scholarly journals Epizootological features of cattle leptospirosis in the Vinnitsa region of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
B. Yarchuk ◽  
S. Bilyk ◽  
R. Tyrsin ◽  
O. Dovgal ◽  
P. Shulga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Zoonotic Infection ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cattle Farms

Leptospirosis is a common worldwide zoonotic infection, is an important livestock problem throughout Ukraine. The peculiarities of leptospirosis are the presence of more than 250 serological groups of the pathogen, which significantly influences the choice of strategy for prevention and control of this disease. The article presents data on the epizootic situation, the epizootological features of leptospirosis and the etiological structure of leptospiras in cattle in Vinnitsa region (1994-2015) and, in particular, in the farms of the Khmelnitsky district (2006-2012). The epizootic situation with leptospirosis of cattle in Vinnitsa region and the farms of Khmelnytsky district is characterized by certain fluctuations in the number of infections points and sick animals, with relative stability. Tottaly 247 cattle farms infections of leptospirosis were identified in the region during 21 years. The materials for the research were the data of veterinary records and reports of farms and state veterinary medicine establishments of Vinnitsa region, the results of laboratory tests of blood serum from cattle from suspicious farms, the results of the analysis of health and preventive measures in suspicious farms. The main leptospira serogroups that affect cattle in Vinnytsa region and directly in the Khmelnitsky region were Hebdomadis, Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, registered from 43 to 86.3% of mixed reactions. In Khmelnytsky district in 2006-2012, 7 infected farms were registered, 739 animals got sick. It was established that the epizootic situation in the farms depended on the observance of preventive and sanitary measures and the timely introduction of recovery plans. It has been proved that the integrated use of veterinary, sanitary and economic measures is an effective means of eliminating and preventing cattle leptospirosis in livestock farms. The complex of measures should include timely serological analisis of cattle on leptospirosis, adherence to quarantine during importation of animals to the herd, sanitary and preventive measures of exploitation of animals, vaccination of cattle against leptospirosis, taking into account the etiological structure of the disease. Key words: leptospira, leptospirosis, cattle, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), leptospira serological groups, epizootic situation.

Critical Control Points of Street-Vended Foods in the Dominican Republic

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK L. BRYAN ◽  
SILVIA C. MICHANIE ◽  
PERSIA ALVAREZ ◽  
AURELIO PANIAGUA
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Rice Samples ◽  
And Control ◽  
Time Periodic

Hazard analyses were conducted at four street-vending stands in the Dominican Republic. Temperatures of foods were measured during cooking, display (holding), and reheating (when done). Samples were taken at each step of the operation and at 5 to 6-h intervals during display. Foods usually attained temperatures that exceeded 90°C at the geometric center during cooking and reheating. At three of the stands, foods (e.g., fish, chickens, pork pieces) were fried and held until sold. Leftovers were held overnight at ambient temperatures in the home of the vendor or in a locked compartment of the stand. They were usually reheated early in the morning and displayed until sold. During the interval of holding, aerobic mesophilic counts progressively increased with time from about 103 after cooking to between 105 to 109/g. The higher counts were usually associated with holding overnight. Escherichia coli (in water, milk and cheese samples), Bacillus cereus (in bean and rice samples), and Clostridium perfringens (in meat, chicken and bean samples) were isolated, but usually in numbers less than 103/g. At the other stand, foods (e.g. beans, rice, meat and chicken) were cooked just before serving as complete meals. There were no leftovers. This operation was less hazardous, although there were many sanitary deficiencies. Recommendations for prevention and control of microbial hazards (mainly reducing holding time, periodic reheating and requesting reheating just before purchasing) are given. The need and suggestions for implementing educational activities to alert and inform those concerned about hazards and preventive measures are presented.

scholarly journals Strategies for prevention and control of COVID-19 in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Sapkota ◽  
Ganesh Dangal ◽  
Madhu Koirala ◽  
Kalyan Sapkota ◽  
Asmita Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Large Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus, is currently affecting a large population across the globe. World health organization (WHO) has already declared COVID-19, a pandemic, and the world is fighting to contain the COVID-19 outbreak. Nepal has taken several preventive measures to control the coronavirus outbreak. However, some additional steps are needed to prevent community transmission of the disease. This brief communication discusses the government of Nepal actions and provides recommendations for the prevention and control of COVID-19 infection in Nepal.

scholarly journals Moving from rhetoric to action: how Africa can use scientific evidence to halt the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olushayo Oluseun Olu ◽  
Joy Luba Lomole Waya ◽  
Sylvester Maleghemi ◽  
John Rumunu ◽  
David Ameh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
High Impact ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Control

Abstract The ongoing pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 has spread rapidly to all countries of the world. Africa is particularly predisposed to an escalation of the pandemic and its negative impact given its weak economy and health systems. In addition, inadequate access to the social determinants of health such as water and sanitation and socio-cultural attributes may constrain the implementation of critical preventive measures such as hand washing and social distancing on the continent. Given these facts, the continent needs to focus on targeted and high impact prevention and control strategies and interventions which could break the chain of transmission quickly. We conclude that the available body of scientific evidence on the coronavirus disease 2019 holds the key to the development of such strategies and interventions. Going forward, we recommend that the African research community should scale up research to provide scientific evidence for a better characterization of the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, prevention and control of the virus on the continent.

scholarly journals Characteristics of confirmed coronavirus disease cases at the south campus of Shanghai East Hospital: A retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenghui Fan ◽  
Lihong Qu ◽  
Zhongliang Guo ◽  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
The South ◽  
Ct Findings ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Returning To Work ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: A fever outpatient clinic at the south campus of Shanghai East Hospital (SEH) openedin response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. We analyzed the data of all 11,972patients who visited the fever clinic and the 29 confirmed COVID-19 cases to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of confirmed COVID-19 cases diagnosed at SEH.Methods: Data were collected from all fever outpatient clinic patients between January 23 and September 30, 2020. We compared the characteristics of confirmed patients, including age, occupation, area, symptoms, laboratory results, and computed tomography (CT) findings, according to month.Results: By September 30, 2020, 11,972 patients, including 29 (0.24%) confirmed COVID-19 cases, visited the clinic. Four of five confirmed domestic cases identified during January–February 2020 were from Wuhan (mainly elderly retirees and local employees), Hubei. After the epidemic spread internationally, all 22 confirmed cases identified during March–April 2020 were individuals who returned from abroad. They were predominantly young Chinese international students. The sporadic two confirmed cases during May–September 2020 included an employee returning to work from Hubei and an Indian servant from abroad. Symptoms, laboratory tests, and CT findings were consistent with previous reports of COVID-19-positive cases.Conclusions: The characteristics of confirmed COVID-19 cases at SEH varied among different periods in response to the spread of the pandemic. However, due to the effective early isolation and quarantine measures, no outbreak occurred in SEH, which contributed to the prevention and control of the epidemic in Shanghai.

Emergency Medical Services Providers’ Experiences and Attitudes Toward Infection Prevention and Control Measures in Saudi Arabia: a Qualitative Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anas A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medical Services ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objectives: This study explores the experiences and practices of emergency medical services (EMS) providers, as well as the motivations that underpin perceptions toward standard infection prevention and control (IPC). The current literature suggests that EMS providers have a low compliance level with preventive measures, with misperceptions about risks and self-justification of personal skills reported. Methods: The study used qualitative methods and conducted 2 distinct focus group discussions and 20 in-depth interviews with both prehospital and inter-facility EMS providers. Data were thematically analyzed using the Framework approach. Results: The participants considered respiratory infections the most significant nosocomial risks. Lack of full disclosure of medical history to EMS providers was considered a significant threat. Beliefs about low effectiveness and harmful effects of the influenza vaccine, as well as low perceptions of influenza risks, were common. While apparent misperceptions contributed largely to the inappropriate use of preventive measures, the reliance on intuition and individual experiences was attributed to the inaccessibility of appropriate guidelines, and lack of formal IPC training programs. Conclusions: There is need to address EMS doubts and fears, improve IPC practices and awareness by institutionalizing IPC training programs, and ensure the design and accessibility of simplified and well-tailored IPC guidelines for EMS providers.

A mask recognition algorithm based on improved YOLO-V4 neural network (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Zhang ◽  
Shaoqiang Wang ◽  
Shaoqiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Face Recognition ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Neural Network Model ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Recognition Algorithm ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND With the spread of the new crown virus, the wearing of masks as one of the effective preventive measures is getting more and more attention, and the behavior of not wearing a mask is likely to cause the spread of the virus, which is not conducive to the prevention and control of the epidemic. OBJECTIVE In this paper, a new neural network model is used to better recognize the facial features of people with exit masks. METHODS This paper proposes a mask recognition algorithm based on improved YOLO-V4 neural network that can solve this problem well. This paper integrates SE-Net and DenseNet network as the reference neural network of YOLO-V4 and introduces deformable convolution. RESULTS Compared with other target detection networks, the improved YOLO-V4 neural network used in this paper improves the accuracy of mask detection to a certain extent. CONCLUSIONS The improved YOLO-V4 network proposed in this article has verified its feasibility and accuracy through experiments and has great value in use. Improving the YOLO-V4 network can help better respond to face recognition with masks in the epidemic. However, the model studied in this article focuses on accuracy and is slightly lacking in speed. The next step is to increase its speed based on ensuring accuracy and consider actual deployment and use.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Why has Africa been “Spared”?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
J. A. Mbarga Manga
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
Genetic Hypothesis ◽  
Significant Factors

After more than one year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the disaster predicted in Africa by experts has not occurred. The present review aimed to discuss factors which may have played an important role in this low incidence. The analysis of data provided by the WHO database and the ECDC (European Center for Disease Prevention and Control) was made. Using explicit reasoning and existing data, the most significant factors were listed and discussed. We found that Africa had the lowest percentage of COVID-19 cases per population (0.33%) and various factors such as rapid reactions, effective preventive measures, demographics, the impact of previous epidemics, genetic and immunity factors may have played an important role in this low incidence of the pandemic in Africa. It appears that Africa is globally less affected. Most of the factors discussed may have played an important role, but the genetic hypothesis and the potential undercount of cases, less studied to date, should be investigated.

scholarly journals Awareness, Knowledge and Prevention Practices Related to Lassa Fever Among Residents of Rural Communities in Southwest Nigeria: Implications for Prevention and Control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olukemi Aromolaran
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Lassa Virus ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
And Control ◽  
Good Prevention

Abstract Background: Lassa fever (LF) is a haemorrhagic illness caused by Lassa virus. The primary reservoir of the virus is the multimammate rat, Mastomys natalensis. More than 3,000 laboratory-confirmed cases of Lassa fever and over 800 deaths have been recorded in Nigeria. This could be attributed to poor rat control and poor sanitation especially in the rural communities where the rats are often found. Increasing awareness and health education about LF have been advocated for its prevention and control. This study investigated the level of awareness, knowledge and prevention practices related to LF among residents in rural communities within Iwo and Ayedire Local Government Areas, Osun State, southwest Nigeria sequel to an awareness campaign. Methods: Structured questionnaire was administered within rural communities in Iwo and Ayedire and 675 participants responded for the survey by a random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test of association (p = < 0.05) and logistic regressions were used to determine associations between demographic variables, level of knowledge and prevention practices. Results: The average age range was 25-39 years, 365 (54.07%) were male, 270 (40%) were married, 199 (29.48%) had up to secondary school education and 536 (79.41%) have heard about LF before. Respondents in Iwo town were more aware of LF than respondent from Ayedire. Only 3 (0.44%) had good knowledge of the transmission and symptoms of the disease and 304 (45.04%) do not have effective means of preventing rats into their homes. About 296 (43.85%) will go to a hospital if symptoms occur, while 118 (17.48%) will do self-medication. Forty-four (6.52%) were aware of good prevention practices. Logistic regression analysis showed that respondents aged 25–39 years were significantly more aware of Lassa fever than other age groups. Educated and married respondents showed significant relationship with good prevention practices than those without education and were not married. Conclusions: Although, the awareness of LF among the respondents was high, only very few had good knowledge of the transmission and symptoms of the disease. Therefore, it is important for the people to be well informed about the disease and good prevention practices in order to curtail the spread.

scholarly journals Repercussions of the COVID-19 Health Crisis In the Peruvian Informal Sector

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Vilma Andia-Choquepuma ◽  
Daniza Juana Leon-Escobedo ◽  
Himer Avila-George ◽  
orge Sánchez-Garcés ◽  
Ruth Elizabeth Villafuerte-Alcántara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

After the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) a pandemic, the Peruvian government took preventive measures to counteract the spread of the virus by issuing Supreme Decree No. 008-2020-SA. This decree contains prevention and control measures aimed at ports, airports, land entry points, educational centers, transportation and workplaces.

scholarly journals The role of health managers in community prevention and control of Corona Virus Disease 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 01052
Author(s):  
Fahu Yuan ◽  
Jiangyuan Chen ◽  
Xiaoqing Chen ◽  
Zhongqiang Chen ◽  
Ying Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Health Managers

Since the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019, more than 26 million people have been infected. Urban and rural communities are the first line of defense for epidemic prevention and control. As an effective means of disease prevention and control at the community level, health management is of great significance in how to give full play to the professional advantages of health managers at present, and in combination with the current urgent situation of lack of specific drugs and vaccines, to maintain the health and social stability of the community population to the maximum extent. By assessing and intervening the health risk factors of COVID-19, the health manager can help the community effectively control the source of covid-19 infection, cut off the transmission route of COVID-19, effectively protect the vulnerable population in the community, and thus delay the spread and spread of COVID-19.

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