scholarly journals Doctor in the Dock

1970 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Biju C Mathew ◽  
Reji Susan Daniel ◽  
Jamal Al Baylool Bordom ◽  
Ian W Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Stop Smoking ◽  
Important Position ◽  
School Curricula

Tobacco smoking is one of the greatest threats to human health. The global epidemic of tobacco killed 100 million in the 20th century, and if not dealt with on a war- footing shall entice and kill another one billion in this century. In the society , physicians play a leading role as ambassadors of promoting issues related to health. They play a vital role in helping patients to stop smoking as they occupy an important position as tobacco control exemplars. Unfortunately, the rate of smoking in the medical profession in some developed countries and newly-developing countries is still high. Considering the staggering cost of smoking in terms of human lives, physicians should not rest until they have successfully kicked the habit. Tobacco-related issues are to be included in the medical school curricula, as medical students can play decisive roles in tobacco-prevention programs.   doi:10.3329/jom.v10i3.2013 J Medicine 2009; 10 (Supplement 1): 27-31

Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship of academic conferences: ethics of conflict of interest

2020 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-106224
Author(s):  
Saroj Jayasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Core Issue

Sponsorship of medical conferences by the pharmaceutical industry has led to many ethical issues, especially in resource-poor developing countries. The core issue in these instances is to reduce or avoid conflicts of interests (COIs). COI is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgment or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by secondary interests. Disruption of social trust should also be considered. This deontological approach should be complemented by a consequentialist approach. Towards this, the concept of distal interests (DI) is introduced. DI lies beyond the immediately visible COIs and the consequences of immediate decisions. They are ‘distal’ in time or place: ‘DI in time’ means consequence of the decision in future scenarios, while ‘DI in space’ means those that impinge on other institutions or bodies. In judging the consequences, it is also necessary to consider the reality of the existing relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and organisers of conferences. In more developed countries, these relationships are governed by stricter regulations, adherence to codes of conduct by both parties and stronger institutional oversights. In contrast, developing countries such as Sri Lanka the regulatory environment is lax and the demarcation of interests between the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession is considerably blurred. Therefore, establishing clear rules of engagement between the stakeholders should be considered as an attempt to clear the muddy waters. The paper proposes a set of guidelines to capture these approaches.

scholarly journals Cereal Cyst Nematodes: A Complex and Destructive Group of Heterodera Species

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 1692-1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley ◽  
Abdelfattah A. Dababat ◽  
Sadia Iqbal ◽  
Michael G. K. Jones ◽  
Zahra Tanha Maafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Livestock Products

Small grain cereals have served as the basis for staple foods, beverages, and animal feed for thousands of years. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice, and others are rich in calories, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. These cereals supply 20% of the calories consumed by people worldwide and are therefore a primary source of energy for humans and play a vital role in global food and nutrition security. Global production of small grains increased linearly from 1960 to 2005, and then began to decline. Further decline in production is projected to continue through 2050 while global demand for these grains is projected to increase by 1% per annum. Currently, wheat, barley, and oat production exceeds consumption in developed countries, while in developing countries the consumption rate is higher than production. An increasing demand for meat and livestock products is likely to compound the demand for cereals in developing countries. Current production levels and trends will not be sufficient to fulfill the projected global demand generated by increased populations. For wheat, global production will need to be increased by 60% to fulfill the estimated demand in 2050. Until recently, global wheat production increased mostly in response to development of improved cultivars and farming practices and technologies. Production is now limited by biotic and abiotic constraints, including diseases, nematodes, insect pests, weeds, and climate. Among these constraints, plant-parasitic nematodes alone are estimated to reduce production of all world crops by 10%. Cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are among the most important nematode pests that limit production of small grain cereals. Heavily invaded young plants are stunted and their lower leaves are often chlorotic, forming pale green patches in the field. Mature plants are also stunted, have a reduced number of tillers, and the roots are shallow and have a “bushy-knotted” appearance. CCNs comprise a number of closely-related species and are found in most regions where cereals are produced.

Diversity–development nexus: Why determine economic development without diversity? A comparative analysis between developed and developing countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-150
Author(s):  
Saqib Amin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Purpose Diversity plays a vital role in the sustainable development of any country. Discrimination, segregation and bigotry are rampant causes of social evil and do great harm to our society. This study aims to investigate whether ethnic and religious diversity affects the country’s well-being or not, via a comparative analysis between developing and developed countries. Design/methodology/approach This study used a generalized method of moments technique for empirical analysis of 158 developing and developed countries. For measurement of ethnic and religious diversity, this study used ethnic fractionalization index of Alesina (2003). Findings The empirical findings indicate that ethnic and religious diversity both increases the economic prosperity for developed countries, and alternatively, it makes it more miserable for developing countries. This study suggests that organizing a diverse society is a difficult task; thus, developing countries need to promote a cohesive society like developed countries by providing equal, secure and peaceful opportunity to get fruitful results of diverse populations. Originality/value This study investigates a comparative analysis between developing and developed countries regarding impact of ethnic and religious diversity on economic development.

scholarly journals The Mediating Effect of Human Capital on the Relationship Between Strategic Innovation and the Performance of Manufacturing SMEs in Yemen

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagwan AlQershi ◽  
Zakaria Bin Abas ◽  
Sany Sanuri Mohd Mokhtar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Strategic Innovation ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to fill gaps in the human capital literature, first, by providing insights into the relationship between human capital and strategic innovation and the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), and second, by exploring the role of human capital as a mediating variable. Although SMEs perform a vital role in the economic development of countries worldwide, developing countries tend to lag behind developed countries in this sector; hence, there is a need to investigate the peculiar nature of SMEs and their performance in the context of developing countries. Additionally, understanding an organization’s human capital requires the articulation of a system of variables that helps to uncover and manage the visible wealth. The contribution of SMEs can be measured through performance. This study is a conceptual discussion of manufacturing SME performance in Yemen and the effect of human capital and strategic innovation. The performance is considered to be very low, and the country is ranked by the Global Innovation Index as one of the lowest in terms of innovation. This paper describes the development of a framework which is a clear manifestation of the knowledge gap addressed by this study.

scholarly journals MOOCs-The way to go

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (08) ◽  
pp. 881-889
Author(s):  
Shanta Rangaswamy ◽  
◽  
Ramakanth Kumar P ◽  
Uma B.V ◽  
Subramanya KN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Education Standards ◽  
Local Chapter ◽  
Technical Institution

MOOCs plays a vital role in transforming higher education across the globe. Today, providing an access to higher education to people of all sectors is the highest priority in all the developed and developing countries. Currently many universities in developed countries are able to get to the top rankings (by various agencies) because of their high education standards, flexibility in the education system, curriculum and outreach programmes. By this they are able to attract the best brains from across the globe. MOOCs helps them to attain this to a greater extent apart from the policy matters. In this paper, cumulative data of three consecutive years of a NPTEL local chapter and of courses in Coursera taken during the peak pandemic duration is taken in to consideration for the analysis of trends and popularity of MOOCs among students and faculty fraternity in a technical institution.

Emerging Nutrition Gaps in a World of Affluence - Micronutrient Intake and Status Globally

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Eggersdorfer ◽  
Paul Walter
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
New Science ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Micronutrient Intake

Nutrition is important for human health in all stages of life - from conception to old age. Today we know much more about the molecular basis of nutrition. Most importantly, we have learnt that micronutrients, among other factors, interact with genes, and new science is increasingly providing more tools to clarify this interrelation between health and nutrition. Sufficient intake of vitamins is essential to achieve maximum health benefit. It is well established that in developing countries, millions of people still suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. However, it is far less recognized that we face micronutrient insufficiencies also in developed countries.

Country Rankings of Women's Status: An Alternative Index

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4III) ◽  
pp. 1025-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mohiuddln
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Women's Status ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Women’S Status ◽  
Country Rankings ◽  
Population Crisis ◽  
Status Of Women

The purpose of the present paper is to formulate a composite index of the status of women and to rank both developed and developing countries on the basis of that index. This index is presented as an alternative or complement to the current status of women index, published by the Population Crisis Committee (PCC) and used by the World Bank and the United Nations, which focuses on indicators measuring health, education, employment, marriage and childbearing, and social equality. The paper argues that these indicators have a poverty-bias and measure women's status in terms of structural change rather than in terms of their welfare vis-ii-vis men. The PCC index is also based on the implicit assumption that women's status in developing countries ought to be defined in a similar way as in developed countries, thus including primarily only those indicators which are more relevant for developed countries. To remedy these defects, the paper presents an alternative composite index, hereafter labelled the Alternative Composite (AC) index, based on many more indicators reflecting women's issues in both developed and developing countries. The results of the statistical analysis show that the ranking of countries based on the AC index is significantly different from the PCC index.

International Economic Assistance in the 1970's — A Critique of Partners in Development (Review Article)

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-490
Author(s):  
Nurul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Service Charge ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Defence Expenditure

Foreign economic aid is at the cross-roads. There is an atmosphere of gloom and disenchantment surrounding international aid in both the developed and developing countries — more so in the former than in the latter. Doubts have grown in the developed countries, especially among the conservatives in these countries, as to the effectiveness of aid in promoting economic development, the wastes and inefficiency involved in the use of aid, the adequacy of self-help on the part of the recipient countries in husbanding and mobilising their own resources for development and the dangers of getting involved, through ex¬tensive foreign-aid operations, in military or diplomatic conflicts. The waning of confidence on the part of the donors in the rationale of foreign aid has been accentuated by an increasing concern with their domestic problems as well as by the occurrence of armed conflicts among the poor, aid-recipient countries strengthened by substantial defence expenditure that diverts resources away from development. The disenchantment on the part of the recipient countries is, on the other hand, associated with the inadequacy of aid, the stop-go nature of its flow in many cases, and the intrusion of noneconomic considerations governing the allocation of aid amongst the recipient countries. There is a reaction in the developing countries against the dependence, political and eco¬nomic, which heavy reliance on foreign aid generates. The threat of the in¬creasing burden of debt-service charge haunts the developing world and brings them back to the donors for renewed assistance and/or debt rescheduling.

IMPACT OF NATIONAL DISASTER COVID-19, INDONESIA TOWARDS ECONOMIC RECESSION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
endang naryono
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Disaster

Covid-19 or the corona virus is a virus that has become a disaster and a global humanitarian disaster began in December 2019 in Wuhan province in China, April 2020 the spread of the corona virus has spread throughout the world making the greatest humanitarian disaster in the history of human civilization after the war world II, Already tens of thousands of people have died, millions of people have been infected with the conona virus from poor countries, developing countries to developed countries overwhelmed by this virus outbreak. Increasingly, the spread follows a series of measurements while patients who recover recover from a series of counts so that this epidemic becomes a very frightening disaster plus there is no drug or vaccine for this corona virus yet found, so that all countries implement strategies to reduce this spread from social distancing, phycal distancing to with a city or country lockdown.

A Decade of the World Trade Organization and the Trade Performance of Muslim Countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Ruzita Mohd. Amin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Wto Agreements

The World Trade Organization (WTO), established on 1 January 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), has played an important role in promoting global free trade. The implementation of its agreements, however, has not been smooth and easy. In fact this has been particularly difficult for developing countries, since they are expected to be on a level playing field with the developed countries. After more than a decade of existence, it is worth looking at the WTO’s impact on developing countries, particularly Muslim countries. This paper focuses mainly on the performance of merchandise trade of Muslim countries after they joined the WTO. I first analyze their participation in world merchandise trade and highlight their trade characteristics in general. This is then followed by a short discussion on the implications of WTO agreements on Muslim countries and some recommendations on how to face this challenge.

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