scholarly journals The 2019 General Election and the Transparency Question in Nigeria: Political Party Financing As the Bane of Youth Participation

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
O Babayo Sule ◽  
Usman Sambo ◽  
Yoserizal Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
General Election ◽  
Youth Participation ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
General Elections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Campaign Expenditure ◽  
The Cost

Election is perceived as the most peaceful means of power transfer in a democratic setting. It enables for competitive struggles to secure power in a prescribed rule of the game constitutionally. Nigeria is a democratic state currently undergoing its longest democratic transition unprecedented in the history of the country where six consecutive uninterrupted General Elections were conducted. However, the major issue of concern with Nigeria’s democratisation is youth participation and exclusion from politics. A major factor behind the marginalisation of youth is linked to the transparency question in terms of party financing and money politics. This study examined critically how the process of party financing excluded Nigeria’s youth from participating in the 2019 General Election. The study used a qualitative case study method. Data were gathered from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources included an in-depth interview with relevant stakeholders in the field, direct participant observation and consultation of government’s primary documents. The secondary sources were books, journals, newspapers, reports from organisations and agencies and internet sources. The data collected were discussed and interpreted using statistical techniques of tables, charts and a model. The work discovered that youth were barred from participating in Nigeria’s 2019 General Election in terms of contesting and winning of elective seats emanating from heavy use of money in party financing and campaign expenditure. The study thus, recommends that the viable alternative for youth to participate in Nigerian politics actively is to establish parties and lower the cost of obtaining party nomination and contest.

The 2019 General Election in Nigeria: Examining the Issues, Challenges, Successes and Lessons for Future General Elections

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Babayo Sule ◽  
Umar Adamu ◽  
Usman Sambo
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
General Election ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
General Elections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
The Subject

The 2019 General Election is another milestone and a watershed in the efforts of Nigeria towards democratisation. It has been the six consecutive times that General Elections are successfully conducted in the Fourth Republic which has been unprecedented in the history of the country. This work investigated the major issues, challenges, successes and lessons learnt from the Election. It is notable that elections in Nigeria for over fifty (50) years remain a war-like affair and the phenomenon seem to be continuous despite the long experience of democratic practice in the current Republic. The research used both primary and secondary sources of data analysis. The primary sources consist of participant observation, data from the electoral body; the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and reports from observers and civil societies that directly participated in the exercise. The secondary sources include books, journals, internet and other existing literature on the subject matter of study. The data obtained were analysed and discussed using a qualitative approach method where themes and sub-themes were identified and discussed analytically. The research discovered that the 2019 General Election was heralded with several issues, various challenges and some level of success and that there are lessons that are learnt from the process for future General Elections’ conduct in the country. The work recommends among other suggestions that for a better General Election in future in the country, some observed avoidable mistakes must be taken care of immediately and that the success part should be strengthened to ensure effectiveness.

scholarly journals THE 2019 GENERAL ELECTION AND THE POLITICS OF INCONCLUSIVE ELECTION IN NIGERIA: A REVIEW OF THE AFFECTED STATES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-124
Author(s):  
Babayo Sule ◽  
Usman Sambo
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
General Election ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Interview Participant ◽  
Minimum Criteria ◽  
Gubernatorial Election

Elections are usually accompanied with controversies and irregularities in Nigeria emanating from several factors such as the procedures, regulations, nature of political culture and political gameplay in the country and elites’ attitudes towards power. The 2019 Gubernatorial election in Nigeria was enshrouded in controversies, malpractices and inconsistencies because of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) guidelines for the conduct of election which provided for inconclusive elections in some circumstances. This study examined critically some states in Nigeria that are affected by the politics of inconclusive elections where the elections were extended for additional two weeks due to some issues that could not allow for the final declaration after the first date of the election. The inconclusive election heralded several problems and a setback to election in Nigeria because of recorded violence, malpractices, rigging and other related obstacles. The research employed a qualitative methodology of data collection and analysis. Both primary and secondary sources were used for data collection. The primary sources involved an in-depth interview, participant observation and reference to INEC’s documented data. The secondary data used were books, journals, newspapers, internet sources and reports. The data collected were discussed using content analysis for analytical interpretations. The study discovered that the guideline for the conduct of the 2019 General Election which stipulated for the provision of inconclusive election created several inconclusive elections in some states like Adamawa, Bauchi, Benue, Kano, Plateau and Sokoto which later was followed by irregularities and violence. The work recommends among others that such criteria should be abandoned and declare any contestant that fulfill the minimum criteria as returned elected.

Botswana’s 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Batlang Seabo ◽  
Robert Nyenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
General Election ◽  
Electoral Democracy ◽  
The Future ◽  
General Elections ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ruling Party

Abstract On October 23, 2019, Botswana held its twelfth free and fair election. For the first time in the history of Botswana’s electoral democracy, a former president (Ian Khama) defected from the ruling party and supported the opposition. The opposition coalition, working informally with Khama, mounted a spirited campaign against the well-oiled machine, the incumbent and long-ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP). Seabo and Nyenhuis reflect on the 2019 general election, analyze the outcome, and consider the implications for the future of Botswana’s electoral democracy. They argue that barring other factors, the BDP’s resounding victory was mainly a result of Batswana’s rejection of former president Ian Khama.

The Context of Inconclusive Elections and the Implications for Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saheed Owonikoko ◽  
Kelvin Ashindorbe
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
General Election ◽  
Electoral Process ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
General Elections ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Electoral Law

This paper examines the phenomenon of inconclusive elections witnessed in the polity since 2011 but with increased frequency since 2015, a development that has put the electoral management body on the spot light. Since the conclusion of the 2015 General elections, there have been seven off-cycle governorship elections, three of these elections in Kogi, Bayelsa and Osun state were initially declared inconclusive. In the 2019 General Election, six governorship contest in Adamawa, Bauchi, Benue, Kano, Plateau and Sokoto were determined inconclusive, this is beside the stalemate in River state. Does the increase in inconclusive elections signal progress or regression in the electoral process? What role has the ‘margin of lead’ principle and other factors such as violence play in the increased number of inconclusive elections in 2019? What are the cost and implications of the widespread nature of inconclusive elections for democratic consolidation? This paper interrogates these questions against a backdrop of mercantilist politics and a rentier economy and contends that the root cause of increased inconclusive elections is traceable to the inordinate ambitions of political gladiators and their desperation to win at all cost that is fueled by the prebendal character of the Nigerian state.  The paper concludes that impersonal application of the electoral law and guidelines can only enhance the integrity of the electoral process and strengthen democracy regardless of the associated social and financial cost of inconclusive elections. The methodology is qualitative in approach, data was analysed using the thematic and content analysis style.   

Campus sexual assault and student activism, 1970–1990

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-579
Author(s):  
Molly C Driessen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Student Activism ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Campus Sexual Assault ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Varied Response

This historical analysis research project traces the early history of the anti-rape movement within the US by examining one university’s development of a sexual violence resource center and the role of student activism. The time period between the 1970s through the 1990s was selected for this analysis due to the significant development of legislation, research, and activism surrounding sexual violence on college campuses. In order to conduct this historical analysis, primary sources from the university’s Archives Collection were studied that included administrative documents, memos, financial documents, program reports, newspaper clippings, and training and workshop materials. Secondary sources were included to provide context to the topic of sexual violence, research, feminism, and campus culture during this time period. Amidst the university’s varied response and debates that surrounded sexual violence, the students’ persistent advocacy had led to conflict resolution.

scholarly journals Maria Sibylla Merian: uma mulher transformando ciência em arte

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Elaine Ferreira Machado ◽  
Awdry Feisser Miquelin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Spontaneous Generation ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rich Material ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
Learning Relations

ResumoEste artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar a vida e, principalmente, a obra de uma artista-cientista do século XVII, Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717), bem como o potencial da sua produção para as relações de ensino-aprendizagem em Ciências. Para isso, foram feitas pesquisas bibliográficas tanto de fontes primárias como fontes secundárias relativas à biografia da autora. Considera-se sua obra e, principalmente, seus estudos sobre os seres vivos, com seus respectivos ciclos de vida, uma produção inédita ao período histórico em que viveu. Nesse período, acreditava-se na geração espontânea e, no entanto, ela conseguiu observar, descrever e pintar em tela os seres vivos e seus ciclos reprodutivos. Assim, as inúmeras telas por ela produzidas e publicadas em seus livros constituem material riquíssimo para a exploração e transposição no ensino. Palavras-chave: História da Ciência; Maria Sibylla Merian; Ensino.AbstractThis article aims to present the life and mainly the work of a seventeenth-century artist-scientist, Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717), as well as the potential of its production for teaching-learning relations in Sciences. For this, bibliographical research was done both from primary sources and secondary sources related to the biography of the author. Her work, and especially her studies of living beings with their respective life cycles, is an unprecedented production of the historical period in which she lived, where she believed in spontaneous generation, and yet she was able to observe, describe and paint on canvas the living beings and their reproductive cycles. The innumerable canvases she produces and published in her books are very rich material for exploration and transposition in teaching.Keywords: History of Science; Maria Sibylla Merian; Teaching.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF CHARITIES BY ISLAMIC SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN YOGYAKARTA, 1912-1931: A HISTORY OF ISLAMIC WEALTH MANAGEMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Ghifari Yuristiadhi ◽  
Bambang Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Management Culture ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Third Shift

This article was written in order to find a model of the development ofIslamic charities organized by bumiputera in the early 20th century inYogyakarta. This socio-economic history research using historical research methods that utilize primary sources such as archives, photographs, books and newspapers as well as the contemporary of secondary sources such as books, journals, and articles. The conclusion of this article is that the presence of transformation of charities in Yogyakarta in the period 1920s-1930s caused by 1) the dynamic moments around the period of the emergence of privately plantation by European, 2) the implementation of the land reorganization in the region of Yogyakarta Sultanate, 3) the emergence of �urban santri� as the new middle class in urban Yogyakarta, and 4) dynamic Islamic social organizations. In addition, the transformationof charities happens consists of three processes. First, change the concept and definition of waqf be more specific. Secondly, changing of the charities model that presented by the Islamic social movements. Third, shift of waqf and charities authority management that also change management culture. One thing that can be seen from this phenomenon is the emergence of local responses on colonialism with a more elegant and become the new social movements as well as showing the existence of civil society.

scholarly journals De la educación religiosa a la educación laica en el currículum oficial de instrucción primaria en México (1821-1917)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Adelina Arredondo
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Legislative History ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Official Curriculum ◽  
History Of

The history of the curriculum is a window to observe the changes and permanences of the school and of the educational system as a whole and for understanding social transformations. The aim of this article is to explain how the curriculum of the primary school (Mexico of the nineteenth century) was changed from one centred on Catholic formation towards a secular curriculum. The school curriculum was one of the spearheads to build the state and society projects imagined by the different groups fighting for the control of power. I described how religious education was officially promoted, notwithstanding the political ups and downs that led to differentiate educational policies in federal systems and centralist regimes. Later, I explain how religious education was omitted from the official curriculum, replacing the space with courses of laic morals, with the consequent difficulty of introducing a new subject. Then I analyse how political circumstances led to a radicalization of liberal positions and to the prohibition not only of religious content, but also of symbols, rites and persons linked with religious vows. Finally, secular education, understood in a complex way, began to be demanded not only in public schools but also in private schools. Due to the nature of this article and the spatial limitations I have privileged the follow-up of the legislative history of education, based on primary sources and secondary sources for the understanding of the different contexts that determine this long journey.

scholarly journals Pamięć o granicach. Demarkacyjna produktywność Wodzic w mijackich wsiach Bituše i Ehloec

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 565-591
Author(s):  
Joanna Rękas
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Social Patterns ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Audio Video ◽  
The Relationship

Memory of the borders: The demarcation productivity of Vodici in the Mijaci - inhabited Macedonian villages of Bituše and EhloecThe main aim of this article is to present ways of expressing the inner (religious) and exter­nal (ethnic) social boundaries of Mijaks, as they appear during the celebration of the festival of Epiphany (Revelation of Lord / Baptism of Christ in the Jordan / Vodici) in the villages of Bituše and Ehloec (Western Macedonia). The realization of this goal is based on the notion of the demarcation productivity of Vodici, developed based on Nikita Ilyich Tolstoy’s theory of ritual codes, with its semiotic foundations of Yuri Lotman’s signifying elements; insights concerning the relationship between rituals and social boundaries made by Anthony Cohen and Macin Lubaś; Clifford Geertz’s observations on the ritual ignorance of newly-created urban social patterns; the notions of collective memory of religious groups of Maurice Halbwachs; Paul Connerton’s commemorative ceremonies and the concept of media of memory, developed by Jan Assmann, Astrid Erll and others. The sources of analysis are the results of my fieldwork, i.e. participant observation and in-depth interviews (primary sources, 2012–2014), carried out in the mentioned villages, as well as secondary sources: printed materials, manuscripts, as well as audio and video recordings. Pamięć o granicach. Demarkacyjna produktywność Wodzic w mijackich wsiach Bituše i EhloecPodstawowym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie sposobów ekspresji wewnętrznych (różnowierczych) i zewnętrznych (etnicznych) granic społecznych Mijaków, ujawniających się podczas obchodów święta Epifanii (Objawienie Pańskie/Chrzest Chrystusa w Jordanie/ Wodzice) we wsiach Bituše i Ehloec (zachodnia Macedonia). Realizację tego zamierzenia autorka opiera na demarkacyjnej produktywności Wodzic, wypracowanej w oparciu o teorie: kodów obrzędowych Nikity Ilicza Tołstoja z jej semiotycznymi fundamentami elementów znaczących Jurija Łotmana; zależności między obrzędami a granicami społecznymi Anthony Cohena i Marcina Lubasia; rytualnej ignorancji nowo powstałych miejskich wzorów społecz­nych Clifforda Geertza; pamięci zbiorowej grup religijnych Maurice Halbwachsa; ceremonii upamiętniających Paula Connertona oraz mediów pamięci Jana Assmanna, Astrid Erll i in. Źródłami analiz są wyniki własnych badań terenowych, tj. obserwacji uczestniczącej oraz wywiadu pogłębionego (źródła wytworzone, 2012–2014), przeprowadzonych we wspomnianych miejscowościach, a także materiały zastane, drukowane, rękopisy, zapisy audio i audio-video.

scholarly journals Managing the Incidence of Electoral Violence in Ghana’s Fourth Republic

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Harrison Kofi Belley
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Electoral Violence ◽  
Process Factor ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Volta Region

Since the inception of the fourth republic in 1992 [1], Ghana has gone through seven major successive general elections and has received numerous commendations all over the world. Incidentally, all these elections were associated with electoral violence. This study aimed at studying the causes, nature, and effects of electoral violence in the Volta Region of Ghana. The objective of the study included how electoral violence affects the credibility of the electoral system and what measures the Electoral Commission (EC) and the stakeholders in the conduct of elections have put in place to address the occurrence of electoral violence in the Volta Region in particular. The study identified two broad factors as responsible for the occurrence of electoral violence. The first factor is the process factor that serves as immediate cause of an eruption of electoral violence. The second is the external factors which, also serve as fertile grounds for electoral violence to occur. The study used qualitative research design in gathering data. The study used purposive sampling technique. In-depth interviews were conducted as the primary sources of data collection while secondary sources were gathered through existing documents, reports, textbooks, and internet search. The study recommended that EC should be professional in their electoral activities so that their actions would not serve as a spark of electoral violence.

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