. These effects increase with the availability of skilled workers and are significant in cities with a large service sector or high-speed Internet access. Further, the diffusion of broadband Internet comes with relatively greater benefits in low-income cities compared to high-income cities. Several robustness checks support these findings.

scholarly journals Designing the pedagogical design of the educational environment of the university

2021 ◽  
pp. 156-162
Author(s):  
Elena V. Shirinkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Corporate University ◽  
Pedagogical Design ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
The University

The relevance of the research is due to the fact that the educational environment of the university is an integral element of the educational process, which is constantly changing, even at a fairly high speed. In this regard, pedagogical design in such conditions concerns not only educational programs, but also the environment itself. The author considers a new category «pedagogical design», defines how the pedagogical designer differs from the methodologist or methodologist; Why is a pedagogical design design mechanism needed? The empirical basis of the study was the data of international studies by Deloitte «Digital Education Survey», Goldman, EFMD, Metaari, Technavio, as well as data from domestic studies by HR-academy and the Sberbank Corporate University. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author presents a mechanism for designing the pedagogical design of the educational environment of the university, based on obtaining, comprehending, checking one’s own experience and analyzing best practices. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results obtained will allow educational institutions to structure their work in such a way as to calmly relate to changes, responding to requests from the labor market, while making changes made the training solution the most effective.

Collaboration through Municipal Motivators

2011 ◽  
pp. 679-694
Author(s):  
James L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
The Common ◽  
Local Leaders

This chapter reveals the common theme three rural Minnesota communities used in their collaboration efforts in to install and deliver broadband Internet as a municipal utility. The author discovered that the reason for this broadband initiative was a municipal motivator, unique to each city and not related to economic development. It is hoped that other rural communities in search of high-speed Internet, after having digested the results of this study, might conduct their own research in order to determine their true, underlying motivation for delivering improved Internet service. By agreeing on the motivator for each community, local leaders are better able to collaborate on achieving this common goal.

Internet Neutrality

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Löblich
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Communication Studies ◽  
Net Neutrality ◽  
Internet Service Providers ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Internet Neutrality

Internet neutrality—usually net(work) neutrality—encompasses the idea that all data packets that circulate on the Internet should be treated equally, without discriminating between users, types of content, platforms, sites, applications, equipment, or modes of communication. The debate about this normative principle revolves around the Internet as a set of distribution channels and how and by whom these channels can be used to control communication. The controversy was spurred by advancements in technology, the increased usage of bandwidth-intensive services, and changing economic interests of Internet service providers. Internet service providers are not only important technical but also central economic actors in the management of the Internet’s architecture. They seek to increase revenue, to recover sizable infrastructure upgrades, and expand their business model. This has consequences for the net neutrality principle, for individual users and corporate content providers. In the case of Internet service providers becoming content providers themselves, net neutrality proponents fear that providers may exclude competitor content, distribute it poorly and more slowly, and require competitors to pay for using high-speed networks. Net neutrality is not only a debate on infrastructure business models that is carried out in economic expert circles. On the contrary, and despite its technical character, it has become an issue in the public debate and an issue that is framed not only in economic but also in political and social terms. The main dividing line in the debate is whether net neutrality regulation is necessary or not and what scope net neutrality obligations should have. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States passed new net neutrality rules in 2015 and strengthened its legal underpinning regarding the regulation of Internet service providers (ISPs). With the Telecoms Single Market Regulation, for the first time there will be a European Union–wide legislation for net neutrality, but not recent dilution of requirements. From a communication studies perspective, Internet neutrality is an issue because it relates to a number of topics addressed in communication research, including communication rights, diversity of media ownership, media distribution, user control, and consumer protection. The connection between legal and economic bodies of research, dominating net neutrality literature, and communication studies is largely underexplored. The study of net neutrality would benefit from such a linkage.

Get Information or Get in Formation: The Effects of High-Information Environments on Legislative Elections

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Trussler
Keyword(s):  
Voting Behavior ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Legislative Elections ◽  
Incumbency Advantage ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Congressional Districts ◽  
Roll Out

How does the changing information environment affect the degree to which voters make independent decisions for different offices on their ballots? Leveraging the gradual roll-out of broadband internet across the United States and across congressional districts, this study uses within-district variation over four election cycles to examine the effects of internet access on voting behavior in US legislative elections. The results show that the expansion of broadband resulted in less split-ticket voting and a lower incumbency advantage because voters exposed to increased high-speed internet voted in a more partisan fashion. Consistent with work demonstrating the effect of the internet on local news consumption, the results suggest that the change in the information environment resulting from enhanced internet access led voters to prioritize national considerations over local considerations. This has important consequences for not only how voters act, but the resulting incentives that elected officials confront.

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