scholarly journals Antenatal care practice among Pregnant Women in a selected rural area of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-342
Author(s):  
Nadia Begum ◽  
Nasreen Begum ◽  
Sk. Akbar Hossain ◽  
AFM Ashik Imran ◽  
Mst Laizuman Nahar
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Primary Level

Background : Antenatal care (ANC) is an important determinant of high maternal mortality rate and one of the basic components of maternal care on which the life of mothers and newborn babies depend. Objective : To study the Antenatal care practice among pregnant women in a selected rural area. Methodology : This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women in a selected rural area from July 2016 to December 2016. Total sample was 121. Purposive sampling technique was followed. Data collection was done by face to face interview by using pretested structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 17.0. Results : A total of 121 women were interviewed. Sixty nine (57.02%) pregnant women were registered for ANC. Among them 47(68.11%) of respondents completed more than 4ANC visits. For the current pregnancy 56(46.28%) preferred Upazila Health Complex (UHC) and home delivery was preferred by 34(28.09%) respondents. Among the respondent age group 25-30 yrs were 61(50.41%) and educated upto primary level were 59(48.76%). Monthly income between 5000-10000 taka was among 48(39.66%) respondents. Most of their husbands (52.06%) were educated up to primary level and 25.61 % of them were garments worker and 23.96 % were day laborers. Conclusion : ANC practice was not satisfactory. Only half of the pregnant women attended for ANC and completed minimum four visits. Nearly half of the pregnant women preferred UHC. Educated women from lower economic status were found to attend for ANC. Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.10(1) Jul 2018: 339-342

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DENGAN SIKAP IBU HAMIL TENTANG PELAYANAN ANTENATAL CARE TERINTEGRASI

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Indah Permatasari ◽  
Tri Sunarsih
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Study Type

Developing countries have a serious health problem with maternal death and illness. The maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is 190 per 100,000 live births. Antenatal Care is a solution to reduce maternal and child mortality. Pregnant women are advised to carry out antenatal surveillance at least 4 times; once in trimester 1, once in trimester II, and twice in trimester III. Mlati II Sleman Health Center has met the target coverage for Visiting 1 (100%) and Visiting 4 (93.5%), but some pregnant women who examined did not know what Integrated Antenatal Care was. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of knowledge with attitudes of pregnant women about integrated antenatal care services at Mlati Sleman Public Health Center. The type of research used was a quantitative explanatory study type. The method used in the survey was a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted at the Mlati II Health Center, Sleman, Yogyakarta. A total sample of 80 pregnant women TM II and TM III. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. Test statistics with Kendall's Tau. There was no significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women regarding integrated antenatal care services at Mlati II Health Center Sleman Yogyakarta because integrated antenatal care has become a program so that pregnant women have been directed to follow it. The significance value is 0.457> α (0.05) and the correlation value shows -0.075. Pregnant women should more routinely check pregnancy according to the 10 T standard. Health workers need to improve the quality of integrated antenatal care services, it is necessary to motivate pregnant women to read the Mother-Child Health book so that mothers can remember the information contained in the Mother-Child Health book.

scholarly journals Online Pregnancy-Related Information: Reliability and Worries Among Expectant Women In Qatar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman Al-Dahshan ◽  
Mohamad Chehab ◽  
Nagah Selim
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Related Information ◽  
University Degree ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Abstract Background: Although the internet can be a source of reassurance and clarification for expectant women, it ‎could cause concerns or feelings of worry when reading about pregnancy-related ‎information. The current research sought to assess the feelings of worry and perceived reliability towards online pregnancy-related information and the associated factors among expectant women attending antenatal clinics at primary healthcare centers in Qatar.Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. The participants were recruited through a systematic random sampling technique. ‎A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants. Descriptive and analytic statistics were used when appropriate‎.Results: A total of 327 expecting women completed the questionnaire. Most participants were aged between 26-34 years (74.1%), held a college/university degree (76.4%), and multigravidas (73.1%). About one-third of the women ‎(31.2‎%) reported feeling worried due to something they read online. The participants coped with these feelings by consulting their antenatal care provider at the next appointment (51.0%) or by talking with relatives and friends (47.0%). Furthermore, most women (79.2%) considered online pregnancy-related information to be reliable or highly reliable. Holding a college/university degree, primigravidae, and having no children were factors significantly associated with a high perception of reliability of online health information.Conclusion: Although online pregnancy information caused feelings of worry for some pregnant ‎women, most women perceived such information to be reliable. Thus, antenatal care providers should be equipped to guide pregnant women on how to access high-quality web-based information.

scholarly journals Faktor- Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pemanfaatan Pelayanan Antenatal di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Air Tawar Kota Padang

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 661
Author(s):  
Desi Andriani ◽  
Husna Yetti ◽  
Roza Sriyanti
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Independent Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antenatal Services

Antenatal care or antenatal care is a planned program that is observation, education and medical treatment for pregnant women, to obtain a safe and satisfying pregnancy and childbirth process. The indicator used to assess the access of pregnant women to antenatal care is K1 direction (first visit) is the contact of pregnant women to health workers and K4 (perspective visit) is 4 or more times contact with health workers. From the data of the Padang City Health Office, it was found that the Air Tawar Puskesmas with this low level was caused by various factors. The purpose of this study was to determine factors related to the use of antenatal services. This type of research is a quantitative study with cross sectional study design with 110 respondents of third trimester pregnant women with purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was performed univariate, bivariate with Chi squre test. From the research results obtained from the five factors studied, it was found that the factors related to the use of antenatal services in freshwater health centers were access or distance with pvalue 0.009 = OR 21.676), service availability factors with a p value of 0.001 = OR 9.293, the role factor midwives with a p value of 0.001 = OR 12.302, while the family income factor, disease complaints obtained results have nothing to do with the use of antenatal services. The author's suggestion is that there is a need for good coordination with the Independent Practice Midwife (BPM), revitalize puskesmas to more strategic places and improve better facilities, improve accessibility that can be minimized, strive to reach pregnant women, especially for accessibility that is less affordable.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KESADARAN SITUASI IBU HAMIL DENGAN FREKUENSI KUNJUNGAN ANTENATAL DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS WARU KABUPATEN PAMEKASAN TAHUN 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Sendy Ayu Mitra Uktutias ◽  
Niniek Lely Pratiwi ◽  
Windhu Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level

Basic Health Research Results (Riskesdas) conducted by the Ministry of Health shows that the coverage of K4 during the last 3 years in 2010–2013 is the year 2010 by 86.85% and the year 2013 of 87.48%. The lack of utilization of ANC by pregnant women is associated with many factors, one of which is the lack of awareness of pregnant women about the importance of pregnancy care. The purpose of this study analyzed the influence of awareness of the situation of pregnant women with the frequency of antenatal visits. The research method was analytic observational with cross sectional  study design. The study sample was 38 pregnant women who lived in the working are at waru public health center’s. The sampling technique using simple random sampling. Data collection using primary data by questionnaire and secondary data with the instrument KIA book. Data were processed and analyzed by using frequency distribution and inferential analyze of linier regression with a significance level of 5% (p = 0.05). The results of linear regression analysis in pregnant women showed significant value of β 0.684 (β > 0.500), that the awareness of the situation had an effect on the frequency of antenatal care. A good situation awareness is a necessary process to influence the decision to act, it is a pregnancy test and can be seen the frequency of antenatal care of a pregnant woman. This conclusion Waru public health center’s is a health clinic located in the highlands. Still less maximal antenatal care visits because of the support and access to antenatal care. It is suggested to raise awareness of pregnant women situation through family involvement, husband as reinforcement factor in support of improvement of antenatal care examination.

scholarly journals Barriers to utilization of anganwadi services by pregnant women and lactating mothers: a hospital based cross sectional study in rural South Karnataka

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jessy Jose ◽  
Avita Rose Johnson ◽  
Anupa Thomas ◽  
Delfi Mendez ◽  
Cristeena Sebastian
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
Birth Preparedness ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Supplementary Nutrition

Background: Antenatal care and supplementary nutrition are evidence-based strategies to improve neonatal outcomes and birth weight, and are currently provided free of cost by the government in every village through the ICDS. This study aims to assess the utilization of Anganwadi services by pregnant and lactating mothers in a rural area and the various barriers to utilization of Anganwadi services.Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women (more than 28 weeks gestation) and lactating mothers (up to 6 months after delivery) availing maternal and child health services at a maternity hospital in a rural area of Ramnagara district in South Karnataka, using a pre-tested questionnaire.Results: Awareness regarding Anganwadi services available for pregnant and lactating mothers like IFA, calcium and deworming tablets, TT and health check-ups was found to be poor. While more than half of the women had received health education from Anganwadi teacher, important topics like dangers signs, birth preparedness and essential antenatal care were not discussed.Conclusions: Utilization of health care services at the Anganwadi was poor among the subjects. Supplementary nutrition was not utilized by 54% of pregnant women and 43% of lactating mothers. Those who had been visited by Anganwadi teacher at home and those who received nutrition education by the Anganwadi teacher had significantly higher consumption of supplementary nutrition. The common barriers to utilization were lack of awareness of services and perception of poor quality and hygiene of the supplementary nutrition.

scholarly journals Factors Related To Delivery Place Selection Among Pregnant Women In Jambi In 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 572-579
Author(s):  
Nia Ike Lestari ◽  
Shinta Novelia ◽  
Anni Suciawati
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Delivery Place ◽  
Selection Of

This study aims to determine the factors related to the choice of delivery place. This research is an analytic survey research with cross sectional design. The sampling technique in this study was conducted with a total sampling method of 108 pregnant women. Data was collected using a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability and was processed with the Chi-Square statistical test. The results showed that 61.1% of pregnant women chosed non-health facilities (home) in the selection of labor, then the statistical test found a significant relationship between economic status / income (ρ value = 0.008) and husband / family support (ρ value = 0.005 ) with the delivery place selection, other factors not related delivery place selection are education (ρ value = 0.231), knowledge (ρ value = 0.826) and distance (ρ value = 0.099). 

scholarly journals Perceptions of pregnant woman on monetary and time sacrifice for satisfaction based on health workers roles in antenatal services to reduce the risk of maternal death at Gowa district

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Serawati Dewi ◽  
Yuni Romalita ◽  
Yusriani Yusriani ◽  
Muhammad Khidri Alwi
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Latar belakang: Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) merupakan salah satu indikator pembangunan kesehatan di Indonesia. Upaya percepatan penurunan AKI dapat dilakukan dengan menjamin agar setiap ibu mampu mengakses pelayanan kesehatan ibu hamil yang berkualitas. Apabila antenatal care dimanfaatkan dengan baik maka kesehatan ibu dapat terpantau secara berkesinambungan dari masa kehamilan sampai dengan persalinan. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah kuantitatif dengan rancangan cross sectional study. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah semua ibu yang memiliki bayi usia 0-11 bulan di Kabupaten Gowa sebanyak 122 orang. Sampel sebanyak 93 orang diambil dengan menggunakan teknik accidental sampling, besar sampel ditentukan dengan menggunakan rumus Slovin Hasil: Persepsi ibu hamil terhadap peran petugas kesehatan dalam pelayanan antenatal berdasarkan pengorbanan moneter tidak menunjukkan korelasi. Ibu hamil yang memiliki persepsi pengorbanan moneter kecil dan mengatakan peran petugas kesehatan kurang dalam pelayanan antenatal sebanyak 90,0%. Ibu hamil yang memiliki persepsi pengorbanan moneter sangat kecil dan mengatakan peran petugas kesehatan kurang sebanyak 83.1%. Sedangkan persepsi pengorbanan waktu menunjukkan adanya korelasi dengan peran petugas kesehatan dalam pelayanan antenatal. Ibu hamil yang memiliki persepsi pengorbanan waktu besar dan mengatakan peran petugas kesehatan kurang dalam pelayanan antenatal sebanyak 100%. Ibu hamil yang memiliki persepsi pengorbanan moneter besar dan mengatakan peran petugas kesehatan kurang dalam pelayanan antenatal sebanyak 90.2%. Kesimpulan: Persepsi ibu hamil terhadap peran petugas kesehatan dalam pelayanan antenatal berdasarkan pengorbanan moneter tidak menunjukkan korelasi sedangkan berdasarkan pengorbanan waktu menunjukkan ada korelasi. Perlu meningkatkan kecepatan proses pelayanan pemeriksaan kehamilan pada ibu hamil oleh tenaga kesehatan. Kata kunci: Pelayanan antenatal, Ibu Hamil, Pengorbanan, Waktu, Moneter   Abstract Background: Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is one indicator of health development in Indonesia. Efforts to accelerate the reduction of MMR can be done by ensuring that every mother is able to access quality maternal health services. If antenatal care is utilized properly, maternal health can be monitored continuously from pregnancy to delivery. Methods: The study design was quantitative with a cross sectional study design. The population in this study were all pregnant women who had a gestational age of 7 to 9 months in Gowa Regency as many as 122 people. A sample of 93 people was taken using accidental sampling technique, the sample size was determined using the Slovin formula. Results: Perception of pregnant women towards the role of health workers in antenatal care based on monetary sacrifice did not show a correlation. Pregnant women who have a perception of small monetary sacrifice and say the role of health workers is lacking in antenatal care are 90.0%. Pregnant women who have a perception of monetary sacrifice are very small and say the role of health workers is less as much as 83.1%. While the perception of sacrifice of time shows a correlation with the role of health workers in antenatal care. Pregnant women who have the perception of sacrifice of big time and say the role of health workers lacking in antenatal care as much as 100%. Pregnant women who have a perception of great monetary sacrifice and say the role of health workers is lacking in antenatal care are 90.2%. Conclusion: Perception of pregnant women towards the role of health workers in antenatal care based on monetary sacrifice does not show correlation while based on time sacrifice shows there is correlation. Need to increase the speed of the process of pregnancy examination services for pregnant women by health workers. Keywords: Antenatal care, Pregnant Women, Sacrifice, Time, Monetary

scholarly journals Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kecemasan ibu hamil trimester III

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Nurfaizah Alza ◽  
Ismarwati Ismarwati
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mother Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Ap Value

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors thatinfluence on anxiety of pregnancy third trimester. This research is adescriptive cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used isconsecutive sampling with the total sample 61 respondents. The analysisused is independent t test. The results showed the factors that influenceon anxiety of pregnancy third trimester is the support of husband with ap value of 0,048 (p <0.05), while the age of mother, education level,occupation, gravidity and physical exercise can not be influence relatedto anxiety of pregnancy third trimester with p> 0,05. Conclusions factorsthat influence anxiety third trimester pregnant women isthe support ofhusband.

GAMBARAN PELAKSANAAN PPIA PADA KUNJUNGAN AWAL ANTENATAL CARE OLEH BIDAN PRAKTEK MANDIRI (BPM) DI KOTA DENPASAR TAHUN 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Sukma Adnyani ◽  
Ni Made Rai Widiastuti ◽  
Ketut Novia Arini
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Community Health Centers ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
Independent Practice ◽  
Initial Visit ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Range

<p><strong>Abstract: <em>Characteristics and Implementation of PMTCT in The Initial Visit Of Antenatal Care By Independent Practice Midwife (BPM) In Denpasar City</em></strong><strong><em>.</em></strong> Based on data from the Bali Provincial Health Office (2014), the number of pregnant women who were willing to take the PMTCT test was 5,029 (42.91%) of the national target achievement of 78% of pregnant women who were tested for HIV. Independent Practice Midwives (BPM) as maternal and child health services that offer and provide PPIA services during ANC visits. This study seeks to determine description of the implementation of PMTCT by midwife practice independent. This research is a descriptive study using a cross-sectional approach. The sample selection used a total sampling technique in which 73 BPM met the inclusion criteria. The results of this study showed 60.3% of midwives with education <span style="text-decoration: underline;">&lt;</span> D3 Midwifery, 60.3% of midwives were in the age range &gt; 40 - 60 years, and most of them were 74% midwives carried out PMTCT services in accordance with the provisions that were offered the initial visit and a small portion of 26% of midwives did not carry out PMTCT services according to the provisions, but referred patients to PMTCT on the next visit when the nausea and vomiting had disappeared. Thus, supervision from policy makers from the Ministry of Health and Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) is very important in conducting a review of the implementation of PPIA regularly to increase the scope of PPIA in BPM.</p><p><strong><em>Key words : </em></strong><em>Pregnancy,PMTCT, </em><em>Independent Practice Midwives</em><em></em></p><p><strong>Abstrak : Karakteristik dan Gambaran Pelaksanaan PPIA pada Kunjungan Awal Antenatal Care oleh Bidan Praktek Mandiri (BPM) Di Kota Denpasar</strong><strong>. </strong>Berdasarkan data Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali (2014), jumlah wanita hamil yang bersedia melakukan tes PMTCT adalah 5.029 (42,91%) dari pencapaian target nasional yaitu 78% dari wanita hamil yang dites HIV. Bidan Praktek Mandiri (BPM)  sebagai tempat pelayanan kesehatan Ibu dan Anak yang menawarkan dan memberikan pelayanan PPIA dalam kunjungan ANC. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk mengetahui gambaran pelaksanaan PPIA oleh BPM Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan <em>cross-sectional</em>. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan teknik total sampling di mana 73 BPM memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan sebanyak 60,3% dengan pendididkan <span style="text-decoration: underline;">&lt;</span> D3 Kebidanan, 60,3% dalam rentang umur &gt; 40 – 60 tahun, dan sebagian besar yaitu 74% bidan melaksanakan pelayanan PPIA sesuai dengan ketentuan yaitu ditawarkan pemeriksaan pada kunjungan awal dan sebagian kecil yaitu 26% bidan belum melaksanakan pelayanan PPIA sesuai ketentuan, melainkan merujuk pasien untuk PPIA pada di kunjungan berikutnya saat mual muntah sudah hilang. Dengan demikian, pengawasan dari pembuat kebijakan dari Departemen Kesehatan dan Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Puskesmas) sangat penting dalam melakukan tinjauan mengenai pelaksanaan PPIA secara teratur untuk meningkatkan ruang lingkup PPIA di BPM.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: Kehamilan, PPIA, Bidan Praktek Mandiri,</p><p><strong> </strong></p>

scholarly journals Anaemia and iron deficiency during pregnancy in rural Bangladesh

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1065-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Ziauddin Hyder ◽  
Lars-Åke Persson ◽  
Mushtaque Chowdhury ◽  
Bo Lönnerdal ◽  
Eva-Charlotte Ekström
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractObjective:To study the prevalence of anaemia and its association with measures of iron deficiency (ID) among a group of pregnant women.Design:Cross-sectional survey.Setting:Pregnant women identified through house-to-house visits and participating in community-based antenatal care activities in a rural location of Mymensingh, Bangladesh.Subjects:The estimates are based on 214 reportedly healthy pregnant women in their second trimester. Information on socio-economic status and reproductive history were obtained through home visits and venous blood samples were collected at antenatal care centres. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) was measured by HemoCue, serum ferritin (sFt) by radioimmunoassay and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. ID was defined as presence of either low sFt (<12 μg l−1) or high sTfR (>8.5 mg l−1).Results:The prevalence of anaemia (Hb <110 g l−1) was 50%, but severe anaemia (Hb >70 g l−1) was absent. Low sFt was observed in 42%, high sTfR in 25%, either low sFt or high TfR in 54% and both low sFt and high TfR in 13% of the pregnant women. Two out of three anaemic women had an indication of ID, which was present in 80% of women with moderate (Hb 70–99 g l−1) and 50% with mild (Hb 100–109 g l−1) anaemia. Four out of 10 non-anaemic women (Hb >110 g l−1) also had ID, but the prevalence was significantly lower than that observed in anaemic women (P=0.001).Conclusions:Despite the high prevalence of anaemia, severe cases were absent. The prevalence of ID increased at lower Hb. However, an increased prevalence was also found among women in the highest category of Hb.

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