scholarly journals Leaf Coloration and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Hybrids between Forsythia ‘Courtaneur’ and Forsythia koreana ‘Suwon Gold’

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1661-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-yi Wang ◽  
Jian-shuang Shen ◽  
Mengmeng Gu ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
Tang-ren Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Leaf Thickness ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Forsythia Koreana ◽  
Number Of Branches

Yellow-leafed cultivars usually do not grow as vigorous as their green-leafed counterparts, which affect their use in landscapes. To breed Forsythia cultivars with both yellow leaves and vigorous growth, crosses between F. ‘Courtaneur’ (♀) and Forsythia koreana ‘Suwon Gold’ (♂) were conducted, and 52 F1 hybrid progenies with different leaf colors (green, chartreuse, and yellow) were obtained. The progenies were categorized into three groups [Yellow Group (YG), Chartreuse Group (CG), and Green Group (GG)] based on leaf colors. The growth index (GI) and the number of branches and leaves of YG progenies were significantly lower at 2%, 35%, and 34% of GG progenies. As the leaves changed from green to chartreuse and to yellow, chlorophyll content, leaf thickness, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters decreased and the chloroplast structures were disintegrated gradually, which influenced the leaf photosynthetic activity and led to weak growth. Compared with yellow-leafed progenies, the leaf chlorophyll content and leaf thickness of chartreuse-leafed progenies were significantly higher at 71% and 9%. The chloroplast structure of stroma lamella of chartreuse-leafed progenies was relatively intact. Carboxylation efficiency (CE), photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm), and the number of branches and leaves of GG progenies were significantly higher than YG progenies; however, they have no significant difference with CG progenies. The results were promising for breeding new forsythia cultivars from moderate growth and chartreuse leaves.

Photosynthetic adaptability in mature and young leaves of Medicago sativa L. seedlings under transplanted condition from greenhouse to sunlight

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-593
Author(s):  
Mengsha Li ◽  
Xin Sui ◽  
Huihui Zhang ◽  
Nan Xu ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Reaction Center ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Assimilation Capacity

The effect of transplanting alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seedlings from artificial, low-intensity light into bright sunlight was investigated. The variance of photosynthetic function in young and mature leaves was investigated in plants grown in a low-light greenhouse environment (controls) and then the plants were subjected to high-intensity light for 12 hrs (treatment). The results showed that the photosynthetic capacity of young leaf blades was significantly lower than that of mature blades, and, the ability to capture and use light was low for young leaves. In control plants, the parameters of chlorophyll-dependent photochemical efficiency (ФPSII), electron transfer rate (ETR), photochemical quenching coefficiency (qP) and non-photochemical quenching coefficiency (qN) were all significantly lower in younger than mature leaves. There was no significant difference in the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) or light energy distribution parameters between young and mature leaves of control plants. After light treatment, the photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity and photochemical activity of the PS II reaction center decreased significantly, and both net photosynthetic ratio and chlorophyll b fluorescence parameters changed significantly more than in young leaves than in mature leaves under different PFD. This was particularly evident for Fv/Fm of the young leaves, whose decrease proved that the adaptability of young leaves to convert light was significantly lower than that of mature leaves. Obvious differences in the degree and mechanism of protection against light damage exist between young and mature leaves. Mature leaves dissipated excess excitation energy. In contrast, young leaves dissipated excess excitation by inactivation of the photosynthetic reaction center.

scholarly journals High Nitrate or Ammonium Applications Alleviated Photosynthetic Decline of Phoebe bournei Seedlings under Elevated Carbon Dioxide

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Xiaoli Wei ◽  
Gaoyin Wu ◽  
Shenqun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Rubisco Activase ◽  
Leaf Thickness ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
One Year ◽  
Phoebe Bournei ◽  
High Application

Phoebe bournei is a precioustimber species and is listed as a national secondary protection plant in China. However, seedlings show obvious photosynthetic declinewhen grown long-term under an elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2). The global CO2 concentration is predicted to reach 700 μmol·mol−1 by the end of this century; however, little is known about what causes the photosynthetic decline of P. bournei seedlings under eCO2 or whether this photosynthetic decline could be controlled by fertilization measures. To explore this problem, one-year-old P. bournei seedlings were grown in an open-top air chamber under either an ambient CO2 (aCO2) concentration (350 ± 70 μmol·mol−1) or an eCO2 concentration (700 ± 10 μmol·mol−1) from June 12th to September 8th and cultivated in soil treated with either moderate (0.8 g per seedling) or high applications (1.2 g per seedling) of nitrate or ammonium. Under eCO2, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of P. bournei seedlings treated with a moderate nitrate application was 27.0% lower than that of seedlings grown under an aCO2 concentration (p < 0.05), and photosynthetic declineappeared to be accompanied by a reduction of the electron transport rate (ETR), actual photochemical efficiency, chlorophyll content, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco), rubisco activase (RCA) content, leaf thickness, and stomatal density. The Pn of seedlings treated with a high application of nitrate under eCO2 was 5.0% lower than that of seedlings grown under aCO2 (p > 0.05), and photosynthetic declineoccurred more slowly, accompanied by a significant increase in rubisco content, RCA content, and stomatal density. The Pn of P. bournei seedlings treated with either a moderate or a high application of ammonium and grown under eCO2 was not significantly differentto that of seedlings grown under aCO2—there was no photosynthetic decline—and the ETR, chlorophyll content, rubisco content, RCA content, and leaf thickness values were all increased. Increasing the application of nitrate or the supply of ammonium could slow down or prevent the photosynthetic declineof P. bournei seedlings under eCO2 by changing the leaf structure and photosynthetic physiological characteristics.

scholarly journals Changes in chlorophyll content and fluorescence and fruit yield contributing traits in different genotypes of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa DUCH.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Kaczmarska ◽  
Władysław Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Psii Photochemistry ◽  
Chlorophyll A And B

Analysis of changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in strawberry leaves was based on a field experiment performed in the years 2009–2010. Ten genotypes including 5 cultivars: ‘Kent’, ‘Teresa’, ‘Senga Sengana’, ‘Chandler’ and the breeding clone 1387 as well as their inbred progeny, were the object of the study. During the experiment the following indicators were evaluated: chlorophyll a and b content in fresh leaf mass as well as fluorescence parameters: minimum (F0) and maximum fluorescence yield (Fm), photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Y), minimum (F0’) and maximum efficiency of fluorescence (Fm’) in the light, coefficient of photochemical (qP) and non-photo- chemical (qN) fluorescence quenching. In this work, we also examined the effect of repeated inbreeding on strawberry fruit yield and yield components. The analysis of changes of these parameters showed that inbreeding caused a reaction in all tested cultivars. In all inbred progeny, chlorophyll a and b content decreased compared to the cultivars. Generally, the photoche- mical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the parameter ΔF/ Fm’ were not affected by strong inbreeding. In analyzing the values of the coefficients qP and qN, it has been observed that changes in their values depend on the sensitivity of the examined genotypes to self-pollination. The functioning of PS II is the most sensitive indicator of the effect of various factors on plants and is useful, among others, in breeding to select plants with a required genotype. The yield – determining features such as: fruit yield per plant, weight of single fruit, number of fruit per plant and weight of leaves per plant in S3 generation, were lower as compared with parental forms.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanism underlying the effect of maleic hydrazide treatment on starch accumulation in S. polyrrhiza 7498 fronds

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yerong Zhu ◽  
Xiaoxue Li ◽  
Xuan Gao ◽  
Jiqi Sun ◽  
Xiaoyuan Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Starch Production

Abstract Background Duckweed is considered a promising feedstock for bioethanol production due to its high biomass and starch production. The starch content can be promoted by plant growth regulators after the vegetative reproduction being inhibited. Maleic hydrazide (MH) has been reported to inhibit plant growth, meantime to increase biomass and starch content in some plants. However, the molecular explanation on the mechanism of MH action is still unclear. Results To know the effect and action mode of MH on the growth and starch accumulation in Spirodela polyrrhiza 7498, the plants were treated with different concentrations of MH. Our results showed a substantial inhibition of the growth in both fronds and roots, and increase in starch contents of plants after MH treatment. And with 75 µg/mL MH treatment and on the 8th day of the experiment, starch content was the highest, about 40 mg/g fresh weight, which is about 20-fold higher than the control. The I2-KI staining and TEM results confirmed that 75 µg/mL MH-treated fronds possessed more starch and big starch granules than that of the control. No significant difference for both in the photosynthetic pigment content and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of PII was found. Differentially expressed transcripts were analyzed in S. polyrrhiza 7498 after 75 µg/mL MH treatment. The results showed that the expression of some genes related to auxin response reaction was down-regulated; while, expression of some genes involved in carbon fixation, C4 pathway of photosynthesis, starch biosynthesis and ABA signal transduction pathway was up-regulated. Conclusion The results provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of growth inhibition and starch accumulation by MH treatment, and provide a selective way for the improvement of starch production in duckweed.

scholarly journals Drought reduced monoterpene emissions from the evergreen Mediterranean oak <i>Quercus ilex</i>: results from a throughfall displacement experiment

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 1167-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-V. Lavoir ◽  
M. Staudt ◽  
J. P. Schnitzler ◽  
D. Landais ◽  
F. Massol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Quercus Ilex ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Monoterpene Emission

Abstract. The effects of water limitations on the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds are not well understood. Experimental approaches studying drought effects in natural conditions are still missing. To address this question, a throughfall displacement experiment was set up in a natural forest of Quercus ilex, an evergreen Mediterranean oak emitting monoterpenes. Mature trees were exposed in 2005 and 2006 either to an additional drought, to irrigation or to natural drought (untreated control). In both years, absolute monoterpene emission rates as well as the respective standard factors of the trees exposed to normal and additional drought strongly declined during the drought periods. Monoterpene emissions were lower in year 2006 than in year 2005 (factor 2) due to a more pronounced summer drought period in this respective year. We observed a significant difference between the irrigation and additional drought or control treatment: irrigated trees emitted 82% more monoterpenes during the drought period 2006 than the trees of the other treatments. However, no significant effect on monoterpene emission was observed between normal and additional drought treatments, despite a significant effect on leaf water potential and photochemical efficiency. During the development of drought, monoterpene emissions responded exponentially rather than linearly to decreasing leaf water potential. Emissions rapidly declined when the water potential dropped below −2 MPa and photosynthesis was persistently inhibited. Monoterpene synthase activities measured in vitro showed no clear reduction during the same period. From our results we conclude that drought significantly reduces monoterpene fluxes of Mediterranean Holm oak forest into the atmosphere due to a lack of primary substrates coming from photosynthetic processes.

scholarly journals Blue Light added with Red LEDs Enhance Growth Characteristics, Pigments Content, and Antioxidant Capacity in Lettuce, Spinach, Kale, Basil, and Sweet Pepper in a Controlled Environment

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Most Naznin ◽  
Mark Lefsrud ◽  
Valerie Gravel ◽  
Md Azad
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to investigate the different combinations of red (R) and blue (B) light emitting diode (LEDs’) lighting effects on growth, pigment content, and antioxidant capacity in lettuce, spinach, kale, basil, and pepper in a growth chamber. The growth chamber was equipped with R and B light percentages based on total light intensity: 83% R + 17% B; 91% R + 9% B; 95% R + 5% B; and control was 100% R. The photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), photoperiod, temperature, and relative humidity of the growth chamber were maintained at 200 ± 5 μmol m−2 s−1, 16 h, 25/21 ± 2.5 °C, and 65 ± 5%, respectively. It is observed that the plant height of lettuce, kale, and pepper was significantly increased under 100% R light, whereas the plant height of spinach and basil did not show any significant difference. The total leaf number of basil and pepper was significantly increased under the treatment of 95% R + 5% B light, while no significant difference was observed for other plant species in the same treatment. Overall, the fresh and dry mass of the studied plants was increased under 91% R + 9% B and 95% R + 5% B light treatment. The significantly higher flower and fruit numbers of pepper were observed under the 95% R + 5% B treatment. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of lettuce, spinach, basil, and pepper was significantly increased under the 91% R + 9% B treatment while the chlorophyll content of kale was increased under the 95% R + 5% B light treatment. The total carotenoid content of lettuce and spinach was higher in the 91% R + 9% B treatment whereas the carotenoid content of kale, basil, and pepper was increased under the 83% R + 17% B treatment. The antioxidant capacity of the lettuce, spinach, and kale was increased under the 83% R + 17% B treatment while basil and pepper were increased under the 91% R + 9% B treatment. This result indicates that the addition of B light is essential with R light to enhance growth, pigment content, and antioxidant capacity of the vegetable plant in a controlled environment. Moreover, the percentage of B with R light is plant species dependent.

scholarly journals Accumulation of total nutrients, dry matter and phytochrome content in Boesenbergia stenophylla R.M Smith as affected by different light conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Tracy Saptu ◽  
Nur Ashikin Psyquay Abdullah ◽  
Franklin Ragai Kundat ◽  
Aicher Joseph Toyat ◽  
Calson Gimang Endawie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Forest Canopies ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Phytochrome Content

A study was conducted to determine the best agronomic practices for the cultivation of jerangau merah as a new medicinal crop. Jerangau merah is scientifically known as Boesenbergia stenophylla is a ginger plants that is highly endemic to the Borneo Highland. This understorey herb grows in cluster and under the heavy shades of forest canopies and perceived only the sunflecks that pass through the forest canopies. Jerangau Merah has been consumed by the locals for its medicinal values since decades ago. Generally, B. stenophylla is well known for its function as antidote for alcohol. Moreover, the B. stenophylla is also beneficial for rheumatic pains, remedies for stomach ache and toothache and as antiseptic wash as well. This herb is not propagate by the locals due to its sensitivity to sunlight and lack of agronomic information for B. stenophylla. Harvesting it from their natural habitat, however, seen the decline it its population size hence cultivation is essential. This paper aimed to determine the total nutrients, dry matter yield and phytochrome content of Bosenbergia stenophylla R.M. Smith under different light regimes. A study for determining suitable planting media for B. stenophylla was conducted at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). The treatments are: i) (M1) with the ratio of 3:2:1 top soil: sand: organic matter, media ii) (M2) consists of soil mixture 3:2:1 placed in water-logged polyethylene bags and media iii) (M3) contained only leaf litters. The results showed that the herbs showed significantly higher number of shoots and leaves in the common soil mixture. But, better root development in media containing leaf litters. The study proceeded with field experiment at Ba’Kelalan to determine the effect of different shade levels and fertilizing regimes on growth. B. stenophylla was cultivated under two different levels of shade cloths: 70% and 90% level of shade and different fertilizing regimes (T1 as control, no fertilizer applied to the plants; T2, chicken dung; T3, NPKMg and T4, mixed of chicken dung and NPKMg). The study for determining the effects of different shade level and fertilizing regimes on seedling’s growth which conducted at Ba’Kelalan in factorial randomized completely blocked design (RCBD). The data collected for 9 weeks of planting which include nutrient content in soil, leaf, PAR and phytochrome content and growth parameters. Regarding the nutrient uptake, the results showed no interactions between fertilizing regimes and shade levels. There were no significant different in nutrient elements except for magnesium and potassium. Magnesium is essential for the formation of chlorophyll which ensure efficiency of photosynthesis when under higher light intensity. Among all the fertilizer treatment, it was showed that chicken dung amendment has higher nutrient uptake. Thus, it is recommended chicken dung should be added into the NPKMg for better nutrient uptake. Further study on suitable fertilizer rates apply to B. stenophylla should be taken into consideration. Moreover, plants cultivated under 70% have been higher and have higher dry matter yield than those plants cultivated under 90%. The result also revealed that there was significant different in chlorophyll content of B. stenophylla cultivated under 70% which treated either with chicken dung and NPKMG respectively. However, plants under 90% have higher chlorophyll content than those under 70%. Based on the results, plants under 70% shade was taller than those under 90% and there were significant difference in height among treatments under 70%.  It was observed plant treated with NPKMg was taller. This study showed that shade and fertilizers significantly affected the dry matter yield of B. stenophylla. Moreover, adding NPKMg to the treatments yields more dry matter content of jerangau merah. As for phytochrome content, there was no significant effect of fertilizer on phytochrome content. However, there was significant difference among the shade levels. 90% shade showed higher phytochrome content than those under 70%. In overall, both shade and fertilizer is important in cultivation of Jerangau Merah. 70% shade was observed to have significant effects on growth of jerangau merah and also more economical compared to 90%. Moreover, combination of organic matter and NPKMg also promote the growth of jerangau merah enhance the nutrient uptake efficiency of jerangau merah. However, further investigation of suitable fertilizer and application rate are required to determine suitable fertilizer for jerangau merah and application rate for optimum growth of jerangau merah.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of pigment complex functioning of winter wheat plants depending on the fertilizer application method

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Z. Bilousova ◽  
◽  
V. Keneva ◽  
Y. Klipakova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Pigment Complex

To obtain the maximum yield of winter wheat, it is necessary to further optimize the existing cultivation technologies in the direction of their adaptation to changing environmental conditions. One of the areas of adaptation of plants to adverse abiotic factors is the active functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, which depends on the amount of nutrients introduced. The influence of fertilizer application on the condition of the pigment complex of winter wheat plants in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine has been studied. Two varieties of winter wheat were selected for the study: Shestopalivka and Mason. The experiment scheme involved the application of fertilizers at sowing (K0; K12) and foliar treatment with various tank mixtures (urea; urea + magnesium sulfate; urea + magnesium sulfate + potassium monophosphate). The pigment content has been determined by grinding fresh leaves of winter wheat, followed by the addition of a solvent in the form of acetone. Measurements of pigments were performed using a spectrophotometer. According to the research results, it was established that before the foliar treatment the a-chlorophyll content and carotenoids was higher in the plant leaves of the Shestopalivka variety. At the same time, the b-chlorophyll content on the contrary was higher for plants of the Mason variety by 17%, which may be due to the adaptation of plants of this variety to lack of light. On the 3rd day after foliar treatment, a decrease in the pigment content in the plant leaves of all experimental variants has been observed, which was due to the active growth of the photosynthetic surface and a decrease in the total dry matter mass. There was no significant difference between the varieties of the content of photosynthetic pigments in this period. On the 10th day after foliar treatment, an increase in a- and b-chlorophyll content has been observed for both studied varieties, which may be the result of adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of winter wheat plants to lighting conditions. Foliar treatment of winter wheat plants with a tank mixture of urea with magnesium sulfate and potassium monophosphate contributed to a further increase in the content of a-chlorophyll by 12-23%, and b-chlorophyll by 5-37% depending on the variety compared to the control. The results of the research testify to the high efficiency of complex application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers for foliar treatment of winter wheat plants in the BBCH 31 stage, both against the background of pre-sowing application of potassium fertilizers and without it.

scholarly journals Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculation on Growth and Yield of Two Sweet Potato Varieties

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ajanja Sakha ◽  
Joyce Jefwa ◽  
Joseph P. Gweyi-Onyango
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Amf Inoculation ◽  
Number Of Branches

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent a functionally important component of soil microbial community, being of particular significance for plant mineral nutrition in tropical agro ecosystems. The effects of AMF inoculation on growth and yield of two sweet potato varieties was studied during the short rains season of 2017/2018 in the Teaching and Research Farm of Agricultural Science and Technology Department, Kenyatta University. The experiment was laid down as 2x2 factorial design in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental factors were two sweet potato varieties (Kemb-10 and Bungoma) and AMF inoculum (With and without inoculation). Data on growth parameters was collected on vine length and number of branches, while data on yield was collected on marketable storage roots and shoot biomass. Data was analyzed using Genstat 15th edition and the results showed that there was significantly difference at P≤0.05 among the treatments. AMF inoculation increased growth and yield of sweet potatoes by vine length 29.74%, Number of branches 22.36%, marketable storage roots 18.32%, and shoot biomass 28.68% in week 20. Also, variety interacting with AMF inoculation enhanced growth and yield parameters. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the application of commercial AMF inoculum solely or when interacting with varieties enhanced growth and yield of sweet potatoes, though there was no significant difference between the two varieties.

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