Photosynthetic adaptability in mature and young leaves of Medicago sativa L. seedlings under transplanted condition from greenhouse to sunlight

The effect of transplanting alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seedlings from artificial, low-intensity light into bright sunlight was investigated. The variance of photosynthetic function in young and mature leaves was investigated in plants grown in a low-light greenhouse environment (controls) and then the plants were subjected to high-intensity light for 12 hrs (treatment). The results showed that the photosynthetic capacity of young leaf blades was significantly lower than that of mature blades, and, the ability to capture and use light was low for young leaves. In control plants, the parameters of chlorophyll-dependent photochemical efficiency (ФPSII), electron transfer rate (ETR), photochemical quenching coefficiency (qP) and non-photochemical quenching coefficiency (qN) were all significantly lower in younger than mature leaves. There was no significant difference in the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) or light energy distribution parameters between young and mature leaves of control plants. After light treatment, the photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity and photochemical activity of the PS II reaction center decreased significantly, and both net photosynthetic ratio and chlorophyll b fluorescence parameters changed significantly more than in young leaves than in mature leaves under different PFD. This was particularly evident for Fv/Fm of the young leaves, whose decrease proved that the adaptability of young leaves to convert light was significantly lower than that of mature leaves. Obvious differences in the degree and mechanism of protection against light damage exist between young and mature leaves. Mature leaves dissipated excess excitation energy. In contrast, young leaves dissipated excess excitation by inactivation of the photosynthetic reaction center.

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Overexpression of a zeaxanthin epoxidase gene from Medicago sativa enhances the tolerance to low light in transgenic tobacco

Acta Biochimica Polonica ◽

10.18388/abp.2018_2551 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yuman Cao ◽

Zhiqiang Zhang ◽

Tong Zhang ◽

Zhang You ◽

Jincai Geng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicago Sativa ◽

Light Stress ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Light Condition ◽

Photochemical Quenching ◽

Low Light ◽

Zeaxanthin Epoxidase ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Non Photochemical Quenching ◽

Low Light Stress

Zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) plays an important role in xanthophyll cycle which is a process closely related to photosynthesis. However, an impact of ZEP on low light stress has not been reported. In this study, the functions of an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) zeaxanthin epoxidase gene, MsZEP, in response to low light stress were investigated by heterologous expression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Under normal light condition, parameters measured were not significantly different between transgenic and wild-type (WT) plants except for non-photochemical quenching value and chlorophyll a content, while difference existed in low light stress. We found that MsZEP-overexpression tobacco grew faster than WT (p≤0.05). The leaf fresh weight and leaf area of transgenic plants were significantly higher, and the number of stoma was greater in MsZEP-overexpression tobacco. As for photosynthetic characteristics, quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) and maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) were not significantly different, wherase non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomata conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of MsZEP-overexpression tobacco were significantly higher than WT plants. However, no significant difference was existed between the two types of tobacco in chlorophyll and carotenoids content. In conclusion, MsZEP can improve the ability of tobacco to withstand low light stress, which might be due to its stronger photosynthetic activity and the improvement of stomata density under low light.

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Differential Influences of Leaf Tip Trimming on Light Interception and Dry Matter Production in Tomato Dutch Cultivar Gourmet and Japanese Cultivar Momotaro York

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci11609-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 686-691 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tadahisa Higashide ◽

Yuya Mochizuki ◽

Takeshi Saito ◽

Yasushi Kawasaki ◽

Dong-Hyuk Ahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Leaf Shape ◽

Light Interception ◽

Light Extinction ◽

Area Index ◽

Mature Leaves ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Japanese Cultivar

To investigate the influence of morphological changes in individual leaves of tomato on light interception and dry matter (DM) production, we altered leaf shape by trimming leaflets of young or mature leaves of the Dutch cultivar Gourmet and the Japanese cultivar Momotaro York. Young leaves 5-cm long were trimmed of their first and second leaflets from the leaf apex. Mature leaves were similarly trimmed at ≥71 days after transplanting (DAT). The individual leaf area (LA) of intact ‘Momotaro York’ leaves was significantly larger than that of ‘Gourmet’. Light–photosynthesis curves of the cultivars were almost identical. Mature-trimmed plants of both cultivars had a smaller individual LA and a smaller leaf area index (LAI), and a greater light-extinction coefficient (LEC). Although there was no significant difference in light-use efficiency (LUE) (i.e., DM production per unit intercepted solar radiation) in ‘Gourmet’ between trimming stages, LUE of ‘Momotaro York’ was decreased significantly by young-leaf trimming. Trimming of young leaves significantly decreased the LEC in ‘Gourmet’ but increased it in ‘Momotaro York’. Although leaf trimming would be impractical for commercial cultivation, these results may provide with a clue for breeding for yield improvement.

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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Coregulation of CIPK14 and WHIRLY1/3 Mediated Pale Yellowing of Leaves in Arabidopsis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19082231 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 2231 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zhe Guan ◽

Wanzhen Wang ◽

Xingle Yu ◽

Wenfang Lin ◽

Ying Miao

Keyword(s):

Protein Metabolism ◽

Proteomic Analysis ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Time Of Flight ◽

Photochemical Quenching ◽

Relative Distribution ◽

Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽

Ribulose Bisphosphate ◽

Ps Ii ◽

Bisphosphate Carboxylase

Pale yellowing of leaf variegation is observed in the mutant Arabidopsis lines Calcineurin B-Like-Interacting Protein Kinase14 (CIPK14) overexpression (oeCIPK14) and double-knockout WHIRLY1/WHIRLY3 (why1/3). Further, the relative distribution of WHIRLY1 (WHY1) protein between plastids and the nucleus is affected by the phosphorylation of WHY1 by CIPK14. To elucidate the coregulation of CIPK14 and WHIRLY1/WHIRLY3-mediated pale yellowing of leaves, a differential proteomic analysis was conducted between the oeCIPK14 variegated (oeCIPK14-var) line, why1/3 variegated (why1/3-var) line, and wild type (WT). More than 800 protein spots were resolved on each gel, and 67 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS). Of these 67 proteins, 34 DAPs were in the oeCIPK14-var line and 33 DAPs were in the why1/3-var line compared to the WT. Five overlapping proteins were differentially expressed in both the oeCIPK14-var and why1/3-var lines: ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit-related protein 3 (ClpR3), Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain (RBCL), Beta-amylase 3 (BAM3), Ribosome-recycling factor (RRF), and Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain (RBCS). Bioinformatics analysis showed that most of the DAPs are involved in photosynthesis, defense and antioxidation pathways, protein metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, malate biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and transcription. Thus, in the why1/3-var and oeCIPK14-var lines, there was a decrease in the photosystem parameters, including the content of chlorophyll, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS II) (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rates (ETRs), but there was an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Both mutants showed high sensitivity to intense light. Based on the annotation of the DAPs from both why1/3-var and oeCIPK14-var lines, we conclude that the CIPK14 phosphorylation-mediated WHY1 deficiency in plastids is related to the impairment of protein metabolism, leading to chloroplast dysfunction.

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Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer improves rice yield, microbial activity and N-metabolism in a pot experiment

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.10311 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e10311 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Izhar Ali ◽

Saif Ullah ◽

Liang He ◽

Quan Zhao ◽

Anas Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amylose Content ◽

N Uptake ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Photochemical Quenching ◽

Microbial Biomass N ◽

Milled Rice ◽

Ps Ii ◽

N Fertilizers ◽

The Impact

The excessive use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers in rice (Oryza sativa L.) has resulted in high N loss, soil degradation, and environmental pollution in a changing climate. Soil biochar amendment is proposed as a climate change mitigation tool that supports carbon sequestration and reduces N losses and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil. The current study evaluated the impact of four different rates of biochar (B) (C/B0-0 t ha−1, B1-20 t ha−1, B2-40 t ha−1, and B3-60 t ha−1) and two N levels (N1; low (270 kg N ha−1) and N2; high (360 kg N ha−1)), on rice (cultivar Zhenguiai) grown in pots. Significant increases in the average soil microbial biomass N (SMBN) (88%) and carbon (87%) were recorded at the highest rate of 60-ton ha−1B and 360 kg N ha−1 compared to the control (N1C) during both seasons (S1 and S2). The photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), quantum yield of the photosystem (PS) II (ΦPS II), electron transport rate (ETR), and photochemical quenching (qP) were enhanced at low rates of biochar applications (20 to 40 t B ha−1) for high and low N rates across the seasons. Nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) activity were, on average, 39%, 55%, and 63% higher in the N1B3, N2B2, and N2B3 treatments, respectively than the N1C. The grain quality was higher in the N1B3 treatment than the N1C, i.e., the protein content (PC), amylose content (AC), percent brown rice (BRP), and percent milled rice (MRP) were, on average, 16%, 28%, 4.6%, and 5% higher, respectively in both seasons. The results of this study indicated that biochar addition to the soil in combination with N fertilizers increased the dry matter (DM) content, N uptake, and grain yield of rice by 24%, 27%, and 64%, respectively, compared to the N1C.

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Adaptive changes in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic features to low light in Physocarpus amurensis Maxim and Physocarpus opulifolius “Diabolo”

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.2125 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e2125 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Huihui Zhang ◽

Haixiu Zhong ◽

JIfeng Wang ◽

Xin Sui ◽

Nan Xu

Keyword(s):

Light Intensity ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Carbon Assimilation ◽

Low Light ◽

Ps Ii ◽

Low Light Intensity ◽

Photosynthetic Carbon ◽

Physocarpus Opulifolius ◽

Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation ◽

Assimilation Capacity

The present study aims to investigate the differences in leaf pigment content and the photosynthetic characteristics under natural and low light intensities between the Chinese nativePhysocarpus amurensis Maximand the importedPhysocarpus opulifolius“Diabolo” from North America. We aim to discuss the responses and the adaptive mechanism of these two cultivars ofPhysocarpusto a low light environment. The results show that the specific leaf area (SLA) and the chlorophyll content were significantly increased in the leaves of bothPhysocarpuscultivars in response to a low light intensity, and the SLA and chlorophyll content were higher in the leaves of low light-treatedP. opulifolius“Diabolo” compared with the leaves of low light-treatedP. amurensis Maxim. Moreover, the content of anthocyanin was markedly reduced in the leaves ofP. opulifolius“Diabolo” under low light intensity, which allowed for a greater capacity of photon capture under the low light condition. Under natural light, the photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity was greater in the leaves ofP. amurensis Maximcompared with the leaves ofP. opulifolius“Diabolo” that were rich with anthocyanin. However, in response to low light, AQY,Pmax, LCP and LSP decreased to a lesser extent in the leaves ofP. opulifolius“Diabolo” compared with the leaves ofP. amurensis Maxim. These results suggest thatP. opulifolius“Diabolo” exhibits a greater ability in adaption to low light, and it is probably related to the relatively higher chlorophyll content and the smaller SLA in the leaves ofP. opulifolius“Diabolo.” In addition, the low light intensity resulted in a reduced photochemical activity of photosystem (PS) II in the leaves of bothPhysocarpus, as evidenced by increased values of the relative variable fluorescence at point J and point I on the OJIP curve. This result suggests that the electron acceptor in PS II was the major responsive site to the low light stress in the leaves of bothPhysocarpuscultivars, and that the low light intensity significantly inhibited electron transfer on the acceptor side of PS II and reduced the activity of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in the leaves of bothPhysocarpuscultivars. The PS II function inP. opulifolius“Diabolo” was higher than that inP. amurensis Maximin response to low light. Under low light, the composition of photosynthetic pigments was altered in the leaves ofP. opulifolius“Diabolo” in order to maintain a relatively high activity of primary photochemical reactions, and this is the basis of the greater photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity and one of the main reasons for the better shade-tolerance inP. opulifolius“Diabolo.”

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Waterlogging tolerance and recovery capability screening in peanut: a comparative analysis of waterlogging effects on physiological traits and yield

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.12741 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. e12741

Author(s):

Ruier Zeng ◽

Jing Cao ◽

Xi Li ◽

Xinyue Wang ◽

Ying Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Photochemical Quenching ◽

Waterlogging Tolerance ◽

Sod Activity ◽

Ps Ii ◽

Spad Value ◽

Mda Content ◽

Non Photochemical Quenching ◽

Maximum Photochemical Efficiency

Fifteen peanut varieties at the pod filling stage were exposed to waterlogging stress for 7 days, the enzyme activities and fluorescence parameters were measured after 7 days of waterlogging and drainage. The waterlogging tolerance and recovery capability of varieties were identified. After waterlogging, waterlogging tolerance coefficient (WTC) of relative electrolyte linkage (REL), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and photochemical quenching (qL) of leaves of most peanut varieties were increased, while the WTC of the soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) value, PS II actual quantum yield (ΦPS II), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) were decreased. After drainage, the WTC of REL, MDA content, SOD and CAT activity of leaves were decreased compared with that of after waterlogging, but these indicators of a few cultivars were increased. ΦPS II, Fv/Fm and qL can be used as important indexes to identify waterlogging recovery capability. There was a significant negative correlation between recovery capability and the proportion of reduction in yield, while no significant correlation was found between waterlogging tolerance and the proportion of reduction in yield. Therefore, it is recommended to select varieties with high recovery capability and less pod number reduction under waterlogging in peanut breeding and cultivation.

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THE EFFECTS OF ALUMINIUM ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS OF TWO RICE CULTIVARS

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479713000471 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 343-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. M. FONSECA JÚNIOR ◽

J. CAMBRAIA ◽

C. RIBEIRO ◽

M. A. OLIVA ◽

J. A. OLIVEIRA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Transport ◽

Photosystem Ii ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽

Carbon Assimilation ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Photochemical Quenching ◽

Photosynthetic Parameters ◽

Rice Cultivars

SUMMARYWe aimed to evaluate aluminium (Al) effects on the photosynthetic apparatus of two rice cultivars with contrasting tolerances to Al. Nine-days-old seedlings were exposed to 0 or 1 mM Al for 10 days, and then dry mass, Al and chloroplastidic pigment contents and photosynthetic parameters were determined. Al accumulated mainly in the roots of the Al-treated plants. In the leaves, Al increased only in the sensitive cultivar, but there was no difference between the cultivars in Al-treated plants. The root and leaf dry mass, the net carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and internal CO2 concentration were all reduced in response to Al application, but only in the sensitive cultivar. Both the initial fluorescence and potential photochemical efficiency of photosystem II were unresponsive to the Al treatments, regardless of the cultivar. In the Al-sensitive cultivar, Al provoked significant decreases in the photochemical quenching coefficient, quantum yield of photosystem II electron transport and apparent electron transport rate, in parallel to an unaltered non-photochemical quenching coefficient. All of these parameters remained at the control levels in the tolerant cultivar. The chloroplastidic pigment content increased only in the Al-tolerant cultivar, whereas it remained unaltered after Al treatment in the sensitive cultivar. In conclusion, Al induced stomatal and (most likely) photochemical constraints on photosynthesis but with no apparent signs of photoinhibition in the Al-sensitive cultivar. Despite the similar Al levels of the cultivars, unchanging biomass accumulation or photosynthetic performance in the tolerant cultivar challenged with Al highlights its higher intrinsic ability to cope with Al stress.

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Effects of interstocks on growth and photosynthetic characteristics in ‘Yuanxiaochun’ Citrus seedlings

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp20079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (11) ◽

pp. 977

Author(s):

Tie Wang ◽

Bo Xiong ◽

Liping Tan ◽

Youting Yang ◽

Yue Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intercellular Co2 Concentration ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽

The Other ◽

Compensation Point ◽

Photochemical Quenching ◽

Saturation Point ◽

Strong Light ◽

Regeneration Rate ◽

Significant Difference

To obtain the compatibility of interstocks crossing with ‘Yuanxiaochun’, we performed a comparative analysis with five interstocks. From the 60th to 240th day after grafting, there was a significant difference between different treatments. All the new shoot/interstock diameter ratios were <1, indicating that there was no obvious phenomenon of small feet in ‘Yuanxiaochun’ seedlings of five kinds of interstocks. The density of ‘Yuanxiaochun’ was significantly different. Chl a, Chl b, T-Chl content of ‘Shiranuhi’, ‘Harumi’, ‘Tarocco’ changed greatly from the 90th to 120th day after grafting. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of ‘Shiranuhi’ was significantly higher than the other interstocks. In addition, when ‘Yuanxiaochun’ was grafted onto ‘Shiranuhi’, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and tanspiration rate (Tr) were higher. When ‘Harumi’ were used as the interstocks of ‘Yuanxiaochun’, the light saturation point (LSP) value was larger, which was conducive to the utilisation of strong light. Moreover, the value of LSP-LCP (LCP, light compensation point) of ‘Harumi’ and ‘Tarocco’ were significantly higher than the other three interstocks. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), RuBP maximum regeneration rate (Jmax) and maximum carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco (Vcmax) value of ‘Shiranuhi’ was significantly lower than that of ‘Ponkan’. The CO2 compensation point (CCP) of ‘Harumi’ interstock was lower, but the CO2 saturation point (CSP) of ‘Tarocco’ interstock was higher than those of other interstocks respectively. There was a small difference in initial fluorescence (F0) of different interstocks. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII in the dark (Fv/Fm) of ‘Kumquat’ was the lowest. In addition, Both Y(II) and ETR values of the ‘Yuanxiaochun’ leaves of ‘Ponkan’ interstock was the largest one. However, the non-photochemical quenching (qN) of ‘Ponkan’ was significantly lower, and that of ‘Tarocco’ interstock was the highest one. Interstocks have different effect on the growth and development, photosynthetic characteristics related to physiological characteristics of ‘Yuanxiaochun’ trees. ‘Ponkan’ and ‘Kumquat’ as the interstock of ‘Yuanxiaochun’ was more conducive to the rapid accumulation of photosynthetic products for normal vegetative and reproductive growth of plants.

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Leaf Coloration and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Hybrids between Forsythia ‘Courtaneur’ and Forsythia koreana ‘Suwon Gold’

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci12177-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (12) ◽

pp. 1661-1667 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jia-yi Wang ◽

Jian-shuang Shen ◽

Mengmeng Gu ◽

Jia Wang ◽

Tang-ren Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Growth Index ◽

Leaf Thickness ◽

Ps Ii ◽

Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽

Moderate Growth ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Forsythia Koreana ◽

Number Of Branches

Yellow-leafed cultivars usually do not grow as vigorous as their green-leafed counterparts, which affect their use in landscapes. To breed Forsythia cultivars with both yellow leaves and vigorous growth, crosses between F. ‘Courtaneur’ (♀) and Forsythia koreana ‘Suwon Gold’ (♂) were conducted, and 52 F1 hybrid progenies with different leaf colors (green, chartreuse, and yellow) were obtained. The progenies were categorized into three groups [Yellow Group (YG), Chartreuse Group (CG), and Green Group (GG)] based on leaf colors. The growth index (GI) and the number of branches and leaves of YG progenies were significantly lower at 2%, 35%, and 34% of GG progenies. As the leaves changed from green to chartreuse and to yellow, chlorophyll content, leaf thickness, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters decreased and the chloroplast structures were disintegrated gradually, which influenced the leaf photosynthetic activity and led to weak growth. Compared with yellow-leafed progenies, the leaf chlorophyll content and leaf thickness of chartreuse-leafed progenies were significantly higher at 71% and 9%. The chloroplast structure of stroma lamella of chartreuse-leafed progenies was relatively intact. Carboxylation efficiency (CE), photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm), and the number of branches and leaves of GG progenies were significantly higher than YG progenies; however, they have no significant difference with CG progenies. The results were promising for breeding new forsythia cultivars from moderate growth and chartreuse leaves.

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Karakter Morfologi Daun Ubi Jalar Sebagai Bahan Pangan Suku Dani Distrik Kurulu Jayawijaya

Agrotek ◽

10.30862/agt.v2i3.479 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Antonius Suparno ◽

Opalina Logo ◽

Dwiana Wasgito Purnomo

Keyword(s):

Sweet Potato ◽

Leaf Morphology ◽

Food Source ◽

Staple Food ◽

Sweet Potatoes ◽

General Outline ◽

Leaf Vein ◽

Mature Leaves ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Tuber Roots

Sweet potato serves as a staple food for people in Jayawijaya. Many cultivars of sweet potatoes have been cultivated by Dani tribe in Kurulu as foot for their infant, child and adult as well as feeding especially for pigs. Base on the used of sweet potatoes as food source for infant and child, this study explored 10 different cultivars. As for the leaf morphology, it was indentified that the mature leaves have size around 15 � 18 cm. general outline of the leaf is reniform (40%), 60% have green colour leaf, 50% without leaf lobe, 60% of leaf lobes number is one, 70% of shape of central leaf lobe is toothed. Abazial leaf vein pigmentation have purple (40%), and petiole pigmentation is purple with green near leaf (60%), besides its tuber roots, sweet potatoes are also harvested for its shoots and green young leaves for vegetables.

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