scholarly journals Coagulase-positive staphylococci in dogs and their antimicrobial resistance (systematic review)

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-118
Author(s):  
M. Shevchenko ◽  
M. Savcheniuk ◽  
B. Yarchuk ◽  
N. Sakhniuk ◽  
T. Tsarenko
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antibacterial Resistance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Pathogenicity Factors ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Pathological Material ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Staphylococcus spp. a common genus of bacteria that colonizes the body of dogs. Some families of this genus are pathogenic and are involved in the development of diseases of various systems and organs, especially the skin and outer ear. One of the main signs of the most pathogenic families of this genus is the secretion of the enzyme coagulase. They are grouped into the group of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS). S. pseudintermedius most often is isolated from a dog, about 10-60% isolates. S. aureus is identified less frequently, in 4-15% of cases, but it is associated with people who are its natural carriers. S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans is another family that can be identified in the pathological material obtained from dogs. However, coagulase is one of much different pathogenicity factors in this family. Also, microorganisms of this family can exist both in the form of a planktonic culture and in the structure of a biofilm, on which the effect of antibacterial agents is weakened. Some strain of CoPS carry genes of resistance to various antibacterial agents and may occupy a dominant position in the pathogenic process. Such strains can colonize the environment in places where animals congregate, which leads, for example, to the occurrence of clinical infections. Also resistant are strains of this family that can colonize other animals or humans. Owners and specialists working with animals are constantly at risk. To date, the issue of the emergence of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics (methicelin-resistant strains) and the acquisition of resistance to several groups of antibacterial agents is acute. In the countries of the European Union, a fairly large number of studies are conducted aimed at studying the spread of Staphylococcus spp. analysis of virulence and pathogenicity factors, as well as mechanisms of acquiring antibacterial resistance. Programs to control the prevalence of resistant strains are also being developed there. Different authors show resistance to a large number of antibacterial agents, the profile of antibacterial resistance may differ both within different groups and between different drugs of the same pharmaceutical group. In Ukraine, there are no systematic studies of the spread of resistant strains of microorganisms among small animals. Key words: Staphylococcus spp., S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, S. schleiferi subsp. Coagulans, CoPS, MRSP, MRSA, antibacterial resistance, dogs.

scholarly journals Species-Specific Sensitivity of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci to Single Antibiotics and Their Combinations

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAŻYNA SZYMAŃSKA ◽  
MAGDALENA SZEMRAJ ◽  
ELIGIA M. SZEWCZYK
Keyword(s):  
University Hospital ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Staphylococcus Hominis ◽  
Species Specific

The activity of beta-lactam antibiotics (oxacillin, cloxacillin, cephalotin), vancomycin, gentamicin and rifampicin applied in vitro individually and in combination against 37 nosocomial methicillin-resistant strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) was assessed to demonstrate the heterogeneity of this group of bacteria and estimate the chance of the efficacy of such therapy. The strains belonged to four species: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus hominis. They originated from a hospital environment and from the skin of medical staff of the intensive care unit of a paediatric ward at a university hospital. All strains were methicillin-resistant, according to CLSI standards, but individual strains differed in MIC(ox) values. Susceptibility to other tested antibiotics was also characteristic for the species. The increased susceptibility to antibiotics in combinations, tested by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, concerned 26 out of 37 investigated strains and it was a feature of a particular species. Combinations of vancomycin and cephalotin against S. epidermidis and oxacillin with vancomycin were significant, as well as cephalotin and rifampicin in growth inhibition of multiresistant S. haemolyticus strains.

Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics as Drug Release Agents: A Kinetics Study of Ampicillin Release

2008 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 675-678
Author(s):  
J.S.V. Albuquerque ◽  
I.W.L. Franca ◽  
G.F. Silva ◽  
A.L.O. Ferreira ◽  
R.E.F.Q. Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Human Medicine ◽  
Kinetics Study ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Mineral Component ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics

Semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotics are the most important class of antibacterial agents. Their use in veterinary and human medicine is in continuous expansion. Calcium phosphate bioceramics have been used in medicine and dentistry for nearly 30 years. Calcium phosphate ceramics (CPC) are nowadays being widely used as drug delivery systems because of their desirable properties such as biocompatibility, bioresorbability, controlled release etc. In recent years In this work, kinetic models to describe ampicillin adsorption from CPC were investigated. Calcium phosphate bioceramic are analogous to the mineral component of bones, its properties make it suitable for implant materials and delivery agents of drugs

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of Penicillin-Resistant Bacillus anthracis Strain PCr, Isolated from Bone Powder

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiko Okutani ◽  
Satoshi Inoue ◽  
Shigeru Morikawa
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Bone Powder ◽  
Resistant Strains

Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax, is susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics, but few cases of naturally occurring penicillin-resistant strains have been reported. We report the genome sequence of penicillin-resistant strain Bacillus anthracis PCr, isolated from imported bone powder in 1978 in Japan.

scholarly journals Biochemical profile and resistance phenotype of bacteria isolated from the operating site departments of the National Reference University Hospital of N’Djamena

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-396
Author(s):  
Bessimbaye Nadlaou ◽  
Djimadoum Mbanga ◽  
Issakou Bakarnga-Via ◽  
Claude Oualé ◽  
Nicolas Barro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Beta Lactams ◽  
Surgical Services ◽  
National Reference ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Medical Microbiology ◽  
Normal Period ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The aim is to assess the level of contamination of wound bacteria in operated patients in the surgical departments of the National Reference University Hospital (CHURN) of N’Djamena. From August 1, 2018 to August 1, 2019, an observational culture study on wound pus was carried out in patients operated on from the surgical services of the N’Djamena CHURN according to standard methods of medical microbiology. Of the 1092 patients operated on, 565 patients were released within a normal period of hospitalization and 527 in contact with the pathogens were maintained. Significant differences were observed between the proportions of positive (86%) and sterile (14%) cultures; female (30.36%) and male (69.63%) operated subjects with probabilities of 0.02 and 0.001 respectively. Escherichia coli were the most common germs (32.7%), followed by Staphylococcus spp (20.9%). The bacteria isolated were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics at an average rate of 40%, only imipenem, a last-resort antibiotic, was very sensitive (99.5%). In view of these results, we recommend that prescribers avoid prescribing antibiotics without laboratory evidence for fear of losing the beta-lactams permanently.

Antibiotic Resistance: Relationship to Persistence of Group A Streptococci in the Upper Respiratory Tract

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 971-975
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Group A ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Despite the use of penicillin for more than 40 years in treating GABHS infections, there has been no significant change in the in vitro susceptibility of GABHS to penicillin. Reported failures to eradicate GABHS from the upper respiratory tracts of patients with pharyngitis and the apparent resurgence of serious Group A streptococcal infections and their sequelae probably are not related to the emergence of penicillin resistance. Although erythromycin resistance in GABHS had been a major problem in Japan and continues to be a major problem in Finland, it has not been a problem in this country. The susceptibility of GABHS to the newer macrolide antibiotics appears to be similar to that of erythromycin. Comprehensive, community-wide programs to continuously monitor for erythromycin resistance in GABHS would be difficult to justify. However, because little is known about how erythromycin resistance in GABHS is acquired or spread, it would be reasonable to periodically monitor isolates of GABHS for erythromycin resistance. A substantial proportion of GABHS are currently resistant to tetracyclines and these agents are inappropriate for treating GABHS infections. Although little recent information is available about the susceptibility of GABHS to sulfonamides, these agents have been shown to be ineffective in eradicating GABHS from the upper respiratory tract regardless of the in vitro sensitivities. GABHS have not been shown to be resistant to any of the commonly used oral cephalosporins; however, there is a great deal of variability among these agents in their activity against GABHS. Clindamycin resistance in GABHS has remained unusual. This agent is an alternative for treating GABHS infections due to macrolide-resistant strains in patients who cannot be treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. There is no reason, based on the in vitro susceptibilities of GABHS, to change the current recommendations for treating GABHS infections with penicillin and for using erythromycin for patients who are allergic to penicillin.

SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS OF BACTERIA OF THE GENUS KLEBSIELLA ISOLATED FROM FOODS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
A. A. Stankevich ◽  
◽  
I. B. Bykova ◽  
N. R. Efimochkina ◽  
I. M. Netyaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Tetracycline Antibiotics ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Resistant Strains

Antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria contaminating food products of animal origin has become one of the serious health problems in recent years. Increased resistance of bacteria of Klebsiella genus to antimicrobials leads to their adaptation and spread of high - and multi-resistant strains. The study of 44 samples of poultry meat, dairy products and food established that the frequency of detection of Klebsiella is 22%. Most of the isolated food isolates were sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol. In 30% of cases resistance of Кlebsiell food isolates to penicillin and ampicillin, tetracycline antibiotics, gentamicin, streptomycin and nitrofurantoin was found. The presence of dissociation processes of Klebsiella food isolates and antibiotic resistance formation is shown.

Pharmacodynamics of Antiretroviral Chemotherapy

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 530-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
George L. Drusano
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
The Body ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Organ Function ◽  
Antibacterial Chemotherapy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tolerable Dose

Most clinicians are both familiar and comfortable with antibacterial chemotherapy. In large part, this is due to the relatively broad therapeutic-toxic window presented by most antibacterial agents, especially the beta-lactam class of drugs. Except for the occasional patient, little thought is given to overdosage, even (inappropriately) when organ function is impaired. Rather, the focus has been on providing demonstrably effective concentrations of drug as early in the course of the infection as possible. This has the rational aim of maximizing therapy from the very beginning, in order to minimize mortality and infectious morbidity. This is possible because of the paucity of drug-related morbidity in this setting.Antiretroviral therapy sometimes has been compared with oncologic chemotherapy, mostly because of the more toxic nature of antiviral agents. This is a mistake. The aim of oncologic chemotherapy is to reduce the number of malignant cells in the body to as close to zero as possible. This is best accomplished by the largest tolerable dose of oncolytic agent. These two linked ideas have driven virtually all of oncologic drug development. Indeed, the explicit aim of Phase 1 and Phase 2 trials in oncolytics is to identify the largest tolerable dose of drug. In contrast to anti-infective chemotherapy, the focus is almost exclusively on the relationship between drug exposure and the development of toxicities.

scholarly journals Efficacy of clarithromycin treatment of acute otitis media caused by infection with penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the chinchilla.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1889-1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Alper ◽  
W J Doyle ◽  
J T Seroky ◽  
C D Bluestone
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
The Right ◽  
Treatment Alternatives

Because of the increasing frequencies of recovery of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from the middle ears of children with acute otitis media, non-beta-lactam antibiotics are being explored as treatment alternatives to amoxicillin. In this study, the efficacy of a 10-day course of clarithromycin was evaluated with chinchillas. After the pharmacokinetic profiles for clarithromycin were established, 180 animals were assigned to one of three susceptibility groups (n = 60/group; penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant S. pneumoniae), and the right middle ear was infected with the appropriate strain of S. pneumoniae. Equal numbers of animals in each group were treated orally beginning on day 2 with a 10-day course of clarithromycin (15 mg/kg of body weight; given twice a day) or amoxicillin as a control (20 mg/kg twice a day). On days 4, 9, and 13, otomicroscopy and tympanometry were performed, and on day 13, the middle ears were cultured for bacteria. The results showed 100% eradication of the challenge organism in both treatment groups for the susceptible strains of S. pneumoniae. Cultures were negative in 87 and 74% (P > 0.05) of the animals challenged with the intermediate resistant strains and in 100 and 56% (P < 0.05) of the animals challenged with the resistant strains and treated with clarithromycin and amoxicillin, respectively. There were no differences between treatments in the diagnosis of effusion for any group. These results support the use of the chinchilla to evaluate drug efficacy in the treatment of acute otitis media and show clarithromycin to be effective in sterilizing the middle ears of animals challenged with penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant strains of S. pneumoniae.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant staphylococci.

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
H F Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Heterogeneous Expression ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
Resistance Trait ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Concentrations

Strains of staphylococci resistant to methicillin were identified immediately after introduction of this drug. Methicillin-resistant strains have unusual properties, the most notable of which is extreme variability in expression of the resistance trait. The conditions associated with this heterogeneous expression of resistance are described. Methicillin resistance is associated with production of a unique penicillin-binding protein (PBP), 2a, which is bound and inactivated only at high concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics. PBP2a appears to be encoded by the mec determinant, which also is unique to methicillin-resistant strains. The relationships between PBP2a and expression of resistance and implications for the mechanism of resistance are discussed. The heterogeneous expression of methicillin resistance by staphylococci poses problems in the detection of resistant strains. Experience with several susceptibility test methods is reviewed and guidelines for performance of these tests are given. Treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci is discussed. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice. Alternatives have been few because methicillin-resistant strains often are resistant to multiple antibiotics in addition to beta-lactam antibiotics. New agents which are active against methicillin-resistant staphylococci are becoming available, and their potential role in treatment is discussed.

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