scholarly journals Establishment of a functional and sustainable bio-system engineering process for the saccharification of starch with industrial focus

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Shatabdy Saha ◽  
Md Zahidul Islam ◽  
Umme Salma Zohora ◽  
Mohammed Salahuddin ◽  
Sabbir Janee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Immobilized Enzyme ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
System Engineering ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Engineering Process ◽  
Different Types

Enzyme immobilization provides an excellent opportunity to use the enzymes for several times with greater productivity. The main aim of the present study is the establishment of a functional and sustainable bio-system engineering process based on immobilized α-amylase enzyme for the saccharification of starch with industrial focus as well as cost effective sustainable bioprocess system by using indigenous industrial waste materials as carrier agents. In this study, α-amylase was immobilized in different types of support matrices like alginate, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse and the activity of immobilized enzymes were analyzed for the breakdown of starch. The experimental results showed that the productivity of immobilized enzyme was around 2.3 times higher than the free enzyme. Conjugates of bagasse-alginate showed the highest result. A fixed batch immobilized enzyme bioreactor had been developed which could be used for the production of various valuable products in the industrial scale. Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 8(1): 45-55, 2019 (June)

Enzyme Immobilization on Nanomaterials for Biosensor and Biocatalyst in Food and Biomedical Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 2661-2676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sundaresan Bhavaniramya ◽  
Ramar Vanajothi ◽  
Selvaraju Vishnupriya ◽  
Kumpati Premkumar ◽  
Mohammad S. Al-Aboody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Simple Processing ◽  
Biomedical Industry

Enzymes exhibit a great catalytic activity for several physiological processes. Utilization of immobilized enzymes has a great potential in several food industries due to their excellent functional properties, simple processing and cost effectiveness during the past decades. Though they have several applications, they still exhibit some challenges. To overcome the challenges, nanoparticles with their unique physicochemical properties act as very attractive carriers for enzyme immobilization. The enzyme immobilization method is not only widely used in the food industry but is also a component methodology in the pharmaceutical industry. Compared to the free enzymes, immobilized forms are more robust and resistant to environmental changes. In this method, the mobility of enzymes is artificially restricted to changing their structure and properties. Due to their sensitive nature, the classical immobilization methods are still limited as a result of the reduction of enzyme activity. In order to improve the enzyme activity and their properties, nanomaterials are used as a carrier for enzyme immobilization. Recently, much attention has been directed towards the research on the potentiality of the immobilized enzymes in the food industry. Hence, the present review emphasizes the different types of immobilization methods that is presently used in the food industry and other applications. Various types of nanomaterials such as nanofibers, nanoflowers and magnetic nanoparticles are significantly used as a support material in the immobilization methods. However, several numbers of immobilized enzymes are used in the food industries to improve the processing methods which not only reduce the production cost but also the effluents from the industry.

scholarly journals Extraction of Value-Added Minerals from Various Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic Wastes

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6333
Author(s):  
Virendra Kumar Yadav ◽  
Krishna Kumar Yadav ◽  
Vineet Tirth ◽  
Govindhan Gnanamoorthy ◽  
Nitin Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Coconut Shells

Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns throughout the world. The rise of industrialization has increased the generation of waste materials, causing environmental degradation and threat to the health of living beings. To overcome this problem and effectively handle waste materials, proper management skills are required. Waste as a whole is not only waste, but it also holds various valuable materials that can be used again. Such useful materials or elements need to be segregated and recovered using sustainable recovery methods. Agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste have the potential to generate different value-added products. More specifically, the industrial waste like fly ash, gypsum waste, and red mud can be used for the recovery of alumina, silica, and zeolites. While agricultural waste like rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut shells can be used for recovery of silica, calcium, and carbon materials. In addition, domestic waste like incense stick ash and eggshell waste that is rich in calcium can be used for the recovery of calcium-related products. In agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, several raw materials are used; therefore, it is of high economic interest to recover valuable minerals and to process them and convert them into merchandisable products. This will not only decrease environmental pollution, it will also provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for materials synthesis. These value-added materials can be used for medicine, cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and environmental cleanup.

scholarly journals Quantum Dots and Gold Nanoparticles as Scaffolds for Enzymatic Enhancement: Recent Advances and the Influence of Nanoparticle Size

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Ellis ◽  
Scott N. Dean ◽  
Scott A. Walper ◽  
Igor L. Medintz
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Immobilized Enzyme ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Enzyme Conjugate ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Nanoparticle scaffolds can impart multiple benefits onto immobilized enzymes including enhanced stability, activity, and recoverability. The magnitude of these benefits is modulated by features inherent to the scaffold–enzyme conjugate, amongst which the size of the nanoscaffold itself can be critically important. In this review, we highlight the benefits of enzyme immobilization on nanoparticles and the factors affecting these benefits using quantum dots and gold nanoparticles as representative materials due to their maturity. We then review recent literature on the use of these scaffolds for enzyme immobilization and as a means to dissect the underlying mechanisms. Detailed analysis of the literature suggests that there is a “sweet-spot” for scaffold size and the ratio of immobilized enzyme to scaffold, with smaller scaffolds and lower enzyme:scaffold ratios generally providing higher enzymatic activities. We anticipate that ongoing studies of enzyme immobilization onto nanoscale scaffolds will continue to sharpen our understanding of what gives rise to beneficial characteristics and allow for the next important step, namely, that of translation to large-scale processes that exploit these properties.

A comparative analysis on different enzyme immobilization nanomaterials: Progress, constraints, and recent trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Borzouee ◽  
Jaleh Varshosaz ◽  
Reza Ahangari Cohan ◽  
Dariush Norouzian ◽  
Razieh Taghizadeh Pirposhteh
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
Immobilized Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Stability ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Mass Transfer Limitation ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Immobilization Techniques

Abstract:: Immobilization techniques have been popularly used to preserve the operational stability of the enzymes for industrial applications. The three main components of an immobilized enzyme system are the enzyme, the matrix/support, and the technique of immobilization. So far different supports have been developed to improve the efficiency of the immobilized enzymes. But in the recent decade, nanotechnology has been considerable research interest in the field of immobilized enzyme carriers. The materials at the nano-scale due to their unique physicochemical properties including; specific surface area, mass transfer limitation, and effective enzyme loading, are considered as interesting matrices for enzyme immobilization. This review describes techniques employed to immobilize enzymes and provides an integrated focus on the most common nanoparticles for enzyme conjugation. Additionally, the pros and cons of nanoparticles as immobilization matrices are also discussed. Depending on the type of enzyme and its application, in this review, the researchers are directed to select an appropriate method and support for enzyme immobilization in terms of enzyme stability and functionality.

The CSF p-tau181/Aβ42 Ratio Offers a Good Accuracy “In Vivo” in the Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Dementia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Santangelo ◽  
Alessandro Dell'Edera ◽  
Arianna Sala ◽  
Giordano Cecchetti ◽  
Federico Masserini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Daily Clinical Practice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Csf Findings

Background: The incoming disease-modifying therapies against Alzheimer’s disease (AD) require reliable diagnostic markers to correctly enroll patients all over the world. CSF AD biomarkers, namely amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181), showed good diagnostic accuracy in detecting AD pathology, but their real usefulness in daily clinical practice is still a matter of debate. Therefore, further validation in complex clinical settings, that is patients with different types of dementia, is needed to uphold their future worldwide adoption. Methods: We measured CSF AD biomarkers’ concentrations in a sample of 526 patients with a clinical diagnosis of dementia (277 with AD and 249 with Other Type of Dementia, OTD). Brain FDG-PET was also considered in a subsample of 54 patients with a mismatch between the clinical diagnosis and the CSF findings. Results: A p-tau181/Aβ42 ratio higher than 0.13 showed the best diagnostic performance in differentiating AD from OTD (86% accuracy index, 74% sensitivity, 81% specificity). In cases with a mismatch between clinical diagnosis and CSF findings, brain FDG-PET partially agreed with the p-tau181/Aβ42 ratio, thus determining an increase in CSF accuracy. Conclusions: The p-tau181/Aβ42 ratio alone might reliably detect AD pathology in heterogeneous samples of patients suffering from different types of dementia. It might constitute a simple, cost-effective and reproducible in vivo proxy of AD suitable to be adopted worldwide not only in daily clinical practice but also in future experimental trials, to avoid the enrolment of misdiagnosed AD patients.

scholarly journals Functionalized Materials as a Versatile Platform for Enzyme Immobilization in Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kołodziejczak-Radzimska ◽  
Long D. Nghiem ◽  
Teofil Jesionowski
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Water Pollutants ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Functionalized Materials

Abstract Purpose of Review Untreated wastewater discharge can significantly and negatively impact the state of the environment. Rapid industrialization and economic development have directly contributed to land and water pollution resulting from the application of many chemicals such as organic dyes, pharmaceuticals, and industrial reagents. The removal of these chemicals before effluent discharge is crucial for environmental protection. This review aims to explore the importance of functionalized materials in the preparation of biocatalytic systems and consider their application in eliminating water pollutants. Recent Findings Wastewater treatment methods can be classified into three groups: (i) chemical (e.g., chemical oxidation and ozonation), (ii) physical (e.g., membrane separation and ion exchange), and (iii) biological processes. Biological treatment is the most widely used method due to its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. In particular, the use of immobilized enzymes has recently become more attractive as a result of scientific progress in advanced material synthesis. The selection of an appropriate support plays an important role in the preparation of such biologically active systems. Recent studies have demonstrated the use of various materials for enzyme immobilization in the purification of water. Summary This review identifies and discusses different biocatalytic systems used in the enzymatic degradation of various water pollutants. Materials functionalized by specific groups can serve as good support matrices for enzyme immobilization, providing chemical and thermal stability to support catalytic reactions. Enzymatic biocatalysis converts the pollutants into simpler products, which are usually less toxic than their parents. Due to immobilization, the enzyme can be used over multiple cycles to reduce the cost of wastewater treatment. Future studies in this field should focus on developing new platforms for enzyme immobilization in order to improve degradation efficiency.

scholarly journals Development of UHPC Mixtures Utilizing Natural and Industrial Waste Materials as Partial Replacements of Silica Fume and Sand

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamsad Ahmad ◽  
Ibrahim Hakeem ◽  
Mohammed Maslehuddin
Keyword(s):  
Silica Fume ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Limestone Powder ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Cement Kiln ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Strength Criteria ◽  
Natural Pozzolana ◽  
Kiln Dust

In the exploratory study presented in this paper, an attempt was made to develop different mixtures of ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) using various locally available natural and industrial waste materials as partial replacements of silica fume and sand. Materials such as natural pozzolana (NP), fly ash (FA), limestone powder (LSP), cement kiln dust (CKD), and pulverized steel slag (PSS), all of which are abundantly available in Saudi Arabia at little or no cost, were employed in the development of the UHPC mixtures. A base mixture of UHPC without replacement of silica fume or sand was selected and a total of 24 trial mixtures of UHPC were prepared using different percentages of NP, FA, LSP, CKD, and PSS, partially replacing the silica fume and sand. Flow and 28-d compressive strength of each UHPC mixture were determined to finally select those mixtures, which satisfied the minimum flow and strength criteria of UHPC. The test results showed that the utilization of NP, FA, LSP, CKD, and PSS in production of UHPC is possible with acceptable flow and strength. A total of 10 UHPC mixtures were identified with flow and strength equal to or more than the minimum required.

scholarly journals Development of Green Geopolymer Using Agricultural and Industrial Waste Materials with High Water Absorbency

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynab Emdadi ◽  
Nilofar Asim ◽  
Mohamad Amin ◽  
Mohd Ambar Yarmo ◽  
Ali Maleki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Waste ◽  
High Water ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Water Absorbency
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